The clause on which it depends, is called the principal clause.

A sentence composed of a principal and a dependent clause, is called a complex sentence.

When neither of the component clauses of a sentence is dependent, it is called a compound sentence.

A clause, introduced by a relative pronoun, is often called a relative clause; it may be dependent or independent.

Obs. The sentence, "This is the man that committed the deed," is complex; because the relative clause is an adjunct of man, modifying it like an adjective; but "I gave the book to John, who has lost it," is a compound sentence, the relative clause not being an adjunct, but expressing an additional fact, and equivalent to "and he has lost it."

EXERCISES IN ANALYSIS AND PARSING.

EXERCISE I.-State whether the sentence is complex or compound; separate it into its component clauses; analyze each as in the previous exercise.

EXAMPLE. "The messenger who was sent, has returned."

This is a complex declarative sentence; the principal clause is, The messenger has returned, and the dependent clause is, Who was sent, an adjunct of messenger; the connective word is who.

The subject of the principal clause is, messenger; the predicate is, has returned; the adjuncts of the subject are the, and the relative clause, who was sent; the predi cate has no adjuncts. The subject of the dependent clause, is who, and the predicate, was sent; neither has any adjuncts.

Children who disobey their parents, deserve punishment. The young man who embezzled his employer's money, was yesterday arrested. Hatred stirreth up strifes, but love covereth all sins. Ile that walketh uprightly, walketh surely. Them that honor me I will honor. I immediately perceived the object which he pointed out. Who can respect a man that has lost his self-respect? Whoever dreads punishment, suffers it already. He imprudently reported what his friend told him. You may purchase whatever you need. What cannot be prevented must be endured. You should carefully avoid rudeness, which always excites ill-will. Cæsar, who conquered many nations, was assassinated. When spring returns, tho trees resume their verdure. We always respect a man who scrupulously observes the truth. When my friend returns, I shall know all the facts. Washington was universally admired, because he faithfully served his country. Every one despised Benedict Arnold, who betrayed his country.

EXERCISE II.-Parse each word in the above sentences as in the previous exercise; state the class and modifications of the pro

CHAPTER VI.-OF VERBS.

A Verb is a word that signifies to be, to act, or to be acted upon: as, I am, I rule, I am ruled.

CLASSES.

Verbs are divided, with respect to their form into four classes; regular, irregular, redundant, and defective.

I. A regular verb is a verb that forms the preterit and the perfect participle by assuming d or ed; as, love, loved, loving, loved.

II. An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect participle by assuming d or ed; as, see, saw, seeing, seen.

III. A redundant verb is a verb that forms the preterit or the perfect participle in two or more ways, and so as to be both regular and irregular; as, thrive, thrived or throve, thriving, thrived or thriven.

IV. A defective verb is a verb that forms no participles, and is used in but few of the moods and tenses; as, beware, ought, quoth.

Obs. Regular verbs form their preterit and perfect participle by adding d to final e, and ed to all other terminations. The verb hear, heard, hearing, heard, adds d to r, and is therefore irregular.

Verbs are divided again, with respect to their signification, into four classes; active-transitive, active-intransitive, passive, and neuter.

I. An active-transitive verb is a verb that expresses an action which has some person or thing for its object; as, "Cain slew Abel."

II. An active-intransitive verb is a verb that expresses an action which has no person or thing for its object; as, "John walks."

III. A passive verb is a verb that represents its

subject, or nominative, as being acted upor; as, "I am compelled."

IV. A neuter verb is a verb that expresses neither action nor passion, but simply being, or a state of being; as, "Thou art."—"He sleeps."

MODIFICATIONS.

Verbs have modifications of four kinds; namely, Moods, Tenses, Persons, and Numbers.

MOODS.

Moods are different forms of the verb, each of which expresses the being, action, or passion, in some particular manner.

There are five moods; the Infinitive, the In dicative, the Potential, the Subjunctive, and the Imperative.

The Infinitive mood is that form of the verb, which expresses the being, action, or passion, in an unlimited manner, and without person or number; as, To read, to speak.

The Indicative mood is that form of the verb, which simply indicates, or declares a thing: as, I write; you know: or asks a question; as, Do you know?

The Potential mood is that form of the verb, which expresses the power, liberty, possibility, or necessity, of the being, action, or passion: as, I can read; we must go.

The Subjunctive mood is that form of the verb, which represents the being, action, or passion, as conditional, doubtful, and contingent: as, "If thou go, see that thou offend not."

The Imperative mood is that form of the verb, which is used in commanding, exhorting, entreating, or permitting: as, "Depart thou."" Be comforted."-" Forgive me."-"Go in peace."

Obs. A verb in any other mood than the infinitive, is called, by way of distinction, a finite verb.

TENSES.

Tenses are those modifications of the verb, which distinguish time.

There are six tenses; the Present, the Imperfect, the Perfect, the Pluperfect, the First-future, and the Second-future.

The Present tense is that which expresses what now exists, or is taking place: as, “I hear a noise; somebody is coming.'

The Imperfect tense is that which expresses what took place, or was occurring, in time fully past: as, "I saw him yesterday; he was walking

out."

The Perfect tense is that which expresses what has taken place, within some period of time not yet fully past: as, "I have seen him to-day."

The Pluperfect tense is that which expresses what had taken place, at some past time mentioned: as, "I had seen him, when I met you."

The First-future tense is that which expresses what will take place hereafter: as, “I shall see him again."

The Second-future tense is that which expresses what will have taken place, at some future time mentioned: as, "I shall have seen him by to-morrow noon."

Obs. The tenses do not all express time with equal precision. Those of the indicative mood are in general the most definite. The time expressed by the same tenses (or what are called by the same names) in the other moods, is frequently relative, and sometimes indefinite. The present infinitive often expresses what is relatively future. The potential imperfect is properly an aorist: no definite time is usually implied in it. The subjunctive imperfect is also an aorist, or indefinite tense: it may refer to time past, present, or future.

PERSONS AND NUMBERS.

The Person and Number of a verb are those modifications in which it agrees with its subject or nominative.

In each number, there are three persons; and in each person, two numbers: thus,—

Obs. 1.—Thus the verb, in some of its parts, varies its termination to distinguish, or agree with, the different persons and numbers. The change is, however, principally confined to the second and third persons singular of the present tense of the indicative mood, and to the auxiliaries hast and has of the perfect. In the ancient biblical style, now used only on solemn occasions, the second person singular is distinguished through all the tenses of the indicative and potential moods. In the plural number, there is no variation of ending, to denote the different persons, and the verb in the three persons plural, is the same as in the first person singular.— See Inst. of E. Gram., p. 55, et seq.

Obs. 2.-The second person singular is regularly formed by adding st or est to the first person; and the third person, in like manner, by adding s or es: as, I see, thou seest, he sees; I give, thou givest, he gives; I go, thou goest, he goes; I fly, thou fliest, he flies; I ver, thou vexest, he rexes; I lose, thou losest, he loses.

Obs. 3.-The third person singular was anciently formed in th or eth; but this termination is now confined to the solemn style.

Obs. 4.-The only regular terminations that are added to verbs, are ing, d or ed, st or est, s or es, th or eth. Ing, and th or eth, always add a syllable to the verb, except in doth, hati, saith. The rest, whenever their sound will unite with that of the final syllable of the verb, are added without increasing the number of syllables; otherwise, they are separately pronounced. In solemn discourse, however, ed and est are, by most speakers, uttered distinctly in all cases: except some few in which a vowel precedes ; as in glorified.

CONJUGATION OF VERBS.

The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods, tenses, persons, numbers, and participles.

There are four PRINCIPAL PARTS in the conjugation of every simple and complete verb; name

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