II. Adverbs of place, are those which answer to the question, Where? Whither? Whence? or Whereabout? including these which ask. Adverbs of place may be subdivided as follows:

1. Of place in which: as, Where, here, there, somewhere.
2. Of place to which: as, Whither, hither, thither.
3. Of place from which: as, Whence, hence, thence.
4. Of the order of place: as, First, secondly, thirdly.

III. Adverbs of degree, are those which answer to the question, How much? How little? or, to the idea of more or less. Adverbs of degree may be subdivided as follows:

1. Of excess or abundance: as, Much, chiefly, fully.

2. Of equality: as, Enough, sufficiently, equally, so, as.
3. Of deficiency, or abatement: as, Little, scarcely, hardly.
4. Of quantity: as, low, everso, somewhat.

IV. Adverbs of manner, are those which answer to the question, How? or, by affirming, denying, or doubting, show how a subject is regarded. Adverbs of manner may be subdivided as follows:

1. Of quality: as, Well, ill, wisely, foolishly, justly, and many others formed by adding ly to adjectives of quality.

2. Of affirmation: as, Yes, yea, verily, truly, indeed, surely. 3. Of negation: as, No, nay, not, nowise.

4. Of doubt: as, Perhaps, haply, possibly, perchance.

5. Of mode: as, Thus, so, somehow, like, else, otherwise.

6. Of cause: as, Why, wherefore, therefore.

Obs. The adverbs here, there, and where, when prefixed to prepositions, have the force of pronouns; as, whereby, for by which. Compounds of this kind are, however, commonly reckoned adverbs.

Adverbs sometimes perform the office of conjunctions, and serve to connect sentences, as well as to express some circumstance of time, place, degree, or manner; adverbs that are so used, are called conjunctive adverbs: as, When, where, after, before, since, therefore, etc.

MODIFICATIONS.

Adverbs have no modifications, except that a

few are compared after the manner of adjectives: as, Soon, sooner, soonest ;—often, oftener, oftenest ; -long, longer, longest.

The following are irregularly compared: well, better, best;-badly or ill, worse, worst ;-little, less, least ;-much, more, most ;-far, farther, farthest;-forth, further, furthest.

Obs. 1.-Most adverbs of quality will admit the comparative adverbs more and most, less and least, before them: as, wisely, more wisely, most wisely,—culpably, less culpably, least culpably. But these should be parsed separately.

Obs. 2.-As comparison does not belong to adverbs in general, it should not be mentioned in parsing, except in the case of those few which are varied by it.

CHAPTER IX.-OF CONJUNCTIONS.

A Conjunction is a word used to connect words or sentences in construction, and to show the dependence of the terms so connected: as, "Thou and he are happy, because you are good."-Mur.

CLASSES.

Conjunctions are divided into two general classes, copulative and disjunctive; and some of each of these sorts are corresponsive.

I. A copulative conjunction is a conjunction that denotes an addition, a cause, or a supposition: as, "He and I shall not dispute; for, if he has any choice, I shall readily grant it."

II. A disjunctive conjunction is a conjunction that denotes opposition of meaning: as, "Be not overcome [by] evil, but overcome evil with good." -Rom., xii, 21.

III. The corresponsive conjunctions are those which are used in pairs, so that one refers or an

swers to an other: as, "John came neither eating nor drinking."-Matt., xi, 18.

The following are the principal conjunctions:1. Copulative; And, as, both, because, even, for, if, that, then, since, seeing, so.

2. Disjunctive; Or, nor, either, neither, than, though, although, yet, but, except, whether, lest, unless, save, notwithstanding.

3. Corresponsive; Both-and; as-as; asso; if then; either-or; neither-nor; whether -or; though, or although yet.

CHAPTER X.-OF PREPOSITIONS.

A Preposition is a word used to express some relation of different things or thoughts to each other, and is generally placed before a noun or a pronoun: as, The paper lies before me on the desk.

The following, are the principal prepositions: Aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid or amidst, among or amongst, around, at, athwart ;-before, behind, below, beneath, beside or besides, between or betwixt, beyond, by ;-concerning;-down, during;-except, excepting;for, from ;-in, into;-notwithstanding;-of, off, on, out-of, over, overthwart ;-past;—round;since;-through, throughout, till, to, touching, toward or towards;-under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon;-with, within, without.

Obs.-The words in the preceding list are generally prepositions. But when any of them are employed without a subsequent term of relation they are adverbs. For, when it signifies because, is a conjunction; without, when used for unless, and notwithstanding, when placed before a nominative, are usually referred to the class of conjunctions also.

CHAPTER XI.-OF INTERJECTIONS.

An Interjection is a word that is uttered merely to indicate some strong or sudden emotion of the mind: as, Oh! alas!

The following are the principal interjections, arranged according to the emotions which they are generally intended to indicate: 1. Joy; eigh! hey! io!-2. Sorrow; oh! ah! alas! alack! welladay!-3. Wonder; heigh! ha! strange !— 4. Wishing or earnestness; O-5. Pain: oh! ah! eh!-6. Contempt; pugh! poh! pshaw ! pish! tush! tut!—7. Aversion; foh! fie! off! begone! avaunt!-8. Calling aloud; ho! soho! hollo!9. Exultation; aha! huzza! heyday! hurrah!10. Laughter; ha, ha, ha.-11. Salutation; welcome! hail! all hail!-12. Calling to attention; lo! behold! look! see! hark!-13. Calling to silence; hush! hist! mum !--14. Surprise; oh! ha! hah! what!-15. Languor; heigh-ho! -16. Stopping; avast! whoh!

ANALYSIS.

The principal parts of a sentence are the SUBJECT, the PREDICATE, and the OBJECT or ATTRIBUTE, if there be either.

The other parts may be, 1. Primary or secondary adjuncts; 2. Words used to express relation or connection; 3. Independent words.

Adjuncts, as to their nature, are adjective, adverbial, or explanatory.

Adjuncts are adjective or adverbial when they are used as adjectives or adverbs.

Explanatory adjuncts are those used to explain

a preceding noun or pronoun; as, Napoleon." "Paul the Apostle." people of the United States."

"The emperor -"We, the

Adjuncts, as to their form, are words, phrases, or clauses.

A phrase is two or more words which express some relation of ideas, but no entire proposition; as, "Of a good disposition. "By the means appointed."" Having loved his own.'

A phrase may be used in three ways; namely, 1. As one of the principal parts of a sentence; 2. As an adjunct; 3. It may be independent.

When a phrase is used as an adjunct, it is adjective, adverbial, or explanatory.

A phrase, used in the place of a noun, is called a substantive phrase; as, "To do good is the duty of all."

An independent phrase is one the principal part of which, is not related to, or connected with, any word in the rest of the sentence; as, "He failing, who shall meet success?"

The principal part of a phrase is that on which all the others depend; as, "Under every misfortune."-"Having exhausted every expedient.'

Obs. 1.-A preposition that introduces a phrase, serves only to express the relation between the principal part, and the word of the sentence, on which the phrase depends.

Obs. 2.-Phrases are also classified as to their form, depending upon the introducing word, or the principal part; thus:

1. A phrase, introduced by a preposition, is called a prepositional phrase; as, "By doing good."—" Of great learning." 2. A phrase, the principal part of which is a verb in the infinitive mood, is called an infinitive phrase; as, "To be good." 3. A phrase, the principal part of which is a participle, is called a participial phrase; as, "A measure founded on justice." Obs. 3.-A phrase, used as a subject or object, can, with strict adherence to grammatical rules, be only infinitive in form; as, "To disobey parents is disgraceful."-" William loves to study grammar." (See Obs. 4, Rule XIV.)