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(4) The savage house-slave was frightening the girl.
(5) The wicked lord fears the good sailor.

(6) Girl, you are keeping a savage horse.

(7) The slave teaches snakes; the master advises the

servant.

(8) The goats will fear the savage bull, the inhabitant of the great field.

(9) The crows are building high houses.

(10) Foolish boys, you are fearing a crab.

(11) The umpire was frightening the son-in-law with a knife.

(12) The clerks will kill the horse with poison.

(13) The workman will give gifts to the foolish woman. (14) The son-in-law wounds the horse's shoulder with a javelin.

(15) I will teach the foolish workmen, the inhabitants of the island.

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Et is used to join words or sentences to one another. When words are linked together it is plain that whatever one does, the other must do also; and so they must be in the same case. Et is called a conjunction.

Definition

A Conjunction is a word which is used to join words or sentences together.

To understand quidem and autem properly, we must use them in a sentence, e.g.—

Servus quidem dominum servabat, dominus autem servum castigabit, i.e.—

The slave indeed was preserving the lord, but for all that the lord will punish the slave.

Here we notice (1) That neither quidem nor autem can stand alone, but that they are always put after some important word. (2) That the sentence in which quidem comes makes us expect something different to that which the sentence in which autem comes tells us. E.g. after 'The slave was preserving the lord' we should expect the lord was praising or rewarding the slave ;' but we find something quite different (3) To point out the great difference between what one person does and what another does.

N.B. From what we said about et, it is plain that two adjectives can agree with the same substantive, if they are joined together by et, for they both describe the same substantive.

Again, if two singular words are joined together by et, they must have a verb in the plural. Hence

Rule

The Subject of a verb in the plural may be-(1) A word in the plural; (2) Two or more words in the singular; (3) Two or more words in the plural.

(1) Socer improbus et filia sæva generum trucidant.
(2) Dominus servos et ministros flagello castigabit.
(3) Domini fabros et servos gladio trucidabimus.
(4) Tecta alta et magna fabri ædificant.

(5) Fabri, oppida magna saxis ædificabatis.

(6) Dona magna et grata, gladium et jaculum, genero do. (7) Colubri equos et tauros veneno vulnerabant. (8) Scriba et verna arcam magistri tenebunt. (9) Oppidum et templa alta saxis oppugnabimus. (10) Ministri quidem arcam pueri servabant, puer autem humerum ministri vulnerabit.

(11) Ancilla quidem nautam amat, nauta autem ancillam jaculo lacerat.

(12) Magister quidem bonum puerum castigabat, dominus autem magistrum laudat.

(13) Regna magna et oppida alta filiæ amant.

(14) Servum quidem nautæ terrent, ministri autem nautas non timebunt.

(1) Boys and women fear savage bulls.
(2) Snakes and crabs terrify foolish women.

(3) The lord indeed chastises the horse with a whip, but for all that the horse will love him.

(4) The master, it is true, was praising the labour of the slaves, but still he was chastising the slaves.

(5) The clerks will teach the slaves and the servants. (6) The snake was killing the goat and the bull with poison.

(7) The kind master was chastising the boy, but the boy was not fearing the whip.

(8) Good gifts will adorn the towns and the temples.

(9) Fools, you are giving great kingdoms to boys. (10) The father-in-law was giving a crow and a snake to the foolish son-in-law.

(11) The crows will tear the horse and the goat.

(12) The master was chastising the big and stupid boy with a long whip.

(13) The great and hard stone will wound the shoulder of the woman.

(14) The lord was warning the wicked and savage slaves.

(15) The big and wicked boy was frightening the small goat.

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Abl. Me by and from me. Nobis by and from us.

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Let us try the English of these words in a sentence :

(1) John said 'I am king of England.'

Here we notice that 'I' stands instead of the

substantive 'John.'

(2) John said to Thomas 'You are my son.'

Here we notice that 'You' stands instead of
Thomas, which is a substantive.

We must therefore remember that, like the
English words 'I' and 'you,' these Latin words
Ego and Tu stand in the place of substant-
ives, i.e. Ego and Tu represent substantives.
They are therefore called Pro-substantives because
the Latin word pro means 'instead of.'

They must be treated in exactly the same way, and follow exactly the same rules, as substantives.

We notice also that Ego and Tu stand in the place of persons, i.e. that instead of repeating the name of the person, John or Thomas, we use the word 'I' or 'You.'

Ego and Tu are therefore called Personal Prosubstantives.

But we have seen already (Cap. I.) that a Latin verb can express I or Thou, We or You, by changing its ending; therefore we need not always use Ego to mean I, Nos to mean We, Tu to mean Thou, Vos to mean You. When, then, are these words to be used? This is told us by

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