plied by sending troops and issuing a proclamation, saying, among other things, "If South Carolina considers the revenue laws unconstitutional, and has a right to prevent their execution in the port of Charleston, there would be a clear constitutional objection to their collection in every other port, and no revenue could be collected anywhere; for all imports must be equal."

DEMOCRATIC-1833 TO 1837.

"The people of the United States," said Jackson, in his Nullification Proclamation of 1832, "formed the Constitution, acting through the state legislatures in making the compact, to meet and discuss its provisions, and acting in separate conventions when they ratified those provisions; but the terms used in the Constitution show it to be a government in which the people of all the states collectively are represented. We are one people in the choice of President and Vice-president. Here the states have no other agency than to direct the mode in which the votes shall be given The people then, and not the states, are represented in the executive branch. . . In the House of Representatives, the members are all representatives of the United States, not representatives of the particular states from which they They are paid by the United States, not by the state, nor are they accountable to it for any act done in the performance of their legislative functions.

come.

"The Constitution of the United States, then, forms a government, not a league; and whether it be formed by a compact between the states, or in any other manner, its character is the same. It is a government in which all the people are represented, which operates directly on the people individually, not upon the states. They retained all the power they did not grant, but each state having expressly parted with so many powers as to constitute, jointly with the other states, a single nation, cannot from that period possess any right to secede, because such secession does not break a league, but destroys the unity of the nation, and any injury to that unity is not only a breach which could result from a contravention of a compact, but is an offense against the whole Union. To say that any state may at pleasure secede from the Union, is to say that the United States are not a nation, because it would be a solecism to contend that any part of a nation might dissolve its connection with the other parts, to their injury or ruin, without committing an offense. Secession, like any other revolutionary

act, may be morally justified by the extremity of oppression; but to call it a constitutional right is confounding the meaning of terms." John Floyd, candidate of the Nullification faction, received the eleven electoral votes of South Carolina.

NATIONAL REPUBLICAN.

"Resolved, That an adequate protection to American industry is indispensable to the prosperity of the country, and that an abandonment of the policy at this period would be attended with consequences ruinous to the best interests of the nation.

"That a uniform system of internal improvements, sustained and supported by the general government, is calculated to secure in the highest degree, the harmony, the strength and permanency of the republic.

"That the indiscriminate removal of public officers for a mere difference of political opinion is gross abuse of power; and that the doctrine lately boldly preached in the United States Senate, that 'to the victors belongs the spoils of the vanquished,' is detrimental to the interests, corrupting to the morals, and dangerous to the liberties of the country." -By Ratification Meeting at Washington, May 11, 1832.

ANTI-MASONIC.

Its leading principle is indicated by its name. Its electoral votes were

Vermont's.

DEMOCRATIC-1837 TO 1841.

The strongest expression of Democratic principles, in the campaign of 1836, was made by the New York Democrats, locally known as the Equal Rights," and nicknamed the "Locofoco" party, as follows: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that the true foundation of republican government is the equal rights of every citizen in his person and property, and in their management; that the idea is unfounded that on entering into society we give up our natural rights; that the rightful power of all legislation is to declare and enforce only our natural rights and duties, and to take none of them from us; that no man has the natural right to commit aggressions on the equal rights of another, and this is all from which the law ought to restrain him; that every man is under the natural duty of contributing to the necessities of society, and this is all the law should enforce on him; that

when the laws have declared and enforced all this, they have fulfilled their functions.

"We declare unqualified hostility to bank notes and paper money as a circluating medium, because gold and silver is the only safe and con stitutional currency; hostility to all monopolies by legislation, because they are violations of equal rights to the people; hostility to the dangerous and unconstitutional creation of vested rights or prerogatives by legislation, because they are usurpations of the people's sovereign rights; no legislative or other authority in the body politic can rightfully, by charter or otherwise, exempt any man or body of men, in any case whatever, from trial by jury and the jurisdiction or operation of the laws which govern the community.

"We hold that each and every law or act of incorporation, passed by preceding legislatures, can be rightfully altered and repealed by their successors; and that they should be altered or repealed when necessary for the public good, or when required by a majority of the people." FROM VAN BUREN'S INAUGURAL:- A strict adherence to the letter and spirit of the Constitution. Looking back to it as a sacred instrument, remembering that it was throughout a work of concession and compromise; viewing it as limited to national objects; regarding it as leaving to the people and the states all power not explicitly parted with, I shall endeavor to preserve, protect and defend it, by anxiously referring to its provisions for direction in every action. To matters of domestic concernment which it has intrusted to the Federal government, and to such as relate to our intercourse with foreign nations, I shall zealously devote myself; beyond those limits I shall never pass."

Hugh L. White, candidate of the anti-Van Buren section of Democrats, received the thirty-six electoral votes of Georgia and Tennessee. Willie P. Mangum received the eleven electoral votes of South Carolina, also anti-Van Buren Democrats.

WHIG.

The name Whig was adopted by the National Republicans probably as an indicative of their contest with the national executive. As the English Whigs had declared that the power of the throne "had increased, was increasing and ought to be diminished," so the new American Whigs protested against the alleged arbitrary assumption of power by the President.

WHIG RESOLUTIONS OF 1836: "1. That in support of our cause, we