give the mind its first bias towards virtue, to implant that
disposition which leads to elevation of soul and gene-
rosity of heart, to nobility of sentiment, and to purity
of thought and action, or the contrary of all these? Is
not this a power far greater than, as law-makers, they
could ever hope to exercise? We cannot keep power
from woman: Nature has given it to her, and man cannot
usurp it.
Bentham said, we could never think of keep-
ing power from woman, for she already governs the world
"with the whole power of a despot."

when she suddenly becomes a mother, and finds committed to her care a delicate being whom she ardently loves, but knows not how to manage, how agonizing are the fears which she entertains for its safety!

The

To perform all these duties aright, woman requires instruction. Mere instinctive love towards the child, and desire to do right, are not enough. Besides the feeling heart, she requires the cultivated head. conditions requisite for the health of the child, and for the healthy atmosphere of the home, ought to be known And now see what is the instrument with which woman to her. There are certain physical agencies which are works in her great capacity of director of the home requisite for the healthy home, such as healthy food, power. It is Love! This is the life of her spirit-the pure air, pure water, light, cleanliness, and so on. motive-spring of her action in the family. Love for her Upon the regulation of these influences depend the children, whom she cannot help but loving, whether her health and comfort of every individual, and also to a love be returned or not. But it is the nature of love to great extent their goodness and usefulness in after life. beget its like, as it is of violence to beget hate. "The It is chiefly woman who has the direction of these innoblest and fairest quality," observes Richter, "with fluences in the home, and therefore it is that she should which nature could and must furnish woman for the know something of their nature and operation. It is benefit of posterity was Love, the most ardent, yet with- only by acting in accordance with the natural laws, that out return, and for an object unlike itself. The child blessing and happiness can be expected to attend them in receives love, and kisses, and night-watchings, but at their homes; for let the laws of nature and the human first it only answers with rebuffs; and the weak creature, organization be violated, and providence has arranged which requires most, pays least. But the mother gives that suffering, disease, and premature death will inevita unceasingly; yea, her love only becomes greater with the bly follow. Alas! how often does it happen that the necessity and thanklessness of the recipient, and she feels love of the mother, without knowledge, has its recomthe greatest for the most feeble, as the father for the pense in a child's coffin! strongest child.”

Another great influence which woman exercises in the home, is that of household economy, management, and cleanliness. How happy does a man go forth to his labour or business, and how doubly happy does he return from it, when he sees his means carefully husbanded and wisely applied by a judicious and well-managing wife. Such a woman is not only a power in her own home, but her example goes forth among her neighbours, and she stands before them a model and a pattern. The habits of her children are formed after her habits: her actual life becomes the model after which they mould themselves unconsciously; for example always speaks more eloquently than words: it is instruction in action-wisdom at work. She Daughters will form themselves after such a woman, and her children will rise up afterwards and call her blessed. Of the importance of household economy, much might be said. It not merely enables a man and his family to live in comfort upon the means earned often by hard labour, but enables the father to provide for the future of his family. How many a poor man's means run to

Love, however, may be misdirected when unintelligent. Love may desire to promote the happiness of children, but know not how, because ignorant. Animals have instinct, which the Creator has implanted in them for the preservation of their species, and which acts efficiently to that end without any course of training or education. But to man and woman reason has been given in place of instinct, and this requires to be carefully trained and directed, otherwise the higher functions of the human being will be imperfectly and faultily performed. Thus a woman may love her child with intense devotedness, but if she knows not how to feed it, rear it, and educate it, her love will avail it nothing. must first know the child's nature, learn the conditions necessary for its health, and the growth of its mind and character, before she can undertake to rear it with credit. In a word, she must be intelligent, educated, instructed. She must herself have been so trained, as that she may be enabled to exercise her great functions wisely and profitably to her children. If she begins her mother-waste because of his wife's ignorance in the simple art career ignorant, then woe for the children whom she rears, and woe for the society into which they are cast!

of preparing food! With waste there is generally want of wholesomeness in the food that is prepared. Good taste and average skill in the preparation of food is always a true economist; and as this is an art that is called into requisition daily, and upon which the health and contentment of a family very much depend, every woman ought to pay a reasonable share of attention to it. Cleanliness is more than wholesomeness: it is an atmosphere of self-respect, materially influencing the moral condition of all persons in the home, and especially of the rising children. Dirt and disorder are the very moral poisons of youth.

The child claims of its mother, that she shall know how to rear it physically. Its helpless nature during the many long years that must elapse before it can exist as a self-dependent being, strongly supports this claim. Gardeners study the nature of plants, and farmers of cattle, that they may rear them healthily, for the sake of pecuniary gain. Ought not mothers also, to know something of the physical nature of the children committed to them, for their own as well as for their children's future happiness? Why should not a knowledge of the simple laws of physiology be imparted to all young Woman also mainly determines what the moral atmowomen, as well as instructions in other elementary sphere of the home shall be. By her good temper, suabranches of education? Such knowledge would be infi-vity, and kindness, she diffuses round her a spirit of nitely more valuable than that of Thalberg's fantasias love. Her greatest power is her gentleness-gentleness, or oriental tinting. It is to be deplored that the edu- which is the bond of peace. Gentleness is infinitely cation, especially of what are considered educated women, more powerful than force or anger; and, by a steady, is directed so exclusively to the acquisition of the showy persistent gentleness, aided by firmness when required, and the superficial, that practical qualities are almost woman is generally able to constrain even the most unruly entirely neglected. And when a young woman so edu- natures to obedience and subjection. The mother almost cated, after having become mated for life, at last sits invariably gives the moral tone to the family: not ending down in a home of her own, she too often finds herself with her government there only, but living in the future with her education all to begin over again. What does lives of her children, and through them, in all time she know of the ways of making a home comfortable? coming. Cheerfulness, self-control, regard for duty, and What has she learnt of house-thrift and economy? And good temper, may early be planted in the child's mind

by the example of the careful mother, and in course of time become their habitual character when they have grown up into the man or the woman.

To direct all the power of the home aright,-to be efficient in the performance of her various offices as wife, mother, and domestic manager-woman must be fortified and directed by intelligence. All the arguments which have been from time to time advanced in favour of the education of man, plead equally strongly in favour of the education of woman. In all the departments of household industry and management, intelligence adds to her usefulness and efficiency. It enables her to employ the means with which she is furnished, and the influence which nature has designed her to exercise, to the best purposes. Mental cultivation is the handmaid of comfort that thoroughly English word, signifying the true element of physical and moral well-being. It enables her to anticipate, gives her forethought, suggests modes of providing for the future happiness of herself, her children, and her husband. It gives her strength in all ways; and enables her to conduct herself creditably in the various relationships of life—as daughter, sister, wife, mother or friend. In such mental strength and enlightenment, be sure that she will always find a stronger and surer protection than in mere innocent and unsuspecting ignorance; in cultivated moral and religious feelings she will secure sources of influence much more noble and much more lasting than in mere physical attractions; and in proper self-reliance and self-dependence on her own mental resources, directed for the good of others, she will generally experience the truest and most lasting sources of comfort and happiness.

Were all women so educated, the power which they wield in the Homes of England over the minds and morals of the rising generation, could not fail soon to advance us immeasurably in the dignity of rational existence, as well as in all moral, social, and religious wellbeing.

CHEMISTRY FOR THE KITCHEN

FOURTH ARTICLE-MILK.

MILK is the food naturally provided for the young of all those animals which are termed by naturalists, mammals, or mammalia. This large and most important class of beings, includes not only those animals usually spoken of as quadrupeds, but also the human species, the fishshaped, but warm-blooded, air-breathing whales, the various species of seals, and the flittering bat.

ingredient, so as to render the resemblance still more close to the original.

The chemical examination of milk, shows that its solid contents are about thirteen parts in every hundred; that of the cow, for example, contains on an average the following quantities in every hundred parts :---Curd, from three to four parts; butter, from three to four parts; sugar of milk, from four to five parts; saline and earthy substances, half a part; and water about eighty-seven parts. These proportions are not the same in all animals, and they even vary very much in the same animal, from a difference in the food, or from other circumstances affecting it.

In accordance with the plan followed in our previous articles, we will examine separately the various substances forming milk, and then proceed to make whatever practical and useful applications of the information that may be in our power.

The curd of milk, which is the casein or caseous matter of chemists, exists dissolved in fresh milk; it somewhat resembles albumen, or white of egg, in its properties, but unlike it, is not coagulated or hardened by heat; therefore no separation of curd takes place when milk is boiled; the presence of the smallest quantity of acid, whether added artificially or formed in the milk naturally, causes the separation of the curd in a solid form. Casein is a highly nutritious body, being similar in its nourishing properties to the flesh of animals. When milk is taken as food, the casein is immediately curdled by the acids of the stomach, and in this form is readily digested. When curd is formed artificially (either by the use of rennet, as in this country, or of the acid called spirits of salts, as in Holland,) and mixed with a greater or less proportion of the cream of the mil's, it forms, after having been separated by pressure from the whey, the well-known substance, cheese; in this form it is digested with slowness and difficulty.

The quantity of curd existing in milk varies very much; it is greatly influenced by the kind of food and amount of exercise taken by the animal, being found in the largest quantity when the cows feed on poor land, where they have to take a considerable amount of exercise to procure their food, which increases the appetite and the quantity of food eaten. In Scotland, it is customary to give stail-fed cows a few pounds of beans daily, which is found to increase very considerably the quantity of casein, a result not at all extraordinary, when we bear in mind the fact, that in beans, casein exists, ready formed, to the extent of nearly one-third their weight. The use of beans in increasing the quantity of curd, and consequently of cheese, is strongly commended to the consideration of cheese-makers.

Milk is a food which has been compounded by the Creator for the support of the created; its composition Butter exists in milk in the form of little globules, is ordained by a higher than human intelligence. We each of which is enclosed in a skin of curd; these globules might expect, therefore, to find in it a perfect specimen rise to the surface, on standing, and constitute cream. of nourishment, nor shall we, on examination, be disap- The quantity of the butter contained in milk is much inpointed; it contains within itself all the substances creased by feeding on rich pastures, and by such kinds of requisite for the support of healthy and vigorous existence; food as grains, or wash-it is very much lessened by exerfar from being a simple, it is in reality one of the most cise; hence the morning's milk, after the night's rest, is compound articles of diet. Its curdy portion supplies always richer in cream than that of the evening; driving the the materials of our muscular flesh-its butter supplies cows rapidly, or any distance, before milking, lessens the the requisite amount of fat; the sugar it contains fur-quantity of butter very considerably; exposure to cold nishes the fuel for the warmth of our bodies, whilst the is another cause of its decrease, hence the importance bone-making and other saline ingredients indispensable of sheltering cows during the night, and in winter. to young and growing animals are not omitted. Man Sugar of milk is, as its name implies, a sweet subhimself has paid an unconscious tribute to the excellence stance; it much resembles cane sugar in its properties; of this combination, by imitating it more or less closely is readily digested, and capable, under certain circumin his various admixtures of artificial food; to his bread, stances, of being fermented into an intoxicating beverage. which contains substances similar to the curd and sugar The saline bodies of the milk are of the utmost imof the milk he adds butter; he fattens animals for his portance; they are, in great part, the substances called use, and then devours them, along with farinaceous sub-phosphates, and are the bone-making materials in the stances, thus mingling the three kinds of diet, viz., fat, food of the young animal. Dr. Playfair (one of our most lean, and vegetable, corresponding to the butter, curd, and distinguished chemists), who has paid considerable attensugar of the milk; nay more, he even adds salt as a saline tion to the influence of the diet of animals on the quality

of the milk, suggests that the frequent occurrence of rickety infants in the richer classes, may be owing to the mothers feeding on white bread, from which the phosphates have been removed with the bran.

day, although not actually sour, will turn or curdle in boiling, and it is consequently useless for puddings and custards; if however, to each pint of milk is added a piece, either of common washing soda, or the carbonate Having considered the nature of the substances con- of soda of the druggist, not larger than half a pea, tained in milk, we pass to a consideration of the changes the acid which is then forming is neutralized, and the it undergoes naturally, or by exposure to the air. On milk may be boiled without curdling; it neither acquires remaining at rest for some time, the globules of butter any unpleasant taste or unwholesome properties from this rise to the surface, forming with their skin of curd and addition, and may be used with coffee, or in custards, some of the milk, the substance termed cream; this without discovery. separation takes place even in the udder of the cow; it is well known to dairymen that the last portions of milk are by far the richest in cream, and that the cow should therefore be milked until quite dry. The skimmed milk, which remains after the separation of the cream, contains all the dissolved casein, and the whole of the sugar of milk, with the saline particles.

During the summer weather, milk by exposure to the air soon becomes sour, the acid, which is formed by a series of complicated chemical changes from the sugar of milk, acts upon the dissolved casein, and converts it into solid curd; this effect may be precisely imitated, as is done in cheese making, by the addition of any acid, or by the fluid obtained by soaking in water the fourth stomach of the calf (rennet.)

During the cold of winter this change takes place with difficulty; instead of the milk becoming sour it becomes rank, and is partly putrefied; in this state good butter cannot be made from the cream that rises, as it has a rank unpleasant taste; this tendency to putridity is partly prevented by scalding the milk, a process which is always had recourse to in some parts of the country, as in Devonshire. The cream obtained by scalding is termed clotted cream, and from it butter obtained with a much less amount of labour than ordinary; as it is a process well adapted for small dairies, and is not generally known, we will describe it somewhat in detail; the milk, after standing ten or twelve hours in the usual flat metal milk-pan, is placed over a stove or clear fire, until a scum rises to the surface; a small portion of this is gently removed from time to time, until a few small air bubbles make their appearance under the scum; the whole is then immediately removed from the fire, and allowed to stand at rest for about twenty-four hours.

The cream which rises after this operation is much more solid than usual, it may even be removed by the hand; butter is readily obtained from it, by simply stirring for a few minutes, either with the hand, or with a flat stick with holes; after scalding in this way, cream will keep good some days, but there is a considerable risk of failure if the operation be not carefully conducted, especially if the milk is allowed to boil.

In the operation of churning, the globules of butter have their skin of curd broken, and are made to unite into a mass; it is of great importance to remove as much as possible of the casein, as it is apt to putrefy if it remains, and give a rank taste. In some parts of the continent, butter intended for keeping, is preserved by placing the vessel containing it in warm water; when the whole is liquid, it is allowed to cool, and on the removal of the solid mass of butter, the curd will be found to have settled at the bottom, and is readily removed; butter so preserved will keep a long time without change. It should be mentioned that one great cause of putrefaction in milk, and consequent rankness in the butter, is the want of absolute cleanliness in the dairy; if but a single drop of milk falls on the table, &c., and is not washed off with great care, it putrefies, and gives out a putrid gas, which sets up a similar state of decay in the whole of the milk.

It may be useful to some of our city housewives to know that milk which is just on the turn, may, by proper management, still be employed in puddings; every cook knows that in summer weather, the milk left from the previous

It is frequently a point of some importance to be able to keep a small quantity of milk fresh for a few days: as for example, in short coasting voyages, or in travelling with young children; the best mode of doing this, is to boil the milk, and to pour it into bottles, (that have been previously warmed by hot water to prevent their cracking,) which are to be immediately tightly corked down and sealed over; treated in this way, milk will keep fresh many days. It was our intention to have entered into an exposure of the diseased and adulterated liquid too often sold as milk, in London, but this article has already reached its allotted length; one caution however, may be given,-never feed your children on the milk of cows kept in London; from the unnatural and filthy manner in which the animals live, they are, almost without an exception, in a high state of disease, and the milk they yield shows constantly on examination by the microscope, that it contains particles of pus, or of diseased matter, similar to that discharged from an ulcerated surface; so well known are these facts to medical men, that many physicians deny their infant patients the use of milk in London, thinking it better to deprive them of the most natural of all food, than to allow them to risk the obtaining of the diseased and adulterated fluid that flows from the disgusting and unhealthy situation of a City cow-shed. W. BERNHARD.

THE BROOK.

"Here am I, and here I'll stay,"
Exclaimed a giddy, restless, gay,
Blue, rippling wave that wished to play.
And straight into the pebbly bed,
Of a dry pit, exulting sped,
As weary of the life it led.

Thus changed into a pretty pond,
"Right glad am I, I did abscond,"
Murmured the idle vagabond.
"For now I've nothing more to do,
Than look up at yon sky so blue,
Glancing at me the green boughs through."
With this the pool, now calm, not deep,
Without the power to run or creep,
Gazed upward till it fell asleep.

To dream it scarcely had begun,
When-"I will have you," said the sun,
"Young truant, since from home you've run."
And 'ere that sultry morning flies,
The pool in hazy mists doth rise,
And floats beneath the vaulted skies.
Delighting in its height and motion,
And proudly conscious of promotion,
It now began to taunt the ocean.
How little then the bright thing thought,
That in itself 'twas next to nought,
But now at last "experience taught."
The cloud rained down, and no endeavour
Could keep aloft the thing so clever,
It fell on dust and died for ever.

HIRAM CRONK.

ВЕТА.

ABOUT half way between Albany and New York, on the left bank of the Hudson, stands the pleasant town of Poughkeepsie. Situated at the extremity of the line of