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boos that can be compared with those that grow in this part of them. They compose a great part of the forest, growing in detached clumps, with open spots between; and equal in height the most lofty palms. Near Cutaki, about half way up the Ghauts, the teak becomes cominon. GHAUTS, THE EASTERN, are commonly described as commencing in the south, about lat. 11° 20' N., to the north of the Cavery, and extending with little interruption, in a straight line to the banks of the Khrisna in lat. 16° N., separating the two Carnatics; the one is called the Carnatic Balaghaut, or above the Ghauts, the true Carnatic; the other the Carnatic Payeenghaut, or below the Ghauts, extending along the coast of Coromandel. About the latitude of Madras, the highest part of this ridge is estimated at 3000 feet; and Bangaloor, which is within the chain, was found by barometrical observation to be 2901 feet above the level of the sea.

The component parts of these mountains are granite, composed of white feltspar and quartz, with dark green mica in a small proportion. The particles are angular, and of moderate size. The rocks appear stratified, but the strata are broken and confused. The country above the Eastern Ghauts rises into swells like the land in many parts of England, and is overlooked by the high barren peaks which close the view to the east. The soil here is very poor, and covered with copse, having a few large trees intermixed; the whole of the copse land serving for inferior pasture. About two miles from Naiekan Eray a torrent in the rainy season brings down from the hills a quantity of iron ore in the form of black sand, which, in the dry season, is smelted, each forge paying a certain quantity of iron for permission to carry on the work.

GHEBERS, or GUEBERS, is the naine by which the fire-worshippers of Persia are generally known. Those of this sect are dispersed through the country, and are the remains of the ancient Persians, or followers of Zoroaster. They have a suburb at Ispahan, called Gaurabad, or the town of the Gaurs, where they are employed in the meanest drudgery: some of them are dispersed through other parts of Persia; but they principally abound in Kerman, the most barren province in the whole country, where the Mahommedans allowed them liberty and the exercise of their religion. Several of them fled many ages ago into India, and settled about Surat, where their posterity still remain. They are ignorant, inoffensive people, extremely superstitious, zealous for their rites, rigorous in their morals, and honest in their dealings. They believe a resurrection and a future judgment, and worship only one God. Although they perform their worship before fire, and direct their devotion towards the rising sun, for which they have an extraordinary veneration, yet they strenuously maintain, that they worship neither; but that, as these are the most expressive symbols of the Deity, they turn towards them in their devotional services. Zoroaster, the founder of this sect, maintained that there were two principles, one the cause of all good, the other the cause of all evil: and, abominating the adoration of images, his followers worshipped God only by fire; which they looked

upon as the brightest and most glorious symbol of Oromasdes, or the good God; as darkness is the truest symbol of Arimanius, or the evil god. Zoroaster taught his followers, that fire was the truest shechinah of the divine presence; that the sun being the most perfect fire, God had there the throne of his glory, and the residence of his divine presence in a peculiar manner; and next to this in our elementary fire: and, therefore, he ordered them to direct all their worship to God, first towards the sun, which they called Mithra, and next towards their sacred fires : and, when they came before these fires to worship, they always approached them on the west side, that having their faces towards them, and also towards the rising sun at the same time, they might direct their worship towards both.

GHENT, or GAUNT, a city of the Netherlands, the capital of East Flanders. It is a bishop's see, and seated on four navigable rivers, the Scheldt, the Lys, the Lievre, and the More, which, with a great number of canals, run through it, and divide it into twenty-six little isles, over which there are upwards of 300 wooden bridges.

Ghent is surrounded with walls and other fortifications, but the ramparts are now chiefly used as promenades. The streets are large and well paved, the market-places spacious, and the houses built mostly of brick. The large market-place is remarkable for a statue of Charles V. That of Cortere has a fine walk, between several rows of trees. In 1737 an opera-house was built here, and a guard-house for the garrison. Near the town is a very high tower, with a handsome clock and chimes. The great bell weighs 11,000 pounds. The cathedral is remarkable both for its outward appearance, and the splendor and richness of its interior; and here is a subterraneous church. The Benedictine abbey of St. Peter is also well worth notice, the church and library being elegant, and the establishment richly endowed. Its paintings and tapestry are much admired. The inside of this and several of the eight churches in Ghent is of marble. Ghent was anciently the capital of the Nervii, and after them of the Vandals, who gave it the name of Wanda, or Vanda, whence Ganda and Ghent are supposed to have been derived. Odoacer of Flanders first surrounded it with walls; and in 1397 Philip, the twenty-fifth earl of Flanders, enlarged it. Prince John, the third son of Edward III., of England, was born in it, and hence named John of Gaunt; as was also the emperor Charles V.; but the inhabitants have no reason to venerate his memory; for, by his repeated oppressions, he provoked them to revolt in 1539; upon which he put to death twenty-six of the principal citizens, banished many others, and confiscated their estates; he at the same time deprived the city of its privileges, arms, and artillery; fined the citizens 12,000,000 of crowns, and ordered the magistrates to walk in procession with ropes about their necks. Ghent is famous for the pacification signed here, in 1576, for settling the tranquillity of the seventeen provinces. In was taken by Louis XIV., in 1678, but restored at the treaty of Nimeguen. The French took possession of it again after the death of Charles II. of Spain.

In 1706, it was taken by the duke of Marlborough; and by the French in 1708; but it was retaken the same year. The French also took it by surprise after the battle of Fontenoy; but at the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle it was returned. On the 14th of November, 1792, it was taken possession of by the French under General Labourdonnay, who were welcomed by the inhabitants. In April, 1793, they evacuated it, upon the desertion of Dumouriez; but recovered it again in July 1794, when the Austrians under Clairfait retreated. It remained with the rest of the Netherlands in their hands for twenty years: and hither Louis XVIII., returned during the 100 days. Ghent is well seated for trade, on account of its rivers and canals. It carries on a great commerce in corn; and has linen, woollen, and silk manufactures. Hence it was, indeed, that England first received her woollen manufacture; and she now rivals us in that of cotton. In 1816 the college here received a great extension, being constituted one of the three universities of the kingdom of the Netherlands, the current language is Flemish, but all people of education are capable of speaking French fluently. The citadel, built by Charles V., is one of the largest in Europe, but not proportionally strong. The number of citizens is about 65,000, but its population is not proportionable to its extent of which Charles V. thus boasted to Francis I.; I have a glove,' said he, alluding to its French name Gand, in which I could put your whole city of Paris.' Ghent lies twenty-six miles north-west of Brussels; thirty south-west of Antwerp, and thirty-five north of Lisle. Long. 3° 49′ E., lat. 51° 4′ N.

GHERIAH, or GHERLAH, a town of Hindostan, in Concan, on the west or pirate coast. It was the capital of the pirate Angria, from whom it was taken by admiral Watson and colonel Clive, in 1756, when his fleet was destroyed, and his fort taken, by the British and Mahrattas. It lies eighty miles N. N. W. of Goa, and 295 south by east of Bombay. Long. 73° 8' E., lat. 16° 45′ N.

can.

GHERIAH, a fortress situated on a promontory, on the south of India, a mile long, and a quarter of a mile broad. It is in the province of ConThis promontory lies about a mile from the entrance of a capacious harbour, formed by the mouth of a river which descends from the Western Ghauts. In the year 1707 a Mahratta chief, named Conajee Angria, had established an independent sovereignty here, and possessed a numerous fleet. At a subsequent period, the depredations of these pirates drew on them an attack from the British by commodore James, when the whole of the enemy was either captured or destroyed. There was found (1765) in the fort 206 pieces of ordnance, and an immense quantity of ammunition and naval stores, beside £120,000 in specie or valuables. It now belongs to the Peshwa of the Mahrattas.

GHER'KIN, n. s. Germ. gurcke, a cucumber. A small pickled cucumber.

GHESS. See GUESS.

GHILAN, a province of Persia, on the southwest shore of the Caspian Sea, which it borders for upwards of 200 miles. It has no rivers of

importance, but the waters of the Kiziluvein, and numerous streams from its mountains, render it fertile in rice, wheat, and provisions. It is in fact, one vast narrow plain enclosed by mountains, through which there are only a few difficult passes. Silk is the staple produce, and Astrachan its chief market; but the town of Retch carries on a considerable trade. Population of the district 50,000.

GHINALA, a town and country of West Africa, on the north of the Rio Grande. The capital is situated about seventy miles up that river.

GHISLAIN (St.), or St. GILLIAN, a town of the Netherlands, in the ci-devant province of French Hainault, seated on the Haine, five miles west of Mons. It was taken by general La Fayette, in June 1792. Long. 3° 53′ E., lat. 50° 28' N.

GHIZNE, or Zabul,a level district of Afghaunistaun, between the 33° and 34° of N. lat., and the 68° and 69° E. long. It is but poorly cultivated; the inhabitants, who are of the Ghiljee tribe, preferring a pastoral life, and raising a great number of sheep. The climate is very cold. Its principal towns are Ghizne, Karabay, and Gardaiz.

GHIZNE, the capital of the above district, was once the chief town of a powerful empire, extending from the Ganges to the middle of Persia. It was then called Medineh, or The City, and Dar al Islam, the seat of the true faith; was strongly fortified and contained many sumptuous palaces. In the year 1783 it was visited by Mr. Foster, who says, it stands on a hill of a moderate height, at the foot of which runs a small river. Its existence is principally supported by some Hindoo families, who carry on a small traffic, and supply the wants of the few Mahomnedan residents. At a short distance stands the tomb of sultan Mahmoud, to which pilgrims resort from distant places. The climate of Ghizne is so cold as to have become proverbial; and the Afghauns told me, that the town has been more than once overwhelmed in snow. This city was in the year 960 taken possession of by Abistagy, a rebel governor of Khorassan, who threw off his allegiance to the Samonavian dynasty of Persia, and founded a new kingdom. He was succeeded by his son-in-law Subaetageen, who extended his dominions to the banks of the Indus. Mahmoud, the next in succession, invaded India several times, and accumulated greater wealth than was ever in possession of any other individual. It was he who raised the glory of the Ghiznean empire to its zenith, and first obtained from the caliph the title of sultan.' He died in the year 1030, and was buried in a magnificent tomb seen by our traveller. The kingdom continued to flourish till the year 1116, when it was subdued by a Persian army. In the year 1150 it was again seized by Alaaddeen, the prince of Ghore, who, in revenge for an insult offered to his family by the inhabitants of this city, ordered a massacre of them for seven days, and destroyed all the public buildings but the tombs. The royal family upon this fled to Lahore, where the dynasty only languished through two more weak reigns

GHORAGHAUT, or Idrackpool, is a district of Bengal, containing about 150 square miles. It formerly embraced great part of the district of Dinagepoor, and extended across the Brahmapootra River, including the district of Currybary. The greater portion of the inhabitants are now Mahommedans, and a quiet and ⚫tractable people; the zemindary is in the hands of a Hindoo family, promoted to that situation by the Shujaaddeen Khan, about the year 1727. It is included in the collectorship of Momensing.

GHORAGHAUT, also called Nusserutabad (the city of victory), the capital of the above district, is pleasantly situated on the west bank of the Curruttya, and formerly carried on a considerable trade with Bootan for Tangan horses, musk, &c.

GHORE, or GHOUR, a mountainous district of Afghaunistaun, situated between 35° and 37° of N. lat., and 67° and 69° of E. long. The climate is very cold. In the twelfth century its chiefs became independent, and, having overturned the Ghiznean empire, carried their arms to the south-east as far as Benares; and one of their slaves, named Cuttub, founded about the year 1205 the Mahommedan kingdom of Dehly. This country in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries was overrun by the armies of Jenghis Khan and Tamerlane, and is now in the possession of the Usbeck Tartars. The tribe, being of pastoral habits, have emigrated to the vicinity of Paishawur, and are now subdivided into three, called the Mehmund, Khulleel, and Daoudyze tribes. Its chief towns were Ghore and Firoy Koh

GHORE, the capital of this district, once the residence of a long line of sovereigns, was taken from them by the king of Khuarizm, and subsequently sacked by the armies of Jenghis and Tamerlane, since which period it has not recovered.

GIAGH, in chronology, a cycle of twelve years, in use among the Turks and Cathayans. Each year of the giagh bears a name of some animal; the first that of a mouse; the second that of a bullock; the third a lynx or leopard; the fourth a hare; the fifth a crocodile; the sixth a serpent; the seventh a horse; the eighth a sheep; the ninth a monkey; the tenth a hen; the eleventh a dog; and the twelfth a hog. They also divide the day into twelve parts, called giaghs, and distinguish them by the names of animals. Each giagh contains two of our hours, and is divided into eight kehs; so that a keh is a quarter of our hour.

GIAM’BEUX, B. s. Fr. jambes. Legs, or armour for legs, as greaves.

The mortal steel despiteously entailed, Deep in their flesh, quite through the iren walls That a large purple stream adown their giambeux falls. Spenser.

GIANNONI (Peter), an Italian author, born at Naples, in 1680. He wrote a History of Naples, which is admired for its purity of style, and vigor of sentiments. It gave such offence to the court of Rome that he was obliged to flee to Piedmont; where he died in 1748,

GIANT, n. s. Goth. geant; Ital. Span GIANTESS, n. s. and Port. gigante; Fr. GIANTLIKE, adj.>geant; Lat. gigas: all proGIANTLY, adv. bably of Gr. yiyas, earthGIANTSHIP, n. s. born; because the old fables declared that the early giants were literally born of the earth. A man or woman of extraordinary or unnatural size, with reference to height: gigantic; vast; lofty; strong.

Sire Kyng, quoth Merlin, though gif thou wolt here

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Are arched so high, that giants may get through,
And keep their impious turbans on, without
Good-morrow to the sun.
Id. Cymbeline.
Woman's gentle brain
Could not drop forth such giant rude invention;
Snch Ethiop words.
Id. As You Like It.

nown,

own time.

Shakspeare.

I had rather be a giantess, and lie under mount Pelion. Those giants, those mighty men, and men of restrength of those giants remembered by Moses of bis far exceeded the proportion, nature, and Raleigh's History. What though an apish pigmie in attire, His dwarfish body gyant-like array, Turn brave, and get him stilts to seem the higher, What would so doing handsome him I pray? Now, surely such a mimicke sight as that Would with excessive laughter move your spleene, Till you had made the little dandiprat, To lye within some auger-hole unseene.

Gco. Withers.

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His giantship is gone somewhat crest fallen, Stalking with less unconscionable strides, And lower looks. Id. Agonistes. The giant brothers, in their camp, have found I was not forced with ease to quit my ground. Dryden.

Notwithstanding all their talk of reason and phi losophy, which they are deplorably strangers to, and chose unanswerable doubts and difficulties, which, over their cups, they pretend to have against Christianity; persuade but the covetous man not to deily his money, the proud man not to adore himself, and I dare undertake that all their giantlike objections against the Christian religion shall presently vanish and quit the field.

By weary steps and slow.
The groping giant, with a trunk of pine,
Explored his way.

South.

Addison.

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of Bashan, Goliath and his brethren. 1 Chron. XX. 4-8. The Rev. Mr. Gun, minister of Latheron in Caithness, mentions William Sutherland, the last proprietor of Berrydale Castle, who lived in the end of the fifteenth century, and measured nine feet five inches high.

M. Le Cat, in a memoir read before the Academy of Sciences at Rouen, gives the following account of giants that are said to have existed in different ages. Profane historians have given seven feet of height to Hercules their first hero; and in our days we have seen men eight feet high. The giant who was shown in Rouen, in 1735, measured eight teet some inches. The emperor Maximin was of that size; Shenkius and Platerus, physicians of the last century, saw several of that stature; and Goropius saw a girl who was ten feet high. The body of Orestes, according to the Greeks, was eleven feet and a half; the giant Galbara, brought from Arabia to Rome under Claudius Caesar, was near ten feet; and the bones of Secondilla and Pusio, keepers of the gardens of Sallust, were but six inches shorter. Funnam a Scotchman, who lived in the time of Eugine II. king of Scotland, measured eleven feet and a half; and Jacob le Maire, in his voyage to the straits of Magellan, reports, that on the 17th of December, 1615, they found at Port Desire several graves covered with stones; and, having the curiosity to remove the stones, they discovered human skeletons of ten and eleven feet long. The chevalier Scory, in his voyage to the peak of Teneriffe, says, that they found in one of the sepulchral caverns of that mountain, the head of a Guanche which had eighty teeth, and that the body was not less than fifteen feet long. The giant Ferragus, slain by Orlando nephew of Charlemagne, was eighteen feet high. Rioland, a celebrated anatomist, who wrote in 1614, says, that some years before there was to be seen in the suburbs of St. Germain the tomb of the giant Isoret, who was twenty feet high. In Rouen, in 1509, in digging in the ditches near the Dominicans, they found a stone tomb containing a skeleton whose skull held a bushel of corn, and' whose shin bone reached up to the girdle of the tallest man there, being about four feet long, and consequently the body must have been seventeen or eighteen feet high. Upon the tomb was a plate of copper, whereon was engraved, 'In this tomb lies the noble and puissant lord, the chevalier Ricon de Vallemont, and his bones.' Platerus, a famous physician, declares, that he saw at Lucerne, the true human bones of a subject which must have been at least nineteen feet high. Valence in Dauphiné boasts of possessing the bones of the giant Bucart, tyrant of the Vivarais, who was slain by an arrow by the count De Cabillon his vassal. The Dominicans had a part of the shin bone, with the articulation of the knee, and his figure painted in fresco, with an inscription, showing that this giant was twenty-two feet and a half high, and that his bones were found in 1705, near the banks of the Morderi, a little river at the foot of the mountain of Crussol, upon which (tradition says) the giant dwelt.' M. Le Cat adds, that skeletons have been discovered of giants, of a still more incredible height, viz. that of Theuto

GIANTS. The traditions of all ages have furnished us with so many extravagant accounts of giants of incredible bulk and strength, that the existence of such people is now generally disbelieved. It is commonly thought that the stature of man has been the same in all ages; and some have even pretended to demonstrate the impossibility of the existence of giants mathematically. Of these Mr. M'Laurin has been the most explicit. But his arguments and comparisons, drawn from the disproportion between the cohesion of parts in small models and large works, of human workmanship, are by no means conclusive; because, along with an increase of stature in any animal, we must always suppose a proportional increase in the cohesion of the parts of its body. Large works sometimes fail when constructed on the plan of models, because the cohesion of the materials whereof the model is made, and of the large work, are the same; but a difference in this respect will pro duce a very remarkable difference in the ultimate result. Thus, suppose a model is made of fir wood, the model may be firm and strong enough; but a large work made also of fir, when executed according to the plan of the model, may be so weak that it will fall to pieces from its own weight. If, however, we make use of iron for the large work instead of fir, the whole will be sufficiently strong, even though made exactly according to the plan of the model. The same may be said with regard to large and small animals. If we could find an animal whose bones exceeded in hardness and strength the bones of other animals as much as iron exceeds fir, such an animal might be of a monstrous size, and yet be exceedingly strong. In like manner, if we suppose the flesh and bones of a giant to be greatly superior, in hardness and strength, to those of other men, the great size of his body will be no objection at all to his strength. The whole controversy, therefore, concerning the existence of giants must rest upon the credibility of the accounts given by those who profess to have seen them, and not on any arguments drawn à priori. In the Scripture we are told of giants who were produced from the marriages of the sons of God with the daughters of men. See ANTEDILUVIANS. This passage indeed has been differently interpreted, and it is very doubtful whether the word translated giants there implies any extraordinary stature. In other parts of Scripture, however, giants, with their dimensions, are mentioned in such a manner that we cannot possibly doubt their existence; as in the case of Og king

bochus king of the Teutones, found January 11th, 1613, twenty-five feet and a half high; of a giant near Mazarino, in Sicily in 1516, thirty feet; of another in 1548, near Palermo, thirty feet, &c. &c. But whether these accounts are credited or not, we are certain that the stature of the human body is by no means fixed. We are ourselves a kind of giants in comparison of the Laplanders; nor are these the most diminutive people to be found upon the earth. The abbé la Chappe, in his journey into Siberia to observe the transit of Venus, passed through a village inhabited by people called Wotiacks, who were not above four feet high.

Giants, RebelLIOUS, in ancient mythology, the sons of Cœlus and Terra. According to Hesiod they sprang from the blood of the wound which Clus received from his son Saturn. Hyginus calls them sons of Tartarus and Terra. They are represented as endued with strength proportioned to their gigantic size. Some of them, as Cottus, Briareus, and Gyges, had each fifty heads and 100 arms, and serpents instead of legs! They were of a terrible aspect, and their hair hung loose about their shoulders. Pallene and its neighbourhood was the place of their residence. The defeat of the Titans, to whom they were nearly related, incensed them against Jupiter, and they all conspired to dethrone him. Accordingly they reared Mount Ossa upon Pelion, and Olympus upon Ossa; and from thence attacked the gods with huge rocks, some of which fell into the sea and became islands, and others fell on the earth and formed mountains. Jupiter summoned a council of the gods; when being informed that it was necessary to obtain the assistance of some mortal, he by the advice of Pallas called up his son Hercules; and with the aid of this hero he exterminated the giants Enceladus, Polybates, Alcyon, Porphyrion, the two sons of Alous, Ephialtes and Othus, Eurytus, Clytius, Tythyus, Pallas, Hippolitus, Agrius, Thoon, and Typhon, the last of whom it was more difficult to vanquish than all the rest. Jupiter, having thus gained a complete victory, cast the rebels down to Tartarus, where they were to receive the full punishment of their crimes; or, according to some of the poets, he buried them alive under Mount Etna and different islands.

The GIANT'S CAUSEWAY is a natural pier or promontory, projecting 600 feet into the sea, on the north coast of the county of Antrim, Ireland. It is sometimes described as the south part of the promontory of Bengou, which is eight miles west of Farehead. In describing this noble natural curiosity of Ireland, we shall avail ourselves of the published accounts of a gentleman (Rev. G. N. Wright) whose descriptive sketches of his native country have elsewhere enlivened our pages. He conducts us from Belfast by Glenarm and Bally-castle to Ballintoy and Bushmills, about one mile from the Causeway, where there is an inn called the Causeway Inn, being the nearest place of rest and refreshment.

'Approaching the shore at the Rock Heads' it becomes necessary to abandon all kinds of vehicles as well as our horses, and trust to pedestrian activity for the remainder of the path to the Causeway.

'A first object of curiosity in this direction is Port Coon Cave; this magnificent excavation is accessible both by sea and land. In the west side are two apertures by which it can be entered at all times, but the violence of the billows at its mouth sometimes forbids the most adven turous sailor to approach. The cave is of considerable length, and boats may row in 100 yards at least. The formation of the interior. is very extraordinary, and extremely interesting to the mineralogical tourist: the roof and sides are composed of rounded stones, inbedded in a basaltic paste, of extreme hardness. These stones again are formed of concentric spheres, resembling the pellicles of an onion. The appearance of the cave, viewed from the innermost recess, is not unlike the side aisle of a gothic cathedral, the roof being a tolerably regular pointed arch: the sides appear greasy, and do actually feel so one of the unbidden attendants, who takes the trouble to accompany the party, is generally provided with a loaded piece, upon the discharge of which, a tremendous reverberation of sound is produced: musical instruments also, when played with judicious management, i. e. by allowing a short pause between the succeeding notes, will be found to produce most agreeable echoes. Adjoining this cave is the little inlet called Port Coon, formed by a very remarkable whyndyke; which seems to have been composed of seven walls, and to have been separated from the dyke in front of the precipice, by some great convulsion. In this shock a small pyramidal basaltic rock was detached from the great mass, and stands now insulated in the centre of the small bay. The ruins of the whyndyke are attached to its eastern side, separated into a number of distinct walls, exhibiting their construction by horizontal prisms, and forming, altogether, a very curious object. Beyond the projecting excavated rock, of which Port Coon Cave is composed, is a second of these whyndykes, being one side of the little estuary of Port Nabau

'On the west of Port Coon Cave and Dyke, in the dark perpendicular cliff, is a deep and lofty cave, accessible by water alone. The entrance assumes the appearance of a pointed arch, and is remarkably regular. The boatmen are very expert in entering these caves; they bring the boat's head right in front, and, watching the roll of the wave, quickly ship the oars, and sail in majestically upon the smooth rolling wave. The depth of Dunkerry Cave has not been ascertained, for the extremity is so constructed as to render the management of a boat there impracticable and dangerous; besides, from the greasy character of the sides of the cave, the hand cannot be serviceable in forwarding or retarding the boat. Along the sides is a bordering of marine plants, above the surface of the water, of considerable breadth. The roof and sides are clad over with green confervæ, which gives a very rich and beautiful effect: and not the least curious circumstance connected with a visit to this subterranean apartment, is the swelling of the water within. It has been already frequently observed, that the swell of the sea upon this coast is at all times heavy; and, as

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