be not now sufficiently heightened, a succeeding application rarely fails to complete it.

For the gilding of copper, &c., in button making, see BUTTONS.

When iron is to be gilt by amalgamation it is generally first coated with copper; which, with all its combinations with zinc, having less affinity with mercury than silver, must not be expected to adhere to the amalgam so perfectly as that metal, nor to afford at last so even a surface.

The difficulties of well gilding iron, or rather steel, by amalgamation are also great on other accounts. If simple burnishing down be had recourse to, the heat requisite for this purpose will, in many cases, bring the temper of the steel too low the parts of the steel to be gilded are often, therefore, pencilled over with nitrate of mercury, by which they are covered with a slightly adhering coating of mercury; then the amalgam is applied, and the gilding finished in the usual way. The objection to this process is, that a considerable heat is required, though inferior to that requisite for burnishing down, and that, even with all possible care, the gilding is apt to scale off. An improvement on this method is previously to trace the figure of the gilding on the steel with a brush charged with a strong solution of sulphated copper, which is made to adhere with considerable firmness by means of the burnisher; and thus the gilding is, in part, performed upon the copper. Another method of gilding upon steel is suggested in the Phil. Mag. xi. p. 144, and seems capable of greatly improving the art. It depends upon the fact, that if sulphuric ether and nitro-muriate of gold are mixed together, the ether will by degrees separate from the acid nearly the whole of the gold, and retain it in solution for some time in nearly a metallic state. Ether, therefore, thus charged with gold, is spread, by means of a pen or fine brush, on the surface of highly polished steel; the ether presently evaporates, leaving the gold behind in close contact with the steel, and the adhesion, as in other cases, is finished by the application of the burnisher. If the expense of the ether is an object, the best oil of turpentine may be used instead.

Dr. Lewis makes the following remarks on gilding by amalgamation: There are two principal inconveniences in this business: one, that the workmen are exposed to the fumes of the mercury, and generally, sooner or later, have their health greatly impaired by them; the other, the loss of the mercury; for, though part of it is said to be detained in the cavities made in the chimneys for that purpose, yet the greater part of it is lost. From some trials I have made, it appeared that both these inconveniences, particularly the first and most considerable one, might be, in a good measure, avoided, by means of a furnace of a due construction.'

He suggests, therefore, the communication of a furnace with its chimney under the grate, instead of over the fire: then the ash-pit door, or other apertures beneath the grate, being closed, and the mouth of the furnace left open, the current of air, which otherwise would have entered beneath, enters at the top, and, passing down through the grate to the chimney, carries with it

completely both the vapor of the fuel, and the fumes of such matters as are placed upon it.

If such a furnace is made of strong forged (not milled) iron plate, it will be sufficiently durable. The upper end of the chimney may reach above a foot and a half higher than the level of the fire; over this is to be placed a larger tube, leaving an interval of an inch or more all round between it and the chimney, and reaching to the height of ten or twelve feet; the higher the better. The external air, passing up between the chimney and the outer pipe, prevents the latter from being much heated, so that the mercurial fumes will condense against its sides into running quicksilver, which, falling down to the bottom, is there catched in a hollow rim, formed by turning inwards a portion of the lower part, and conveyed by a pipe at one side into a proper receiver.'

For the gilding of china ware, see PORCELAIN: for gilding on enamel, and glass, ENAMELLING: for gilding letters and figures in books, ILLUMINATING.

Ornaments of brass are varnished in a manner termed gold lacquering, to distinguish them from those that are really gilt. When silver leaves, thus varnished, are put upon leather, it is called gilt leather; and many picture-frames have no other than this counterfeit gilding, which may be discovered by washing it with rectified spirits of wine; for the spirit will dissolve the varnish, and leave the silver leaf of its own whiteness. For plain picture frames, thick tin-foil may be used instead of silver; the tin-leaf fixed on with glue is to be burnished, then polished with emery and a fine linen cloth, and afterwards with putty applied in the same manner; being then lacquered over with the varnish five or six times, it looks like gold. See LACQUERING. Inferior or false gildings are also made with thin leaves of copper or brass, called Dutch leaf. In this manner are made most of the kinds of what is called gilt paper.

The following account of factitious gilding for chain-bridges, and other works of iron, was communicated by John Robison, Esq. F.R.S.E. to Dr. Brewster's Edinburgh Philosophical Journal of last year (1826):

'The Moochees and Nuqquashes of India, who are the makers and painters of a variety of objects whose purposes require ability to stand the effects of the weather, use an application in ornamenting their works, which, in appearance, nearly equals gilding, and costs little more than common paint. It appears to me that this application might be useful in some cases in this country, particularly in chain-bridges, and other works where iron of a smooth surface is exposed to the atmosphere. I therefore use the freedom of troubling you with what I recollect on the subject.

In preparing the factitious gilding in the small way, a quantity of pure tin is melted, and poured into a joint of bamboo, perhaps a foot long, and two or three inches in diameter, close at both ends, except the perforation at which the tin is poured in, which is instantly plugged up. The bamboo is then violently shaken, which, if well managed, soon makes the metal assume th

form of a very fine gray powder: this being ifted, to separate any coarse particles, is mixed up in thin melted glue, and, if I recollect right, is levigated on a stone with a muller. The result is poured into dishes (commonly cocoa nutshells) to settle, and the superfluous moisture poured off.

When to be applied, it should be of the consistence of thin cream, and is laid on with a soft brush, like ordinary paint. When dry, it appears like a coat of common gray water color. This is gone over with an agate-burnisher, and then forms a bright uniform surface of polished tin; a coating of white or colored roghun (oil-varnish) is immediately laid over it, according as it may be intended to imitate silvering or gilding.' GILDAS, surnamed the Wise, a celebrated British monk, born in Wales in 511. Where he was educated is uncertain. Some say he went over to Ireland; others, that he visited France and Italy. All agree that, after his return to England, he became a most assiduous preachen of the gospel. Du Pin says he founded a monastery at Venetia in Britain. Gildas is the only British author of the sixth century whose works are printed. His History of Britain is valuable on account of its antiquity, and as containing the only information we have concerning the times of which he wrote; though his style is inelegant.

GILDO, a general in Mauritania, who was raised by the emperor Theodosius to the chief command in Africa. When the empire was divided between Arcadius and Honorius, the two sons of the last-mentioned emperor, he was persuaded to acknowledge the authority of Arcadius, the master of the east, although his allegiance was due to Honorius. The Roman senate, upon the revolt, denounced him a public enemy. He was subdued by Stilicho; and the war which terminated in his discomfiture was celebrated by Claudian in his poem de Bello Gildonico. He was seized and thrown into prison, where he saved himself from his impending fate by a voluntary death.

GILEAD, the son of Machir, and grandson of Manasseh. His posterity had their inheritance allotted them in the mountains of Gilead, so named from him.

GILEAD, a descendant of the above mentioned patriarch, and the father of Jephthah. GILEAD, BALM OF. See AMYRIS.

The mountains of GILEAD were part of that ridge which runs from mount Lebanon southward, on the east of the Holy Land; gave their name to the whole country which lies on the east of the sea of Galilee, and included the mountainous region, called in the New Testament, Trachonitis. Jer. (xxii. 6) seems to say, that Gilead begins from mount Libanus. Jacob, at his return from Mesopotamia, came in six days to the mountains of Gilead (Gen. xxxi. 21. &c.) where this patriarch, with Laban his father-in-law, raised a heap of stones, in memory of their agreement and covenant, and called it Galeed, i. e. 'an heap of witnessess,' and which Laban called Jegar sahadutha. These mountains were covered with trees abounding with gum, called the balm of Gilead, which the Scripture much commends.

(Jer. viii. 21, xlvi. 11, li. 8.) The merchants who bought Joseph came from Gilead, and were carrying balm into Egypt, Gen. xxxvii. 25.

GILES (John), D. D. & M. D., a native of St. Albans, who flourished in the thirteenth century, and was the first Englishman who entered among the Dominicans. He was physician in ordinary to Philip IV. of France, and was professor of medicine in the universities of Paris and Montpelier. In his Latin Tracts he is styled Johannes Ægidius.

GILES (St.), the tutelar saint of Edinburgh, was a native of Greece, who flourished in the sixth century, and was descended of an illustrious family. On the death of his parents he gave all his estate to the poor; and travelled into France, where he retired into a wilderness near the conflux of the Rhone with the sea, and continued there three years. Having obtained the reputation of extraordinary sanctity, various miracles were attributed to him; and he founded a monastery in Languedoc, known long after by the name of St. Giles's. In the reign of James II. Mr. Preston of Gorton, whose descendants still possess an estate in the county of Edinburgh, obtained an arm of this saint; which relic he bequeathed to the church of Edinburgh. In gratitude for this donation, the magistrates granted a charter in favor of Mr. Preston's heirs, by which the nearest heir of the name of Preston was entitled to carry it in all processions. They also obliged themselves to found an altar in the church of St. Giles's, and appoint a chaplain for celebrating an annual mass for the soul of Mr. Preston; and likewise, that a tablet containing his arms, and an account of his pious donation, should be put up in the chapel.

GILGAL, in ancient geography, a place between Jericho and Jordan, noted for the first encampment of the Israelites on this side Jordan, about a mile from Jericho. It sometimes also denotes Galilee. Joshua xii. 23.

GILL, n. s. Sax. nægel; Lat. (barb.) gillo, gello. A liquid measure; the fourth of a pint. They measure their block-tin by the gill, which containeth a pint. Carew.

Every bottle must be rinsed with wine: some, out of mistaken thrift, will rinse a dozen with the same: change the wine at every second bottle: a gill may be enough. Swift.

GILL, n. s. Not improperly, as Dr. Johnson suggests, from gillian, the Old English way of writing Julian or Juliana. The appellation of a woman in ludicrous language.

I can, for I will, Here at Burley o' th' Hill, Give

you all your fill,

Each Jack with his Gill.

Ben Jonson Gypsies. GILL, n. s. Lat. chelidonium. The name GILL-HOUSE. of a plant; ground-ivy; malt} liquor medicated with ground-ivy. Gill-house is the place where it is sold.

Thee shall each alehouse, thee each gillhouse mourn, And answering ginshops sourer sighs return. Pope.

GILL (John), D.D., a Protestant dissenting minister of the Baptist denomination, was born at Kettering, Nov. 23rd, 1697. He was early sent to a grammar-school in the neighbourhood,

where he very soon surpassed boys much his seniors; and after he had left school, though his time was daily devoted to the business of his father, yet he so far improved his leisure hours, as to be able, before he was nineteen, to read all the classical authors that fell in his way. On Nov. 1st, 1716, he made a public profession of his faith before the Baptist church at Kettering, and was baptized by Mr. Thomas Wallis. Of this church Mr. Gill had not been long a member before he was called to the ministry: soon after which, he removed to Higham Ferrers, to pursue his studies under Mr. Davis; but his stay there was soon interrupted by an invitation to London, to preach to the Baptist church at Horslydown, over which he was ordained pastor in 1719, which office he sustained upwards of fifty-one years. Mr. Gill had not been long in London, before rabbinical learning, of which he had acquired considerable knowledge, became an object of his pursuit. To facilitate his progress through the intricacies of this labyrinth, he contracted an acquaintance with one of the most learned Jewish rabbis. He read the Targums, the Talmuds, the Rabbot, their ancient commentaries, the book Zohat, and whatever else of this kind he was able to procure. Of the Oriental languages he made himself complete master in short, there was no branch of knowledge that could either enlarge or enrich biblical learning, which he did not attempt and attain. In 1748 he published a Commentary on the New Testament, in 3 vols. folio. This work attracted the attention of the University of Aberdeen; and procured for him, without either his solicitation or his knowledge, a diploma, creating him D.D. He died at Camberwell in 1771, aged seventythree. In 1718 the Dr. had married Mrs. Elizabeth Negus; by whom he had many children, two of whom only survived him. Mrs. Gill died in 1764. His works are, 1. A Commentary on the Old and New Testament, in 9 vols. fol. 2. A Body of Divinity, in 3 vols. 4to. 3. The Cause of God and Truth, 4 vols. 8vo. 4. A Treatise concerning the Prophecies of the Old Testament, respecting the Messiah. 5. A Dissertation on the antiquity of the Hebrew Language, Letters, Vowel Points, and Accents. 6. Sermons on the Canticles, folio; besides a great number of sermons and controversial pieces on different subjects.

GILLS, n. s. Goth. geil, gil, a fissure; Span. agulla; Lat. gula. The apertures at each side of a fish's head; the flaps which hang below the beak of a fowl; the flesh under the chin.

The turkeycock hath great and swelling gills, and

the hen hath less.

Bacon's Natural History.

In many there is no paleness at all; but contrariwise, redness about the cheeks and gills, which is by the sending forth of spirits in an appetite to revenge.

The leviathan,

Stretched like a promontory, sleeps or swims, And seems a moving land, and at his gills Draws in, and at his trunk spouts out a sea.

Id.

GILLES (Peter), a learned and enterprising French author, born at Albi in 1490. After studying the Latin and Greek languages, philosophy, natural history, &c., he travelled through France and Italy. In 1533 he dedicated a work to Francis I., wherein he advised that monarch to send learned men to travel into foreign countries for the improvement of science; in consequence of which the king sent Gilles into the Levant. But having received no remittances from France, during his journey, he was at last obliged to enlist, for subsistence, in the army of Soliman II. In another voyage he was taken by a pirate, and carried into Algiers. By the generosity of Cardinal Armagnac he obtained his liberty; after which he went to his benefactor at Rome, where he died in 1555.

GILLORI, an island on the coast of West Florida, divided from Dauphin island by a very narrow channel. Between Gillori and the main land, on the west side of Mobile River, is a chain of small islands, and oyster-shells, through which is a passage of four feet, called Passe au Heron.

GILLYFLOWER, n. s. Julyflower, or from Fr. giroflée.

Corrupted from

In July come gillyflowers of all varieties.

Fair is the gillyflower of gardens sweet,
Fair is the marygold, for pottage meet.

Gay's Pastorals. GILLYFLOWER. See CHEIRANTHUS, and DIANTHUS.

GILOLO, or GILLOLO, called also Halamahera, is the largest of the Spice Islands. In its shape, which is very irregular, it most resembles Celebes, being formed of four peninsulas, enclosing three large bays on the east: the interior is occupied by high mountains rising in peaks. It abounds in sago and fruit trees, buffaloes, deer, goats, and wild hogs; and is well inhabited. Towards the south it is said to have nutmeg and clove trees. When captain Forrest visited it, in 1774, its dominion was divided between the kings of Ternate and Tidor, and consequently under the influence of the Dutch; at present, however, it seems to be governed by several independent chiefs. North of Gillolo is the island of Mortay, covered with sago trees, but thinly inhabited. The Moluccas Proper form a chain along the west side of Gillolo. The town of Ossa, on the south side of the bay of that name, is in E. long. 120° 22′, and N. lat. 0° 45'. The imports of the island are iron, cutlery, piece goods, and China ware; the exports spices, edible birds'-nests, tortoise-shell, pearl, seed, and sago.

GILPIN (Bernard), an English divine, was descended from an ancient and honorable family in Westmoreland, and born in 1517. Being

brought up in the Roman Catholic religion, he, for some time, defended it, and, at Oxford, held a disputation with Hooper, afterwards bishop of Worcester, and martyr for the Protestant faith; but, after another disputation with Peter Martyr, began seriously to examine the contested points. Presented with the vicarage of Norton, in Durham, he resigned it, and went abroad to consult eminent professors on both sides; and, after three years' absence, returned a little before the death of Mary I. satisfied in the doctrines of the Reformation. He was kindly received by his uncle Dr. Tonstall, bishop of Durham; who soon after gave him the archdeaconry of Durham, and rectory of Effington. Though the persecution was then at its height, he boldly preached against the vices, errors, and corruptions of the times, especially in the clergy, on which a charge, consisting of thirteen articles, was drawn up against him, and presented in form to the bishop. But Dr. Tonstall dismissed the cause in such a manner as to protect his nephew without endangering himself, and, soon after, presented him to the rich living of Houghton le Spring. He was again accused to the bishop, and again protected; when his enemies laid their complaint before Dr. Bonner, bishop of London, who immediately gave orders to apprehend him. Upon this, Mr. Gilpin prepared for martrydom; and ordering his steward to provide him a long garment, that he might make a decent appearance at the stake, set out for London. He, however, broke his leg on the journey, which protracted his arrival until the queen's death. Being immediately set at liberty, he returned to Houghton, where he was received by his parishioners with the sincerest joy. Upon the deprivation of the popish bishops, he was offered the see of Carlisle, which he declined; and, confining his attention to his rectory, discharged all the duties of his function in the most exemplary manner. He was particularly anxious to improve the minds of the younger part of his flock; pressing them to mix religion with their labors, and, amidst the cares of this life, to have a constant eye upon the next. He attended to every thing which might be of service to his parishioners, and was very assiduous in preventing law-suits. His hall is said to have been often thronged with people, who came to him about their differences. His hospitable manner of living was the admiration of the whole country.-He spent in his family every fortnight forty bushels of corn, twenty bushels of malt, and a whole ox; besides a proportionable quantity of other provisions. Strangers and travellers found a cheerful reception. All were welcome that came and even their beasts had so much care taken of them, that it was said, If a horse was turned loose in any part of the country, it would immediately make its way to the rector of Houghton's.' Every Sunday, from Michaelmas to Easter, was a public day with him. During this season he wished to see all his parishioners and their families. For their reception he had three tables well covered: the first for gentlemen, the second for husbandmen, and the third for day-laborers. This piece of hospitality he never omitted, even when losses or a scarcity of provisions made its continuance

6

rather difficult. Every year he regularly visited the most neglected parishes in Northumberland, Yorkshire, Cheshire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, preaching in each for two or three days. And wherever he came he visited all the gaols, few in the kingdom having then any appointed minister. In the debateable land also, where no man would even travel who could avoid it, Mr. Gilpin never failed to spend some part of every year. The disinterested pains he took among these barbarous people, and the good offices he was always ready to do them, drew from them the warmest and sincerest expressions of gratitude. One instance is related, that shows how greatly he was revered.-By the carelessness of his servants, his horses were one day stolen; and, the news being quickly propagated, every one expressed the highest indignation at the theft. The thief was rejoicing over his prize, when, by the report of the country, he discovered whose horses he had taken. Terrified at what he had done, he instantly came trembling back, confessed the fact, returned the horses, and declared he believed the devil would have seized him directly had he carried them off knowing them to have been Mr. Gilpin's.' Although his income was never more than £400 a year, and out of this he had to support his open house and liberal hospitality, yet he founded and endowed a large grammar school, to which he also devoted a great part of his personal attention. One day, returning home, he saw in a field several people crowding together; and judging something more than ordinary had happened, he rode up, and found that one of the horses in a team had suddenly dropped down dead. The owner of it declaring how grievous a loss it would be to him, Mr. Gilpin bade him not be disheartened: 'I'll let you have,' said he, 'that horse of mine,' pointing to his servant's. 'Ah! master,' replied the countryman, 'my pocket will not reach such a beast as that.' Come, come,' said Mr. Gilpin, 'take him, take him; and when I demand my money, then thou shalt pay me.' This excellent divine, who deservedly obtained the glorious titles of the Father of the Poor, and the Apostle of the North, died in 1583, in the sixty-sixth year of his age.

GILPIN (Rev. William), M. A., descended from the above, was born at Carlisle in 1724. He received his education at Queen's College, Oxford, where he took his degree of M. A. in 1748. Afterwards he kept a grammar-school at Cheam in Surrey; but at length obtained a prebend in the cathedral of Salisbury, and the vicarage of Boldre, in the New Forest, Hampshire. Here he died, April 5th 1804. His literary reputation is principally founded on his Picturesque Tours. His principal works were The Life of Bernard Gilpin, 1751, 8vo.; The Lives of John Wicliff, &c., 1764, 8vo., which was translated into German; Lectures on the Catechism of the Church of England, 1779, 2 vols. 8vo.; Remarks on Forest Scenery, 2 vols. 8vo.; Observations relative to Picturesque Beauty, made in 1772, on several parts of England, particularly the mountains and lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland, 2 vols. 8vo.; Observations relative to Picturesque Beauty, made in 1776, on several parts of Great Britain,