He blended together the livers of giltheads, the brains of pheasants and peacocks, tongues of phenicopters, and the melts of lampres. Hakewill.

GILT-HEAD, in ichthyology. See SPARUS.
GI'MCRACK n. s.
Supposed by Skinner

to be ludicrously formed from gin, derived from engine. A slight or trivial mechanism.

For though these gimcracks were away,
However, more reduced and plain,
The watch would still a watch remain;
But if the horal orbit ceases,

The whole stands still, or breaks to pieces.

Prior. What's the meaning of all these tngrams and gimcracks? Jumping over my master's hedges, and Arbuthnot. running your lines cross his grounds? GIM'LET, n. s. Fr. gibelet, guimbelet. A borer with a screw at its point.

The gimlet hath`a worm at the end of its hit. Moron. GIMMAL, n. s. According to Skinner and GIMMER, n. s. Ainsworth from Lat. gemel lus. It seems however, says Johnson, to be rather gradually corrupted from geometry or geometrical. Some little quaint pieces of machinery.

I think by some odd gimmals or device
Their arms are set like clocks, still to strike on,
Else they could not hold out so as they do.

Shakspeare. The holding together of the parts of matter has so confounded me, that I have been prone to conclude with myself, that the gimmers of the world hold together not so much by geometry as some natural magick.

More's Divine Dialogues. GIMP, n. s. See GIM. Gimp, in old English, is neat, spruce. A kind of silk twist or lace.

GIN, n. s. Corrupted from engine. A trap; a snare; any thing moved with screws, as an engine of torture; a pump worked with rotatory sails. Contracted from Geneva; a spirit drawn from juniper berries.

This same stede shal bere you evermore,
Withouten harme, till be then you
ye
lest
(Though that ye slepen on his back or reste,)
And turne again with writhing of a pin.
He that it wrought, he coude many a gin;
He waited many a constellation,
Or he had don this operation.

Chaucer. The Squires Tale.
this false gin
Was net made ther; but it was made before.
Id. The Chanones Yemannes Tale.
Typhæus' joints were stretched on a gin. Spenser.
Which two, through treason and deceitful gin,
Hath slain sir Mordant.

So strives the woodcock with the gin;
So doth the coney struggle in the net.

Id.

Shakspeare. Id.

Be it by gins, by snares, by subtilty.
As the day begins,

With twenty gins we will the small birds take,
And pastime make.

VOL. X.

Sidney.

The delfs would be so flown with waters, it being impossible to make any adits or soughs to drain them, that no gins or machines would suffice to lay and keep them dry. Ray.

A bituminous plate, alternately yellow and black, formed by water driveling on the outside of the gin pump of Mostyn coalpits. Wood on Fossils.

GIN, in mechanics, a machine for driving piles, fitted with a windlass and winches at each end, where eight or nine men heave, and round

which a rope is reeved that goes over the wheel iron-monkey, that hooks to a beetle of different at the top; one end of this rope is fixed to an weights, according to the piles they are to drive, being from eight to thirteen hundred weight; and when hove up to a cross-piece, near the wheel, it unhooks the monkey, and lets the beetle fall on the upper end of the pile, and forces the same into the ground; then the monkey's own weight overhauls the windlass, in order for its being hooked again to the beetle.

GIN. See GENEVA.

GIN, in geography, a town of China, of the third rank, in Petcheli, ten miles south-east of Chun-te.

GINBALA, a district of Central Africa, formed into an island by two branches of the Niger, issuing from the lake Dibbie, and re-uniting west of Tombuctoo. It is only known to be inhabited by industrious and commercial negroes.

GINGEE, a district and fortress of India, in the Carnatic, situated between the twelfth and thirteenth degrees of northern latitude, and bounded on the east by the sea. The English had factories here in the middle of the seventeenth century, and it is now comprehended in the south division of the Arcot collectorship The fort stands on a stupendous rock, and is impregnable by any ordinary mode of attack. It is said to have been built by the kings of the Chola dynasty, and was, so early as the year 1442, completely repaired and strengthened by the Naik of Tanjore. It was strengthened by the Mahommedan kings of Bejapore, the Mahrattas, and the Moguls successively, but was taken by surprise from the latter, by the French, in the year 1750, and capitulated to the English in April, 1761. Like other hill forts of India, it is very unhealthy: the French are said to have lost 1200 Europeans by disease, during the ten years they held it, and during peace it is only garrisoned by a small number of native troops.

GINGER, 1. s. Ital. gingero; Latin GINGER-BREAD, n. s. zinzeber. S A pungent aromatic root; and a kind of farinaceous sweetmeat made of dough sweetened with treacle and flavored with ginger.

Gingiber, and grein de Paris,
Canell, and setewale of pris,
And many a spice delitable

To ten whan men rise fro table.

Chaucer. Romaunt of the Rose.
They fet him, first, the swete win,
And mede eke in a maselin,

And real spicerie,

Of gingerbred that was full fin, And licoris and eke comin,

With suger that is trie.

Id. Rime of Sire Thopas. An' I had but one penny in the world, thou shouldst have it to buy gingerbread. Shakspeare.

The root of ginger is of the tuberous kind, knotty, crooked, and irregular; of a hot, acrid, and pungent taste, though aromatick, and of a very agreeable smell. The Indians eat both the young shoots of the leaves and the roots themselves. Hill.

Or wafting ginger round the streets to go, And visit alehouse where ye first did grow. Pope. "Tis a loss you are not here, to partake of three weeks frost, and eat gingerbread in a booth by a fire upon the Thames. Swift.

Her currants there and gooseberries were spread, With the enticing gold of gingerbread. King's Cook. The flower consists of five leaves, shaped somewhat like those of the iris: these are produced in the head or club, each coming out of a separate leafy scale. The ovary becomes a triangular fruit, having three cells which contain seeds.

Miller.

Prior.

To master John, the English maid A horn-book gives of gingerbread; And that the child may learn the better As he can name, he eats the letter. GINGER. See AMOMUM. GINGERAH, a celebrated fortified island on the western coast of India, in the mouth of a river, on the bank of which is situated the town of Dunda Rajepore. It was one of the stations of the fleet commanded by the Siddees or Abyssinians, who deserted from the service of the kings of Bijapoore, to that of Aurungzebe, in the year 1661, and stood a siege by the Mahratta chief Sevagee (after he had got possession of the town by stratagem), which lasted with little intermission for twenty-five years.

GINGERLY, adv. I know not whence derived, says Dr. Johnson; Mr. Thomson, from Swed. gangare, a smooth pace; an amble. Cautiously; nicely.

What is't that you Took up so gingerly? GIN'GIVAL, adj. Lat. gingiva. to the gums.

Shakspeare. Belonging

Whilst the Italians strive to cut a thread in their pronunciation between D and T, so to sweeten it,

they make the occluse appulse, especiallythe gingival, softer than we do, giving a little of perviousness.

Holder's Elements of Speech. GIN'GLE, v. n., v. a., & n. s. From Saxon tinchlan; Belg. tintelen. To utter or make a shrill or ringing noise; a resounding noise; affectation in the sound of periods.

Full many a deinte hors hadde he in stable;
And when he rode, men mighte his bridel here
Gingling, in a whistling wind, as clere,

And eke as loude as doth the chapell belle.
Chaucer. Prologue to Cant. Tales.

The foot grows black that was with dirt embrowned, And in thy pocket gingling halfpence found. Gay. Once, we confess, beneath the patriot's cloak, From the cracked bag the dropping guinea spoke And gingling down the backstairs, told the crew, Old Cato is as great a rogue as you. Pope's Epistles. Her infant grandame's whistle next it grew; The bells she gingled, and the whistle blew. Pope. GINGLYMUS, n. s. Greek yiyyλvμoç, a GINGLY MOID, adj. hinge, and dog, the form of. An anatomical word, descriptive of the union of two bones after the manner of a hinge, as the elbow.

The malleus lies along, fixed to the tympanum, and on the other end is joined to the incus by a double or ginglymoid joint. Holder.

The ginglymus, or hiuge-joint does not, it is manifest, admit of a ligament of the same kind with that of the ball and socket-joint, but it is always fortified by the species of ligament of which it does admit. Paley's Theology.

GI'NNET, n. s. Lat. hinnus; Gr. yivvoç. A nag; a mule; a degenerated breed. Hence, according to some, but we believe, erroneously, a Spanish gennet, improperly written for ginnet.

GINORA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and dodecandria class of plants: CAL. cleft into six parts; the petals six: CAPS. unilocular, quadrivalved, colored, and polyspermous. Species one only; a myrtle formed shrub of Cuba.

GINSENG, in botany. See PANAX.

GIOJA, a small town of Naples, in the province of Bari, with 1800 inhabitants. Its houses were overturned by the earthquakes of 1783, and half the town is still in ruins. Fourteen miles S.S.W. of Conversano.

GIORGIEV, a town of Walachia, in European Turkey, partly on the north side of the Danube, and partly on an island in that river. It covers a large extent of ground, and carries on a brisk trade. It was taken in 1771, in the war between the Russians and Turks; and, on the 2nd June of that year, the Turks received a complete defeat here. In 1810 it was again taken by the Russians. It is forty miles southwest of Bucharest, and 235 north-west of Constantinople.

emperor

GIORGI (Augustine Anthony), a learned modern ecclesiastic, was born in 1711 at St. Maur, in the diocese of Rimini, and entered, in 1727, the Augustine order, devoting himself particularly to the study of the oriental languages. In 1746 he was invited by pope Benedict XIV. to fill the theological chair of La Sapienza at Rome; he also made him librarian del Angelica. The Francis I. repeatedly invited him to settle at Vienna. In 1761 he published Alphabetum Thibetanum, a work containing many valuable dissertations, and the geography, mythology, history, and antiquities of Thibet. His next publication was Fragmentum Evangelii S. Iohannis Græco-Copto Thebaicum sæculi quarti, &c. &c. His other works consist of Letters, Dissertations on subjects of Oriental Criticism, and Antiquities and Polemical Treatises. He died in 1797.

GIORGIO (St.), or ST. GEORGE, a strong fort and suburb of Mantua, in the department of Mincio. It was taken by the French under

Buonaparte, on the 15th September, 1796, after an obstinate resistance from the Austrians, who lost 2500 men, and twenty pieces of cannon. On the 15th January, 1797, general Provera penetrated thus far with 6000 men to relieve Mantua, but was forced to surrender next day, with his whole troops, provisions, ammunition, &c.

GIORGIONE, an illustrious Venetian painter, born in 1478. He received his first instructions from John Bellino; but, studying afterwards the works of Leonardo da Vinci, he soon surpassed them both, being the first among the Lombards who found out the effects of contrasting strong light and shadows. The most valuable piece of Giorgione in oil is that of Christ carrying his cross, now in the church of San Rovo in Venice. He died of the plague, in 1511.

GIOTTO, an ingenious painter, sculptor, and architect of Florence, born in 1276. He was the disciple of Cimabue; but far superior to his master in the air of his heads, the attitude of his figures, and in the tone of his coloring; though he could not express liveliness in his eyes, tenderness in the flesh, or strength in the muscles of his naked figures. He was principally admired for his works in mosaic; the best of which is over the grand entrance of St. Peter's church at Rome. Alberti says, that, in that piece, the expression of fright and amazement of the disciples, at seeing St. Peter walk upon the water, is so excellent, that each of them exhibits some characteristic sign of his terror. Giotto is said to have been the inventor of crucifix painting, and the story generally told, but which we should hope too horrible to be true, is the following:

Giotto, intending one day to draw a crucifix, persuaded a poor man to suffer himself to be bound to a cross for an hour, at the end of which he was to be released, and receive a considerable reward for it; but, instead of this, as soon as he had fastened him, he stabbed him dead, and then fell to drawing. When he had finished his picture, he carried it to the pope, who admired it so much, that he was resolved to place it over the altar of his own chapel. Giotto told him, as he liked the copy so well, he would show him the original. What do you mean?' said the pope, That I will show your holiness the original, from whence I drew this, if you will absolve me from all punishment.' The pope promised this, which Giotto believing, attended him to the place where it was: as soon as they were entered, he drew back a curtain, which hung before the dead man on the cross, and told him what he had done. The pope, troubled at so barbarous an action, retracted his promise, and told Giotto that he should be put to an exemplary death. Giotto, with seeming resignation, only begged leave to finish the piece before he died, which was granted him, and a guard set upon him to prevent his escape. As soon as the picture was delivered into his hands, he took a brush, and, dipping it into a sort of varnish ready for that purpose, daubed the picture all over with it, so that nothing of the crucifix could be seen. His holiness was so

incensed, that he threatened to put Giotto to the most cruel death, unless he drew another equal to the former; if so he would not only give him his life, but also an ample reward in money. Giotto, as he had reason, desired this under the pope's signet, that he might not be in danger of a second repeal. This was granted to him; and taking a wet sponge, he now wiped off all the varnish he had daubed on the picture, so that the crucifix appeared the same in all respects as it did before. Upon this, the pope remitted his punishment; and this crucifix is said long to have formed the original, from which the most famous crucifixes in Europe were drawn. He died in 1336, and the city of Florence honored his memory with a statue of marble over his tomb. GIOVENAZZO, a town in the province of Bari, on the east coast coast of Naples. It has a castle, four churches, four convents, and 5000 inhabitants; and is a bishop's see, united to that of Terlizzi. This town is surrounded by high walls of rustic architecture, behind which rise, in a narrow space, houses and lofty towers with flat tops. Ten miles W. N. W. of Bari.

GIPSY, n. s. Corrupted from Egyptian; see below. A vagabond who pretends to foretell futurity, by palmistry or physiognomy.Johnson.

Laura, to her lady, was but a kitchen wench; Dido a dowdy; Cleopatra a gypsy; Helen and Hero hildings and harlots. Shakspeare. Romeo and Juliet.

The widow played the gypsy, and so did her confidant too, in pretending to believe her. L'Estrange. In this still labyrinth around her lie Spells, philters, globes, and spheres of palmestry; A sigil in his hand the gipsey bears, And in the other a prophetic sieve and shears. Garth.

A frantick gipsey now, the house he haunts, And in wild phrases speaks dissembled wants. Prior. The butler, though he is sure to lose a knife, a fork, or a spoon every time his fortune is told him, shuts himself up in the pantry with an old gipsey for above half an hour. Addison.

I, near yon stile, three sallow gypsies met ; Upon my hand they cast a poring look, Bid me beware, and thrice their heads they shook. Gay.

GIRAFFE. See CERVUS.

GIRALDI (Lilio Gregorio), an ingenious critic, was born at Ferrara in 1479. He was at Rome when it was plundered by the emperor Charles V.; and having thus lost all he had, and being tormented by the gout, he struggled through life with ill fortune and ill health. He wrote, nevertheless, seventeen works, which were collected and published at Basil, in 2 vols. folio, in 1580, and at Leyden in 1696. Casaubon, Thuanus, and other authors of the first rank, have bestowed the highest eulogies on him.

GIRALDI (John Baptist Cutio), an Italian poet of the same family with the preceding, was born in 1504. He was secretary to the duke of Ferrara, and professor of rhetoric at Pavia. He died in 1573. His works, which consist chiefly of tragedies, were collected and published at Venice by his son Celso Giraldi, in 1583. Some rank him among the best tragic writers Italy has produced.

That stretches to the stony belt which girde Asia, where Kaff looks down upon the Kurds.

Byron.

A poniard decked her girdle as the sign She was a sultan's bride (thank heaven not mine). Id.

The GIRDLE, cingulus or zona, in antiquity, was a belt or band of leather or wool tied about he reins. It was anciently the custom for bankrupts and other insolvent debtors to put off and surrender their girdle in open court. The reason was, that our ancestors used to carry all their necessary utensils, as purse, keys, &c., tied to the girdle; whence the girdle became a symbol of the estate. History relates, that the widow of Philip I., duke of Burgundy, renounced her right of succession by putting off her girdle upon the duke's tomb. The Romans always wore a girdle to fasten up the tunica when they had occasion to do any thing; and this custom was so general that such as went without girdles, and let their gowns hang loose, were reputed idle dissolute persons.

GIRDLE, MAIDEN's or VIRGIN'S. It was the custom among the Greeks and Romans for the husband to untie his bride's girdle. Homer, lib, xi. of his Odyssey, calls the girdle Taplɛviny Lovny, maid's girdle. Festus relates, that it was made of sheep's wool, and adds, that it was tied in the Herculean knot; and that the husband unloosed it as a happy presage of his having as many children as Hercules, who at his death left seventy behind him.

GIRDLE, in mining, is the name used in Cumberland, and some other counties, to denote the uncertain strata, or chance beds of stone and different substances that are met with in some districts; which, instead of occupying the whole space, of the same or nearly an equal thickness throughout, are only local, preserving, however, constantly the same relative situation to the other strata, wherever they appear. Particular strata in the British series are found to be subject to these chance beds, or strata, within their mass; some of which large nodular masses assume a confusedly crystallised structure, and seem to occasion large hills, and even mountainous

tracts.

GIRE, n. s. Lat. gyrus. A circle described by any thing in motion. See GYRE.

GIRGASHITES, or GERGESENES, an ancient people of Canaan, whose habitation was beyond the sea of Tiberias, where we find some relics of their name in the city of Gergesa, upon the lake of Tiberias. The Jewish rabbis inform us that, when Joshua first came into the land of Canaan, the Girgashites resolved rather to forsake their country than submit to the Hebrews, and accordingly retired into Africa. Nevertheless it is certain that a great number of them staid behind, since Joshua, xxiv. 11, informs us that he subdued the Girgashites, and they whom he overcame were certainly on this side Jordan. This name is written Girgashi, Gen. x. 16, xv. 21; in the Greek of Judith, chap. v. 16, гepyeσalos; and in Matt. viii. 28, TepyeσEvoC. The Gadarenes of the New Testament are thought to have been a remnant of the ancient Girgashites. See GADARENES.

GIRGE, a large town, once the capital, of Upper Egypt. It is situated about a quarter of a mile from the Nile, and is nearly two miles in compass. The architecture is quite modern and mean. Under the government of the Mamelukes a bey appointed by the divan at Cairo resided here, in the capacity of sangiac or governor; but since the last revolution Siont has succeeded Girge as the capital of Upper Egypt. 215 miles south of Cairo.

GIRGENTI, a town of Sicily, which occupies part of the site of the ancient AGRIGENTUM, which see. It stands on the top or hill, the site of the old fort, and has about 12,000 inhabitants. This see was some time since the richest in Sicily, but is miserably neglected, as to all its interests. Among the curiosities belonging to the cathedral is an Etruscan vase of rare size and preservation. There are also some golden pateras of extreme rarity. Girgenti has a harbour, formed by a pier carried out in three sides of an octagon, with a battery at the head: the light-house is erected on the cliffs on shore. The work is strong and neat, but the Sirocco commands it entirely, and drives in great quantities of sand. Ships of burden find it difficult therefore to get in, but the magazines of corn, which it exports, in the rocks along the shore are spacious. Girgenti is seated on the St. Baise, four miles from the sea, and sixty south of Palermo. Long. 13° 24′ E., lat. 37° 28' N.

GIRL, n. s. GIRLISH, adj. from xóon of the same sigGIRLISHLY, adv.nification; Minsheu from Lat. garrula, a prattler, or Ital. girella, a weathercock. Junius thinks that it comes from Welsh herlodes, from which, says he, harlot is very easily deduced. Skinner imagines that the Saxons, who used ceoɲl for a man, might also have ceonla for a woman, though no such word is now found. Dr. Hickes derives it from the Icelandic karlinna, a woman. To these collections of Dr. Johnson may be added Mr. Thomson's suggestion, that it comes from Goth. kirla, diminutive of karla, a woman, feminine of karl, a man or boor. A young woman, or female child.

Casaubon derives this word

In danger hadde he at his owen gise,
The yonge girles of his diociso
And knew hir conseil and was of hir dede.
Chaucer. Prologue to the Canterbury Tales.
I will love thee ne'er the less, my girl.
Shakspeare.

A weather-beaten lover, but once known,
Is sport for every girl to practise on. Donne
The soole Amphimachus, to field brought gold to