GIRN, v. n. It seems to be a corruption of grin. It is still used in Scotland, and is applied to a crabbed, captious, or peevish person.

GIRONDE, a department of France, containing part of the ci-devant province of Guienne; bounded on the north-east by the department of the Lower Charente, on the east by those of the Dordogne, and Lot and Garonne, on the south by that of Landes, and on the west by the sea. Bourdeaux is the capital. Gironde extends along both sides of the Garonne. Its western division is in a great measure barren, and has the sea on the one side and the river on the other: the eastern part is fertile and well cultivated, yielding annually, it is computed, 800,000 hogsheads of wine. The quantity of corn raised is not equal to the consumption. This department contains six arrondissements, viz. those of Blaye, La Reole, Lesparre, Libourne, Bazas, and Bourdeaux; the last is the central station of the military, the seat of a high court of justice, the residence of the prefet and bishop, and the centre of all the public business. Wine and brandy are exported from that city in large quantities. Gironde, although the climate is tempered by the vicinity of the sea, is warmer than several provinces in the interior of France, which lie in the same latitude on higher ground.

GIRONDE, a river of France, which is formed by the union of the Garonne and Dordogne, three miles north of Bourdeaux, and runs through the above department into the Atlantic, after a course of twenty-seven miles N. N. W.

GIRONDISTS, a political party in France, who flourished in the first stage of the revolution: so named from the department of Gironde, of which their leading members were representatives; called also Brissotines, from Brissot, and Federalists from their wishing for a federal government. See FRANCE.

GIRONNE, or GIRONNY, in heraldry, a coat of arms divided into girons, or triangular figures, meeting in the centre of the shield, and alternately color and metal.

GIR'ROCK, n. s. Acus major. A kind of

fish.

£12,300, to the earl Musgrave £1640, and to Sir William Penniman £600, and had 800 men by sea and land in constant pay; yet he was a considerable gainer, as there was then scarcely any other to be had, and the price was £26 a ton; but, as there are now several other alum works in this country, the works here have for some years lain neglected. Market day Monday. Gisborough lies eight miles to the north-east of Stokesley.

GISE, v. a. When the owner feeds his ground with cattle which he takes in to graze.

GI'SLE, among the English Saxons, signifies a pledge: thus, Fredgisle is a pledge of peace; Gislebert an illustrious pledge, like the Greek Homerus.

GISLEN (Auger), lord of Busbec, a man illustrious on account of his embassies, was born at Commines in 1522; and educated at the universities of Louvain, Paris, Venice, Bologna, and Padua. He was engaged in several important negociations, and particularly was twice sent ambassador by the king of the Romans to the emperor Soliman. He collected inscriptions, examined natural history, and, in his second journey to Constantinople, carried with him a painter, that he might be able to communicate to the curious the figures of the plants and animals that were little known in the west. He wrote a Treatise on the State of the Ottoman Empire, and a Relation of his two Journeys to Tarkey, which are much esteemed. He died in 1592.

GISORS, a town of Upper Normandy, in the department of the Eure, having manufactures of woollens, leather, and cottons. Inhabitants 3500. Seventeen miles east of Andelys, and thirty-two north-east of Evreux.

Nigella. An herb called also

GITH, n. s. small fennel flower.

GIUDECA, or ZUECCA, an island in the Lagunes, about a mile from Venice, consisting properly of six small islands joined together, and containing a number of elegant houses and gardens, six churches, and a monastery. Its name is said to be derived from the number of Jews once residing here.

GIVE, v. a. & v. n. Sax. giran; Gr. yɛ, or GIV'ER, n. s. yea, prefixed to Goth. GIVEN, part. Sand Swed. fa, Sax. fon, to possess.-Thomson. To bestow without price or reward; to communicate; to yield. This word is used in a great variety of senses. A donor, distributor, &c. The radical idea is transmitting from one person to another, either freely or otherwise it is frequently used with other words, which fix its definite meaning; as, away; back; forth; over; out; up; into; &c.: it is used also in reference to locality, as, to give place. My fadir geueth you verey breed fro heuene. Wielif. Jon. vi.

fertile, and has a constant verdure, adorned with field flowers almost all the year. There are some mines of iron and alum, which were first discovered in the reign of king James I., and have been since very much improved. Sir Paul Pindar, who first farmed them, paid rents to the king

He wos an esy man to give penance, Ther as he wiste to han a good pitance; For uto a poure ordre for to give, Is signe that a man is wel yshrive; For if he gave,-he dorste make avant, He wiste that a man wos repentant;

For many a man so hard is of his herte,
He may not wepe although him sore smerte;
Therfore, in stede of weping and praieres,
Men mote give silver to the poure freres.

Chaucer. Prologue to Cant. Tales.
With all thy hart, with all thy soule and mind,
Thou must Him love, and his beheasts embrace;
All other loves, with which the world doth blind
Weake fancies, and stirre up affections base,
Thou must renounce and utterly displace,
Then give thy selfe unto Him full and free,
That full and freely gave Himselfe to thee.

Spenser's Hymnes. If they will speak to the purpose, they must give over, and stand upon such particulars only as they can shew we have either added or abrogated, otherwise than we ought, in the matter of church polity.

Hooker. Lessons being free from some inconveniences, whereunto sermons are more subject, they may in this respect no less take than in others they must give the hand, which betokeneth pre-eminence. Id.

The duty of uniformity throughout all churches, in all manner of indifferent ceremonies, will be very hard, and therefore best to give it over.

Id.

Neither hath Christ, through union of both natures, incurred the damage of either, lest, by being born a man, we should think he hath given over to be God, or that, because he continued God, therefore he cannot be man also. Id.

This opinion abated the fear of death in them which were so resolved, and gave them courage to all advenld.

tures.

Let novelty therefore in this give over endless contradictions, and let ancient customs prevail. Id. Abdemelech, as one weary of the world, gave over all, and betook himself to a solitary life, and became a monk. Knolles. The Rhodians, seeing their enemies turn their backs, gave a great shout in derision of them. Id. Huniades, the scourge of the Turks, was dead long before; so was also Mathias: after whom succeeded others, given all to pleasure and ease. Id. History. Fear him not, Cæsar, he's not dangerous : He is a noble Roman, and well given. Shakspcare. The applause and approbation I give to both your speeches. Id. Troilus and Cressida.

It is given out, that, sleeping in my orchard, A serpent stung me. So the whole ear of Denmark Is, by a forged process of my death, Rankly abused.

Id. Hamlet.

One that gives out himself prince Florizel, Son of Prolixenes, with his princess. Shakspeare. Never give her o'er,

For scorn at first makes after love the more. Id. His name is Falstaff: if that man should be lewdly given, he deceives me; for, Harry, I see virtue in his looks.

Id.

You give away this hand, and that is mine;
You give away heaven's vows, and those are mine:
You give away myself, which is known mine.

If you did know to whom I gave the ring,

If you did know for whom I gave the ring,
And would conceive for what I gave the ring,
And how unwillingly I left the ring,

You would abate the strength of your displeasure.

Id.

Id.

It hath been given out by an hypocritical thief, who was the first master of my ship, that I carried with

me out of England twenty-two thousand pieces of twenty-two shillings per piece. Raleigh. The state of human actions is so variable, that to try things oft, and never to give over, doth wonders. Bacon's Natural History.

Some things are harder when they come from the fire, and afterwards give again, and grow soft; as the crust of bread, bisket, sweetmeats, and salt. Id.

Demetrius, king of Macedon, had a petition offered him divers times by an old woman, and still answered he had no leisure; whereupon the woman said aloud, Why then give over to be king. Bacon,

Though he was given to pleasure, yet he was likewise desirous of glory. Id. Henry VII. Julius Cæsar laid asleep Pompey's preparations, by a fame that he cunningly gave out how Cæsar's own soldiers loved him not. Bacon.

In oranges the ripping of the rind giveth out their smell more. Id. Finding ourselves in the midst of the greatest wilderness of waters, without victual, we gave ourselves for lost men, and prepared for death. Id.

Philip, Alexander's father, gave sentence against a prisoner at a time he was drowsy, and seemed to give small attention. The prisoner, after sentence was pronounced, said, I appeal: the king, somewhat stirred, said, To whom do you appeal? The prisoner answered, from Philip, when he gave no ear, to Philip, when he shall give ear. Id. Apophthegms.

The charge was given with so well governed fury, that the left corner of the Scots battalion was enforced Hayward. to give in. Soon after it was given forth, and believed by many, that the king was dead. Id. Private respects, with him, gave way to the common Carew.

good.

Id.

Who say, I care not, those I give for lost;
And to instruct them will not quit the cost.
Up and down he traverses lis ground,
Then nimbly shifts a thrust, then lends a wound;
Now back he gives, then rushes on amain.

Daniel's Civil War.
Let us give ourselves wholly up to Christ in heart
and desire.
Taylor's Rule of Holy Living.

Shall we kindle all this flame

Only to put it out again?

And must we now give o'er,
And only end where we begun?
In vain this mischief we have done,

If we can do no more.

Virtue given for lost,
Deprest and overthrown, as seemed;
Like that self-begotten bird

Denham.

From out her ashy womb now teemed.
Milton's Agonister.

Since no deep within her gulph can hold
Immortal vigour, though oppressed and fallen,
I give not Heaven for lost. Id. Paradise Lost.

The more he got, the more he shewed that he gave away to his new mistress, when he betrayed his promises to the former. Sidney. Zelmane, govern and direct me; for I am wholly given over unto thee.

Id. If any be given up to believe lyes, some must be first given up to tell them. Stilling fleet.

He is much given to contemplation, and the viewing of this theatre of the world. More against Atheism. Unless it is kept in a hot house, it will so give again, that it will be little better than raw malt.

Mortimer.

Before you carry your 'large cocks in, open them once, and spread them: hay is apt to give in the cock. Id.

Nature gives us many children and friends, to take them away; but takes none away to give them us again. Temple.

They who gave themselves to warlike action and enterprises, went immediately to the place of Odin.

Id. Besides, he is too much given to horseplay in his raillery; and comes to battle like a dictator from the plough. Dryden.

I have some business of importance with her; but her husband is so horribly given to be jealous. Id. Spanish Fryar. What can I refuse to a man so charitably given? Dryden. Scarce had he spoken when the cloud gave way; Id. The mists flew upwards, and dissolved in day.

I have not lived since first I heard the news; The gift the guilty giver doth accuse.

Id.

The punishment would be kept from being too much, if we gave off as soon as we perceived that it reaches the mind. Locke.

He would give his nuts for a piece of metal, and exchange his sheep for shells, or wool for a sparkling pebble. Id. When the Babylonians had given themselves over to all manner of vice, it was time for the Lord, who had set up that empire, to pull it down. Grew. Give yourselves up to some hours of leisure. Watts.

As we desire to give no offence ourselves, so neither shall we take any at the difference of judgment in others. Burnet.

For a man to give his name to Christianity in those days, was to list himself a martyr. South.

As the hinder feet of the horse stuck to the mountain, while the body reared up in the air, the poet with

great difficulty kept himself from sliding off his back, in so much that the people gave him for gone. Addison's Guardian.

Theodosius made a private vow never to inquire after Constantia, whom he looked upon as given away to his rival, upon the day on which their marriage was to have been solemnized. Addison.

Our minds naturally give themselves up to every diversion which they are much accustomed to; and we always find that play, when followed with assiduity, Id. engrosses the whole woman.

This is a geography particular to the medalists; the poets, however, have sometimes given in to it, and furnish us with very good lights for the explication of it. Id. on Medals. The abbess, finding that the physicians had given her told her that Theodosius was just gone before her, and had sent her his benediction. Addison. Constantia accused herself for having so tamely given an ear to the proposal. Id. Spectator. Whence came you here, O friend, and whither bound?

over,

Their vices perhaps give back all those advantages which their victories procured. Id. Id.

He has not given Luther fairer play. He may be brought to give up the clearest evidence. Id. These people are obliged to demand peace, and give up to the Romans all their possessions in Sicily. Arbuthnot.

Is any sick? The man of Ross relieves ; Prescribes, attends, the med'cine makes and gives. Pope. Constant at church and 'Change; his gains were

sure,

His givings rare, save farthings to the poor.

Id.

Id.

Both gifts destructive to the givers prove; Alike both lovers fall by those they love. This consideration may induce a translator to give in to those general phrases, which have attained a veneration in our language from being used in the Old Testament.

Id.

A good poet no sooner communicates his works, but it is imagined he is a vain young creature given up to the ambition of fame. Id.

Yet this false comfort never gives him o'er, That, whilst he creeps, his vigorous thoughts can soar.

GIVET, a strong town in the department of the Ardennes, France, the chief place of a canton. It originally consisted of two villages, one on each side of the Meuse, which Louis XIV. caused to be fortified and united, under the direction of M. Vauban. It is now a place of considerable strength, and has the fortress of Charlemont on an adjoining hill. Givet was one of the frontier towns put into the possession of the allies by the treaty of Paris in 1815. Inhabitants 3500. Fifteen miles north-east of Rocroy, and twenty-four north of Mezieres.

GIULIANO, SAN, or MONTE SAN GIULIANO, the ancient Eryx, a considerable town in the Val de Mazzara, Sicily. It stands on the summit of a high hill, and is said to be very healthy. Few vestiges of antiquity remain, but the women are remarked for their clear complexions. The town contains fifteen churches, nine convents, an hospital, a Monte di Pieta, and 10,000 inhabitants. It is sometimes called Trapani di Monte, and the mountain Monte di Trapani. Three miles northeast of Trapani.

GIULEMO, a mountain of the Cisalpine republic, in the department of Benaco, and cidevant Veronese. This mountain, with that of Maniva, and the valley of Sabbia, contain twenty-six parishes and 13,000 citizens; who carry on cloth manufactures, and iron forges and foundries. Cattle are also bred in great numbers.

GIZEH, a town of Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, opposite Cairo. It is a considerable place, and was fortified by Ishmael Bey. It has been supposed, but on no solid ground, that the ancient Memphis stood in the place where Gizeh now stands: which is in the immediate neighbourhood of the pyramids of Cheops and Cephrenes. It is three miles south-west of Cairo, and in 1801 was taken from the French by the British.

GIZZARD, n. s. Fr. gesier; Lat. gigeria. It is sometimes called gizzern. The strong musculous stomach of a fowl. It is proverbially used for apprehension or conception of mind: as, he frets his gizzard; he harasses his imagination.

But that which does them greatest harm, Their spiritual gizzards are too warm; Which puts the overheated sots

In fevers still.

Hudibras.

Fowls have two ventricles, and pick up stones to convey them into their second ventricle, the gizzerne. More.

They nestle near the throne,

By their high crops and corny gizzards known. Dryden. Satisfaction and restitution lie so cursedly hard upon the gizzards of our publicans, that their blood is not half so dear to them as the treasure in their cof

fers.

L'Estrange.

GLACIERS, a name given to some very extensive fields of ice among the Alps. Mr. archdeacon Coxe says, that these mountains, in general, are composed of many parallel chains, the highest of which occupy the centre, and the others gradually diminish as we recede thence. The central chain appears covered with pointed rocks; all parts of which, that are not absolutely perpendicular, lie hid under perpetual snow and ice. On each side of this ridge are fertile and cultivated valleys, interspersed with numerous villages, and watered by numerous streams. The elevated peaks of the central chain are covered with snow; but their declivities, excepting those that are extremely steep, have all a covering of ice as well as snow; the intermediate parts being filled with vast fields of ice, terminating in the cultivated valleys. The same phenomena, though on a smaller scale, occur in those chains that are at a distance from the principal one: in those which are most remote, no ice, and scarcely any snow, is observed, unless upon some of the most elevated summits; and the mountains, diminishing in height and ruggedness, appear covered with verdure, until at last they terminate in small hills and plains. Thus the glaciers may be divided into two sorts; the first occupying the deep valleys in the bosom of the Alps, called Ice Valleys; the second covering the declivities and sides of the mountains. These are called by Mr. Coxe the Upper and Lower Glaciers.

The Lower Glaciers are by far the most considerable; some of them extending several leagues in length. They do not communicate with each other, as has been generally supposed, few of them being parallel to the central chain; but, stretching mostly in a transverse direction, are bordered at the higher extremity by inaccessible rocks, and at the lower extend into the cultivated valleys. The thickness of the ice varies in different parts. In the glacier de Bois, which extends more than fifteen miles in length, and upwards of three in breadth, M. Saussure found it generally from eighty to 100 feet; but he was credibly informed that in some places it was not less than 600 feet, and even more. These vast masses of ice usually rest on an inclined plane; where, being pushed forward by their own weight, and but weakly supported by the rugged rocks beneath them, they are intersected by large crevices, and have an appearance of walls, pyramids, &c., according to the position of the

eye in viewing them. In those parts, however, where they lie upon even ground, or such as have only a gentle inclination, the surface of the ice is nearly uniform, the crevices being few and narrow, and the glacier being crossed by travellers on foot without any difficulty. The surface of the ice is rough and granulated, so that people may walk upon it, excepting such places as have a steep descent. It is opaque, full of small bubbles about the size of a pea, very porous, and greatly resembles a mixture of snow and water congealed. A vast quantity of stones and earth falls down from the mountains upon the glaciers, and are by them thrown off on each side according to the descent of the ice. The place on which these rest is more hard and elevated than the rest of the ice, and is very difficult to walk upon; the earth is likewise laid upon them in such regular heaps, that it appears to have been done by art. This collection of earth and stones is termed by the natives the moraine. Mr. Coxe, who visited the Glacier de Bois, informs us, that the appearance of it at a distance was so tremendous that it seemed impracticable to cross it. Numerous and broad chasms intersected it in every direction; but, entering upon it, the company found that courage and activity were only required to accomplish the task. They had large nails in their shoes, and spiked sticks, which on this occasion were found to be particularly serviceable. Having passed the moraine, and descended upon the glacier itself, they found the ice softened by a warm wind which rendered it less slippery than usual. Having walked across it for about a quarter of an hour, they came again to the moraine, along which they continued their journey for half an hour, and then entered upon the great body of the glacier. Here,' says Mr. Coxe, it was curious to observe the numerous little rills produced by the collection of drops occasioned by the thawing of the ice on the upper part of the glacier: these little rills hollow out small channels, and, torrent-like, precipitate themselves into the chasms with a violent noise, increasing the body of waters formed by the melting of the interior surface, and finding an outlet under the immense arch of ice in the valley of Chamounie, from which the Averon rushes.' As our traveller proceeded on his journey, he was surprised by the noise of a large fragment of rock which had detached itself from one of the highest needles, and bounded from one precipice to another with great rapidity; but before it reached the plain it was almost reduced to dust. Having proceeded about an hour,' says he, we were astonished with a view more magnificent than imagination can conceive hitherto the glaciers had scarcely answered my expectations, but now they far surpassed them. Nature had clad herself in all her terrors. Before us was a valley of ice twenty miles in extent, bounded by a circular glacier of pure unbroken snow, named Takul, which leads directly to the foot of Mount Blanc, and is surrounded by large conical rocks, terminating in sharp points like the towers of an ancient fortification; to the right rose a range of magnificent peaks, their intervals filled with glaciers; and, far above the rest, the magnificent summit

came upon

of Mont Blanc, his highest point obscured with clouds. He appeared of such immense magnitude, that, at his presence, the circumjacent mountains, however gigantic, seemed to shrink before him, and hide their diminished heads. In half an hour we arrived at the moraine, which forms a boundary of the valley, crossed it, and proceeded upon a body of ice about three quarters of a mile broad. Here the ice was more even and free from chasms than in the great valley. We then passed a second moraine, and beyond that another mass of ice to a third moraine: descending thence we the last ridge of ice, broader considerably than the two former, and full of large chasms: it is separated from the rock only by a very narrow moraine. These moraines contain great quantities of crystal.' They continued to ascend the valley of ice, the scene constantly increasing in magnificence and horror: and, having walked about five miles on the ice, they arrived at last at the foot of the eminence named couvercle, where they were obliged to quit the ice. The doing this was extremely dangerous, and at one place very tremendous. It was a bulging smooth rock, with a precipice of considerable depth terminated by a vast crevice in the ice, which seemed to stop all further progress: a small hollow in the middle, however, afforded room for one foot; and, having fixed this, they sprung over to the other side, being helped and directed by the guides who went over first. Having gained the top of the couvercle, they had a view of three of the glaciers, viz. that of Talefre to the left, l'Echaut in front, and Takul on the right; all uniting in that great one called the Glacier de Bois. The Couvercle itself is a most extraordinary rock, having the appearance of a large irregular building with many sides; the substance of which is granite. Having reached the top, they were surprised with a thunderstorm, from which they took shelter under an impending rock. The view was exceedingly magnificent; the glaciers appearing like a rugged expanse of frozen sea bounded by gigantic rocks, and terminated by Mont Blanc. A single rock appeared of a triangular figure covered with Alpine plants; and which, by reason of its contrast with the rugged and snowy mountains in the neighbourhood, has obtained the name of the Garden. During this, as well as other excursions among the Alps, Mr. Coxe had occasion to observe that the color of the sky was of a much deeper blue than in the lower regions.

The Upper Glaciers may be subdivided into those which cover the summits, and those which extend along the sides of the Alps. Those on the very summit, however, though they have the appearance of ice, are not so in reality, but consist entirely of snow hardened by the extreme cold. M. Saussure found that which covered the top of Mont Blanc to be penetrable, though with difficulty, by a stick; but below this hard crust was a soft snow without coherence. The sides are covered with a mixture of ice and snow; by reason of the superior power of the summer sun to dissolve the snow, which afterwards congeals into hard ice.

Mr. Coxe agrees with M. Gruner in opinion,