munion; 3. Independence of all human authority in matters of conscience; 4. The strictest subjection to civil government and magistracy in civil concerns; and, 5. Unqualified obedience to the commands of Christ and his apostles.

GLASSE (George Henry), a modern classical scholar of some eminence, was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he took the degree of M. A. in 1782. His father, Dr. Samuel Glasse, resigned in 1785 the rectory of Hanwell, Middlesex, in his favor. He held it till his death in November, 1809. Mr. Glasse at an early period of his life possessed a remarkable facility of writing Greek verses. In 1781 he published a translation of Mason's Caractacus, and in 1788 a translation of the Samson Agonistes of Milton into Greek verse. He published likewise Contemplations on the Sacred History, altered from the Works of Bishop Hall, 4 vols. 12mo.; Louisa, a Narrative of Facts, supposed to throw light on the Mysterious History of the Lady of the Hay-stack, translated from the French; a Volume of Sermons on various subjects, &c.

GLASTONBURY, a town of England, in Somersetshire, anciently called Avalonia. It is noted for a famous abbey, some magnificent ruins of which still remain. The curious structure called the abbot's kitchen is pretty entire. The monks pretended that it was the residence of Joseph of Arimathea, and of St. Patrick. Ina, king of the West Saxons, erected a church here, A.D. 708, which he and his successors enriched so much, that the abbot had the title of lord, and sat among the barons in parliament: not even a bishop or prince durst set foot on the isle of Avalon, in which the abbey stands, with out his leave. The revenue was about £40,000 a-year, besides seven parks stocked with deer. In 853 it was ruined by the Danes, but rebuilt by king Edward I. In 1184 both the town and abbey were burnt, and in 1276 suffered much by an earthquake. Richard Witing, the last abbot, who had 100 monks and 400 domestics, was hanged on Torhill, in his pontificals, with two of his monks, for refusing to take the oath of supremacy to Henry VIII. Edgar and many other Saxon kings were buried here. It is said that Henry II., relying on the tradition of several songs, which recorded this to be the burial-place of king Arthur, ordered a search to be made, when a leaden cross was discovered with a Latin inscription in rude Gothic characters, thus translated: 'Here lies the famous king Arthur, buried in the isle of Avalon.' Beneath was found a coffin hollowed out of the solid rock, wherein were the bones of a human body, supposed to be those of king Arthur; which were then deposited in the church, and covered with a sumptuous monument. Every cottage has part of a pillar, a door, or a window of the old building. Here are two parish churches. This town, while under its abbots, was a parliamentary borough, but it lost that and its privilege of a corporation; the latter of which, however, was restored by queen Anne, who granted it a new charter for a mayor and burgesses. The only manufacture is stockings, but the chief support of the place is the resort of strangers to see the

ruins of the abbey. Glastonbury is five miles S. S. W. of Wells, and 126 west of London. GLASTONBURY THORN, n. s. A species of medlar.

This species of thorn produces some bunches of flowers in Winter, and flowers again in the Spring. Miller.

GLATZ, or KLADSKO, a country of the Prussian States, surrounded by Silesia, Moravia, and Bohemia. It has a territorial extent of 550 square miles, and is one of the most elevated parts of Europe, lying in the midst of the Sudetic range of mountains. The most noted of this province are the Eulengebirge, the Schneeberg, which divides it from Moravia, and the Heuscheur. In the interior some beautiful valleys diversify and animate the scenery. The rivers are the Neiss, the March, and the Erlitz. The pastures are fine, the cattle numerous, and some little corn is exported. This country also contains coal, chalk pits, and a number of mineral springs; together with mines of silver, lead, copper, and iron, but they are wrought on but a small scale. Flax is cultivated commonly, and spinning and weaving are considerable pursuits. This was formerly a lordship, dependent on the crown of Bohemia, and subject to Austria till 1742, when it was seized by Frederic II., and has ever since been retained by Prussia. It forms an important pass between Bohemia and Silesia, and is included in the government of Reichenbach, in that province. Inhabitants 100,000.

GLATZ, the capital of the above district, stands on the Neiss, between two noble hills, one of which is surmounted by an old castle, and the other by a regular modern fortress. The town itself is likewise fortified. The manufactures are leather and carpets. Glatz contains the only Lutheran parish church in the district. It surrendered to the Prussians in 1742, was taken by storm by the Austrians in 1759, but restored at the peace of 1763. It surrendered to a body of Wirtemberg and Bavarian troops 26th of July, 1807, and is now the chief town of a circle in the government of Reichenbach, fiftyfive miles south by west of Breslau, and ninetyfour east of Prague. Inhabitants 6700.

GLATZERGEBIRGE, a mountain ridge, forming part of the Sudetic chain, in the northeast of Bohemia. The main range touches the north of Moravia, and sends off secondary branches to the west, through the south of Bohemia, and through the north as far as Saxony.

GLAUBER (John Rodolphus), a celebrated German chemist, who flourished about 1646. He wrote a great number of treatises on chemistry, some of which have been translated into French. All his works have been collected into one volume, entitled, Glauberus Concentratus, which has been translated into English, and was printed at London in folio, in 1689. Mr. Brande speaks highly of his discoveries. Sulphate of soda was first combined by him, and called Glauber's salts.

GLAUCHAU, a town and district of the county of Schonburg, Saxony, on the Mulda. Its neighbourhood, though not fertile, abounds in wood and metals, and its cotton manufac

nically called ground glass, which is not improper, inasmuch as it is rendered opaque by rubbing away the polish from off its surface; to do which the glazier takes care to have the sheets or panes of glass brought to their proper size; then they are laid down smoothly as well as firm, either on sand or any other substance which is adapted to admit of its lying securely. He then rubs it with sand and water, or emery, till the polish is completely removed: it is then washed, dried, and stopped into the window for which it was prepared. There was a species of glass, made originally at Venice, which was manufactured wholly for this purpose, and is now to be seen in many counting-houses and old buildings. Its general appearance presented an uneven surface, appearing as though indented all over with wires, leaving the intervening shapes in the form of lozenges. This glass was very thick and strong, and is of the description known as plate glass. None of it has been imported into England for many years past; in consequence of which grinding the crown glass, as above described, has been made use of to answer the same purpose. How ever, it was lately manufactured and sold in tables at the depôt for plate glass lately established in East Smithfield.

The crown glass not admitting of being cut to very large sized squares, and the fashion of making folding sashes having become general, recourse has been had to obtain tables of sizes adequate to admit of pieces being taken out of them adapted to glaze such windows. This was first attempted at a glass-house at Ratcliffe, near London; it failed however, from there not being a demand capable of supporting such a manufactory. The Newcastle people are, however, at this time succeeding in producing their tables in size commensurate to answer almost every

purpose.

The most beautiful glass made use of is that sold by the British Plate Glass Company of Albion Place, which is manufactured by them at Ravenscroft, in Lancashire. This glass is nearly colorless, and of a sufficient thickness to admit of its being polished to the greatest delicacy. From this depôt looking-glasses may be obtained of surprising dimensions; and hence it is that most of the plate glass, so much the fashion in our windows, is obtained. This company sell their glass in proportion to its size, the value increasing as it increases. At their warehouse are to be seen thousands of different sized plates, every one of which is labelled of its size in inches only, as it is by inches that such glass is bought and sold.

The glaziers, in glazing windows of plate glass, strike it out to the size required by a fine diamond, after which they break off the pieces by pincers; such glass varies in its thickness from one-eighth to as much as a quarter of an inch. Purchasers of glass of this company may almost always be suited in the sizes they may want at the depôt in Albion Place, but if the pieces are larger than the size required, the loss occasioned by reducing it falls on the buyer, as he must pay for the whole of its admeasurement. But if an order be left to be executed, and time allowed to send to the manufactory at Ravenscroft, the

glass is sent in sizes exactly corresponding to the order given, and will be charged as such only: this circumstance is of some importance when large quantities are required, as is not unfrequently the case at this time, when plate glass is so much in fashion. The company often require three or four months to execute an order of any magnitude. The value of such kind of glass is very considerable in comparison of the other sorts; common sized squares for windows amounting from two to three pounds each, and sometimes, in French windows, as high as five pounds. It is, nevertheless, so much preferred, at this time, that even our shop windows in the leading streets are daily becoming glazed with it.

There are also many other sorts of plate glass in use, among these, that which is called German sheet is the most esteemed; its color is beautiful, being the most colorless of any made, but its outside appearance is disagreeable, it being very uneven or wavy. Indeed it resembles, on its outside, a substance which has been subjected to the hammer. The plate glass seen in windows, of a red tint, was much in use about twenty years since, and is of German manufacture, and known among the glaziers as Bohemian plate glass; its color at first was calculated to strike, but color is no recommendation to glass, and hence it is now almost laid aside.

Glaziers value their work by feet, inches, and parts, and the value of the glass increases as that of the size of its squares. Their charges are regulated by the master, and wardens, and courtassistants of the Company of Glaziers, who are generally not unmindful of themselves.

The glass squares of cottages, and churchwindows which are glazed in leaden rebates, are technically called quarries. The lead for such windows is cast for the purpose, and purchased by the glaziers in packages by the cwt; it is cut to the sizes and lengths required, and soldered together at their intersections: the leaden work is of various sizes, in proportion to the strength of the work for which it is wanted; and is so soft as to be easily bent where the groove is left in it for the glass: one side or cheek of which is pressed down all round, the shape being left in it for the glass by a small tool called a stoppingknife; the quarry is put into the place so made for it, and, with the same tool, the side of the groove, which had been thus bent down to admit it, is raised up to the quarry, and is afterwards smoothed close to it. These kinds of windows are farther strengthened by vertical and cross bars of iron, to which the leaden ones are secured by bands soldered to the latter, and bent and twisted round the former; in cottage windows these bars are often of wood, to which the bands are fastened in a similar manner.

Glaziers now cut all their glass out with the diamond, whereas formerly an iron was made use of for that purpose, called a grozing iron. It was an instrument in shape not unlike a key, such as is used for the purpose of opening and shutting locks; and had wards in its sides which were applied to scratch the surface and snap off the part required to be separated. The diamond now in general use is as complete for this pur

pose as can possibly be wished, as, by merely drawing it over the glass to be cut, its surface becomes so regularly fractured as to allow, by a small pressure downwards, the piece operated upon to be easily removed. But, to answer this purpose, the diamond spark must be left in its natural state as found in the mines, its principal virtue lying in its outward coat. It is ascertained that, when it is cut or polished, it loses all its power in promoting the fracture on the glass. To make the diamond useful to the glazier it is fixed in lead, secured by a ferule of brass, fastened to a handle of ebony or other hard wood; the whole together not assuming a size larger than a moderate-sized drawing pencil. The diamond, thus described, constitutes the principal working tool of the glazier, and its scarcity renders its value to a journeyman of some little importance; some masters in this business supply their men with this tool, while others require them to find their own.

The other tools which they use consist of a rule, commonly of three feet in length, divided into thirty-six parts or inches, and each part or inch again divided into fractions. With this the squares and tables of glass are divided, and cut to the several sizes wanted. A glazier also wants several small straight-edges for the diamond to work against. A straight-edge consists merely of a thin piece of mahogany, or other hard wood, about two inches wide, and one-eighth of an inch in thickness, wrought quite parallel, having its faces right and left splayed off a little to allow of the diamond being drawn more correctly against its edge. They have also stopping-knives for bedding the glass in the wooden rebates of the sashes. With this knife the workman smooths and spreads the putty to secure the glass in the sashes.

In repairs of windows for broken squares, which the glazier calls 'stopping in,' or 'squares stopped in,' he makes use of another knife for the purpose of hacking out the old putty, and which is termed the hacking-out tool,' and consists literally of no more than an old broken knife ground sharp on its edge, and also at the end where it has been broken off from the rest of the blade. The old putty is cut out of the rebates by applying the hacking-out tool all round them, by striking it at its thickest or upper edge with a common hammer until the whole of the old putty is removed, which, when done, the rebate of the sash is scraped and smoothed all round by the stopping-knife, and the new square of glass is cut into the sash, bedded in putty, and finished. The glazier also requires a pair of compasses, made in one of their legs with a socket adapted to receive the handle of the diamond; with the compasses so prepared he draws and cuts out all the shapes of glass required for the glazing of fan-lights, or other circular portions of glass wanted in sashes.

There are in London several tradesmen known only as glass-cutters; their business embraces the cutting out of the glass only, which they retail in pieces or squares exactly to the size applied for, the parties purchasing undertaking of themselves the business of stopping them in.

The prices of the glaziers are very irregular, when left to themselves to make their own

VOL. X.

charges. They adopt those of the Glaziers' Company usually, and it is from these charges that the surveyors regulate theirs (or, as it is generally called, the measure and value); but glazing may be done (with a good profit to the glazier) at fiiteen per cent. less than either, and with glass as good, and as neatly and well cut in as is generally by the master who adopts his charges from the Company's list of prices. Good glazing requires that all the glass be cut full into the rebates, that is, that the glass fill the void left for it in the sash completely. When the glass is cut too small, or even too large, it is easily broken by the pressure of the air from within, or by the wind from without; careless glaziers not unfrequently, when they have cut their glass too small, leave the putty projecting from the wood very full all round to hide this defect in their glazing, but no glazier who has any respect for his reputation would suffer glass so cut to be sent from out of his premises. The putty in no case should project beyond the line of the wood in the inside, or, more properly, the moulding side of the window; but should be exactly fair and level with it in every part. Large squares of glass should be firmly bedded in the rebate of the sash, in putty of a moderate consistence in point of tempering, and, when so bedded all round, small sprigs or tacks should be driven into the rebate to further secure it in the sash, and the whole should afterwards be further covered with another lining of putty spread quite smoothly all round the rebate on the outside. Sashes, of whatever description they may be, should always be once painted over. or, as it is called, primed, before they are put into the hands of the glazier. GLEAM, v. n. & n. s. GLEAM'ING, adj. GLEAM'Y, adj.

Sax. gelioma; Germ. gliurnen. Sudden shoot Sof light; lustre; brightness to dart suddenly, as a flash of lightning; a bright and gentle light.

Then was the fair Dodonian tree far seen
Upon seven hills to spread his gladsome gleam;
And conquerors bedecked with his green,
Along the banks of the Ausonian stream. Spenser.
At last a gleam

Of dawning light turned thitherward in haste
His travelled steps.
Milton's Paradise Lo

As I bent down to look just opposite,
A shape within the watery gleam appeared,
Bending to look on me.

Mine is a gleam of bliss too hot to last;
Watery it shines, and will be soon o'ercast.
Dryden.

We ken them from afar; the setting sun
Plays on their shining arms and burnished helmets,
And covers all the field with gleams of fire. Addism.
In the clear azure gleam the flocks are seen,
And floating forests paint the waves with green.
Pope .

Nought was seen, and nought was heard,
But dreadful gleams,
Fires that glow.

Id. St. Cecilia.

Observant of approaching day, The meek-eyed morn appears, mother of dews, At first faint gleaming in the dappled East.