Εικόνες σελίδας
PDF
Ηλεκτρ. έκδοση

Ghaut, about seventy miles to the north-east of Bombay. It traverses nearly the whole of the breadth of the peninsula in a circuitous southeast direction, and is computed to be 800 miles in length. During the rainy season it is often more than a mile and a half in breadth. On reaching Rajamundry, in the Northern Circars, it divides into two main branches, one of which falls into the bay of Bengal, a few miles south of the town of Coringa, and the other a little below Narsipore, forming between them the fertile island of Nagur. There are several forests of saul and teak timber near the banks of this river, only a small portion of which passes through the British territories. This river, from its source, is held sacred by the Hindoo inhabitants of the peninsula. Its Delta contains three small harbours, viz. Yanam, Bunder Malanca, and Narsipore. The harbours of Ingeram and Coringa are also connected with this river; but none of its branches are navigable for ships of burden.

GODAVERY POINT, a head-land on the south side of the entrance of the northern branch of the above river; it is also called Point Gordeware. Long. 82° 32′ E., lat. 16° 43′ N.

GOʻD-CHILD, n. s. God and child. A term of spiritual relation; one whose sponsor at baptism promised to see him or her educated as a Christian.

GODDARD (Jonathan), M. D., an eminent physician and chemist, and one of the first promoters of the Royal Society. He was born about 1617; educated and graduated at Oxford; was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians in 1646, and appointed reader of the anatomical lecture in 1647. Oliver Cromwell appointed him first physician to the army, a member of the council of state, and warden of Merton College; but he lost this office on the Restoration. He was elected professor of physic in Gresham College, in 1655. He prepared all his own medicines; and, in 1668, published a treatise, recommending that practice to all physicians. He was the inventor of the Guttæ Anglicanæ. He died of an apoplectic fit in 1674. Bishop Seth Ward says, he was the first Englishman who constructed a telescope.

GOD-DAUGHTER, n. s. God and daughter. A girl who has had a sponsor in baptism. A term of spiritual relation.

GO'DDESS, n. s. From god. A female divinity.

Hear, nature, hear! dear goddess, hear a father!
Shakspeare.

A woman I forswore? but I will prove,
Thou being a goddess, I forswore not thee:
My vow was earthy, thou a heav'nly love.

Id.

I long have waited in the temple nigh, Built to the gracious goddess Clemency; But rev'rence thou the power. Dryden's Fables. From his seat the goddess born arose, And thus undaunted spoke.

Id.

When the daughter of Jupiter presented herself among the crowd of goddesses, she was distinguished by her graceful stature and superior beauty.

Addison,

Modesty withheld the goddess' train.
Pope's Odyssey.

GODDESS-LIKE, adj. Goddess and like Resembling a goddess.

Then female voices from the shore I heard; A maid amidst them goddess-like appeared. Pope. GO'D-FATHER, n. s. God and father. The sponsor at the font.

He had a son by her, and the king did him the honour as to stand god-father to his child. Bacon. Confirmation, a profitable usage of the church, transcribed from the apostles, consists in the child's undertaking in his own name the baptismal vow; and, that he may more solomnly enter this obligation, bringing some god-father with him, not now, as in baptism, as his procurator. Hammond.

[ocr errors][merged small][merged small]

GODFREY of Bouillon, or Boulogne, prince of Lorrain, was chosen general of the expedition which the Christians undertook for the recovery of the Holy Land, and soid his dukedom to prepare for the war. He took Jerusalem from the Turks in 1099; and was made king of it; but he never would submit to be crowned, alleging that it would be impiety to wear a crown of gold in the city where his Saviour had been crowned with thorns. The sultan of Egypt afterwards sent a terrible army against him; which he defeated, with the slaughter of about 100,000 of the enemy. He died in 1160.

GOD-MOTHER, n. s. God and mother. A woman who has undertaken sponsion in baptism. A term of spiritual relation.

GODOLPHIN (John), an eminent English civilian, born in the island of Sicily in 1617, and educated at Oxford. In 1642-3, he was created LL. D.; in 1653 he was appointed one of the judges of the admiralty; and at the Restoration he was made one of the king's advocates. He was esteemed as great a master of divinity as of law; and published, 1. The Holy Limbeck. 2. The Holy Arbor. 3. A View of the Admiral's Jurisdiction. 4. The Orphan's Legacy. 5. Repertorium Canonicum, &c. He died in 1678.

GODOLPHIN (Sidney), earl of Godolphin, was of the above family, and educated at the same University. He was one of those who voted under Charles II. for the exclusion of the duke of York from the throne, notwithstanding which he was employed by James II., and on the flight of that monarch Godolphin voted for a regency. Under William and Mary he was made a commissioner of the treasury. During the reign of queen Anne he was at the head of this department; and in 1704 became a knight companion of the garter. In 1706 he was created earl of Godolphin: but four years afterwards was obliged to retire from office. His death took place in 1712. GOʻD-SHIP, n.s. From god. The rank or character of a god; deity; divinity.

Discoursing largely on this theme,
O'er hills and dales their god-ships came.

Prior.

GO'D-SON, n. s. God and sou. One who

has had a sponsor at the font.

What, did my father's godson seck your life? He whom my father named? your Edgar?

Shakspeare.

GODWIN (Mary), also known by her maiden name of Woolstonecraft, was born near London in 1759. After keeping a boarding school, and being a companion to a lady on a journey to Lisbon, she had recourse to her pen, and produced some translations from the French; and an Essay on Female Education. Her principal perforinance was a Vindication of the Rights of Women, a book whose principal tendency is to unsex the sex. She now fell in love with Mr. Fuseli, the painter, a married man ; and, not meeting with a return to her passion, went to France, and formed a connexion with one Imlay, an American, who soon abandoned her. She next became attached to Mr. Godwin, whom she afterwards married, and who wrote her life. She died in 1797. GO'D-WIT, n. s. Sax. god, good, and fita, an animal. A bird of peculiar delicacy. Nor ortelans nor god-wits crown his board. Cowley. GODWYN (Thomas), a learned English author, born in 1517, master of the free-school at Abington in Berkshire; where he educated many youths, who became eminent in church and state. He was a man of great learning: he wrote Historiæ Romanæ anthologia, Synopsis antiquitatum Hebraicarum, Moses et Aaron, Florilegium Phrasicon, &c. He died in 1642.

GOELWARAH, a district of the province of Gujerat, Hindostan, situated between 21° and 22° of N. lat. It is bounded on the east by the gulf of Cambay, and is famous for a breed of large cattle. It was ceded by the Mahrattas to the British in 1805, in part payment of a subsidiary force, and is subject to the jurisdiction of Kaira. The chief town is Gogo. GOD'YELD, adv. Corrupted from god shield GO'DYIELD, adv. or protect. A term of thanks. Now not used.

Herein I teach you,

How you should bid godyield us for your pains,
And thank us for your trouble. Shakspeare's Macbeth.
GOEL, adj. Sax. zolen; yellow. An old
word.

In March at the furthest, dry season or wet,
Hop roots so well chosen let skilful go set;
The goeler and
the better I love;
younger,
Well gutted and pared, the better they prove.

Tusser.

GOEN, a large town of Asiatic Turkey, on the right bank of the Tigris, and 150 miles S.S. E. of Mosul.

GO'ER, n. s.
From go.
One that goes; a runner.

I would they were in Africk both together,
Myself by with a needle, that I might prick
The goer back.
Shakspeare. Cymbeline.

Such a man
Might be a copy to these younger times;
Which, followed well, would now demonstrate them
Id. All's well.
But goers backward.

Nothing could hurt either of us so much as the intervening officious impertinence of those goers between us, who in England pretend to intimacies with you, and in Ireland to intimacies with me.

Pope to Swift.

A walker: one that has a gait or manner of walking good or bad.

The earl was so far from being a good dancer, that he was no graceful goer.

Wotton.

The foot. Obsolete.

A double mantle, cast

Chapman.

A'thwart his shoulder, his faire goers graced With fitted shoes. GOES or TER GOES, an old town of the Netherland, in South Beveland, at the east mouth of the Scheldt. It has an ancient and curious monastry; and manufactures of salt, and a good trade in corn and hops. When it was besieged by the insurgents, in the reign of Philip II. of Spain, the Spaniards marched a body of troops seven miles through the water from Bergen-opZoom, across a ford which was never before deemed practicable, and has never since, it is said, been attempted. It is ten miles east of Flushing. Population 3700.

GOG AND MAGOG, two names generally joined together in Scripture (Ezek. xxxviii. 2, 3, &c ; xxxix. 1, 2, &c.; Rev. xx. 8). Moses speaks of Magog the son of Japhet, but says nothing of Gog (Gen. x. 2.; Chron. i 5). Gog was prince of Magog, according to Ezekiel; Magog being. the name of the country or people. The generality of the ancients made Magog the father of the Scythians and Tartars; and several interpreters discovered many traces of their name in the provinces of Great Tartary. Others supposed that the Persians were the descendants of Magog. Some have imagined that the Goths were descended from Gog and Magog; and that the wars described by Ezekiel, and undertaken by Gog against the saints, are those which the Goths carried on against the Roman empire, in the fifth century. Bochart has placed Gog in the neighbourhood of Caucasus. He the name of this celebrated mountain from the Hebrew Gogchasan, the fortress of Gog.' maintains that Prometheus, said to be chained to Caucasus by Jupiter, is Gog, and no other. GOGGLE, v. n. Saxon rceg egen; GOGGLE-EYED, adj. Š squint-eyed; not looking straight.

He derives

They are deformed, unnatural, or lame; and very unseemly to look upon, except to men that be goggleAscham. eyed themselves.

Inflamed all over with disgrace,

Hudibras

To be seen by her in such a place,
Which made him hang his head, and scoul,
And wink and goggle like an owl.
Nor sighs, nor groans, nor goggling eyes did want.
Dryden.

GOGGLES, in surgery, instruments used for curing squinting, or that distortion of the eyes which occasions this disorder. They are short conical tubes, composed of ivory stained black with a thin plate of the same ivory fixed in the tubes near their anterior extremities. Through the centre of each of these plates is a small circular hole, about the size of the pupil of the eye, for the transmission of the rays of light. These goggles must be continually worn in the daytime, till the muscles of the eye are brought to act regularly and uniformly, so as to direct the pupil straight forwards; and by these means the cure will probably be sooner or later effected.

GOGGRAH, a river, called also the Sarfew and Deva in different parts of its course, supposed by Major Rennell to be the Agoramis of Arrian. It has its source in the mountains of

Thibet, and flows through the provinces of Kemaon, Oude, and part of Bahar, till at Maniee it joins the Ganges. It is navigable for boats to the foot of the hills, and is held sacred by the Hindoos. On its banks are several large towns. GOGO, a sea-port of Hindostan, in the province of Gujerat, and the capital of the district of Goelwarah. Here is a safe roadstead and good refreshing place during the south-west monsoon. Vessels from fifty to 300 tons burden are built; and a considerable trade is carried on with Bombay. The sailors are very able and adroit. It is an ancient town, which came into possession of the British, with the district, in 1805, and is gradually increasing. Lat. 21° 41' N., long. 72° 21′ E.

GOHUD, an extensive and mountainous district of the province of Agra, Hindostan, on the south side of the river Chumbul, and between the twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh degrees of north latitude. It is comparatively fertile; and abounds with strong positions; we may instance the celebrated fortress of Gualior. It is governed by a Hindoo prince, but has suffered much from the inroads of the Mahrattas.

GоHUD, the capital, a fortified town, was formerly a village dependent upon Gualior. The present rannah's ancestors were zemindars of this village, and by caste Jauts, of the Bamrowly tribe. Prior to the battle of Paniput, in 1762, they had acquired Gualior, but were compelled to yield it to the Mahrattas. The rannah of Gohud now attempted to shake off the Mahratta yoke, but was subdued by Ragoonauth Row in 1766. On a subsequent rupture Gohud was taken by Madhajee Sindia in 1784.

In 1804 a treaty was entered into by the British government with the rannah of Gohud, Kirrut Singh Luckindra, by which he was to be established in the sovereignty of this and a considerable number of adjacent districts; in consideration of which he was to maintain a subsidiary force of three battalions, and make over the city and fortress of Gualior to the British. Afterwards he agreed to relinquish the country and fort of Gohud, and the other districts guaranteed to him by the former treaty, in consequence of which the British government granted him the districts of Dhelepoor, Baree, and Rajekerah, in perpetual sovereignty.

GOJAM, a populous province of southeastern Abyssinia, about eighty miles in length, and forty in breadth. It is flat and full of rich pastures, enclosed by a range of very high mountains stretching in a semicircle along the course of the Abyssinian Nile. The cattle are very numerous and rather large.

GOIANA, a city of Brasil, in the province of Itamarca, on the shore of the river of the same name, three leagues from its mouth. Long. 35° 16' W., lat. 7° 39′ S.

GOIANA, a river of Brasil, running east, in the province of Rio Grande, and falling into the Atlantic Ocean.

GOIAZ, a province of Brasil, bounded chiefly by Minas Geraes on the east, Matto Grosso on the west, and Para on the north. Its greatest length is from lat. 6° to 21° S. It possesses several gold mines, and diamonds are found in

some parts, but they are not in general of a pure water, though of good size. Cattle, which are bred or the frontiers, and some cotton, are the other objects of trade. The mules, on their return from Rio de Janeiro, are loaded with iron, salt, prints, baizes, fire-arms, powder and shot, hats, and a variety of artificers' tools. The inhabitants personally take away valuable articles to Rio de Janeiro, and lay out the proceeds in negroes (the first object of commerce), iron, salt, &c. The population of this district is small in comparison to its extent. According to Mr. Mawe it is a productive country, having numerous rivers well stored with fish, and woods abounding with fine birds. The principal town, Villa Boa, is situated in lat. 16° S., about eighty leagues to the west of Paracatu. GOʻING, n.s. From go. The act of walking.

When nobles are their taylors' tutors, No hereticks burnt, but wenches suitors, Then comes the time, who lives to see't, That going shall be used with feet. Pregnancy.

Shakspeare,

The time of death has a far greater latitude than their reckoning, within the compass of a fortnight; that of our birth; most women coming, according to that is, the twentieth part of their going.

Departure.

Grew's Cosmologia Sacra.

Thy going is not lonely; with thee goes Thy husband; him to follow thou art bound.

Milton.

GO'LA, n. s. The same with cymatium. In a cornice the gola, or cymatium of the corona, the coping, the modillions or dentelli, make a noble show. Spectator.

GOLCONDA, a province of Hindostan, now called Hyderbad. It was once the capital of an extensive kingdom under native Hindoo princes, and afterwards a principal division of the Bhamenee sovereignty, upon the fall of which it became the seat of a monarchy under the Cuttub Shahee dynasty. In 1690 it was surrendered, after a siege of seven months, to the Mogul army of Aurengzebe. The deposed sovereign, Abou Houssun, died in confinement here in 1704.

GOLD, n. s.

GOLD-BEATER, n. s. GOLD-BOUND, adj. GOLD'EN, adj. GOLD'ENLY, adv. GOLD-FINDER. n. s. GOLD-SIZE, n. s. GOLD-HAMMER, N. S. GOLD'ING, n. s. GOLD'NEY, n. s. GOLD-PLEASURE, n. s. GOLD'Y-LOCKS, n.s. GOLD'SMITH, n. s. GOLD-FINCH, N. S.

Sax. gold; Wel. golud, riches. Either of geel, as Scaliger says, which is in Dut. to shine; or of another Dutch word, which is gelten, and signifies in Latin valere, in English to be of price or value: hence cometh their ordinary word gel, for money.'-Peacham. Used figuratively to express value; applied to different things from their color resembling gold; thus gold of pleasure, golden saxifrage, gold-hammer, gold-finch, goldney, goldy-locks, are names of herbs, birds, and fishes; gold-size is a yellow size; gold-smith, one who manufactures gold, &c.; gold-beater, one who beats or foliates

[blocks in formation]

Ther maist thou see devising of hameis
So uncouth and so riche, and wrought so wele
Of goldsmithry, of bronding and of stele.
Id. The Knightes Tale.
And as I stode and cast aside mine eye,
Twas ware of the fairest medlar tree,
That ever yet, in all my life I se
As full of blossomes as it might be ;
Therein a gold-finch leping pretily,
From bough to bough, and as him list, he ete
Here and there of buddes and floures swete.
Id. The Floure and the Leafe.

Upon her head she wore a crown of gold;
To shew that she had powre in things divine.
Spenser's Faerie Queene.
My brother Jacques he keeps at school, and report
speaks goldenly of his profit.

Shakspeare. As You Like It. Thou that so stoutly had resisted me, Give me thy gold, if thou hast any gold; For I have bought it with an hundred blows.

[blocks in formation]
[blocks in formation]
[blocks in formation]

And forth an host of little warriors march Grasping the diamond lance, and targe of gold. Beattie. Minstrel.

Who is this? Who truly looketh like a demigod, Blooming and bright, with golden hair, and stature, In all that nameless bearing of his limbs, If not more high than mortal, yet immortal Which he wears as the sun his rays.

Byron. Deformed Transformed.

GOLD, in chemistry and metallurgy, is a yellow metal of specific gravity 19.3. It is found in nature only in a metallic state, and most commonly in grains, ramifications, leaves or crystals, rhomboidal octahedral, or pyramidal. Its matrix is generally quartz, sandstone, siliceous schistus, &c. It is found also in the sands of many rivers, particularly in Africa, Hungary, and France, in minute irregular grains, called gold dust. Native gold is never completely pure; it is alloyed with silver or copper, and sometimes with iron and tellurium. The largest piece of native gold, that has been hitherto discovered in Europe, was found in the county of Wicklow, in Ireland. Its weight was said to be twenty-two ounces, and the quantity of alloy it contained was very small. Several other pieces, exceeding one ounce, have also been discovered at the same place, in sand, covered with turf, and adjacent to a rivulet. The following is Kirwan's arrangement of the ores of gold.

Species 1.-Native gold. Its color yellow, more or less dilute, or brownish-red, like Spanish

snuff, malleable and flexible. Found either in compact masses; or in spangles, inlaying, or disseminated; or capillary, arborescent, ramified, interwoven, or dentiform; or crystallised in cubic, pyramidal, prismatic, or tabular forms; or in grains visibly or invisibly mixed with various other substances. External lustre, 3. Internal 2. Metallic. Fracture, hackly. Hardness 5. Specific gravity exceeds 12, more or less in proportion to the quantity of silver or copper with which it is commonly alloyed, and the cavities it may contain.

The substances in or on which it is found are either stony, sandy, earthy, or inflammable, or ores of other metallic substances. Of the first, the most common is quartz, siliceous schistus, hornstone, sandstone, spar, gypsum, &c., in Hungary, Transylvania, Bohemia, &c.; or trap, or jasper, felspar, or in clays, as in Bohemia; or in the sand of various rivers, in different countries, as Hungary, France, Africa, &c. particularly in the yellowish-red, and violet sands. It is so generally interspersed through earths of various kinds, that Bergman thinks it more extensively diffused, though in exceedingly small quantities, than any other metal, except iron.

If 100 lbs. of sand contain 24 grs. of gold, it is said the separation is worth attention. In Africa 5 lbs. of sand often contain 62 grs. of gold. The heaviest, which is often black or red, yields most. Gold interspersed through sand, is often separated by mere mechanical means, amply described in the Paris Memoirs for 1718 and 1786; in Born's Letters from Hungary, and in Diedric's Description des Gites des Minerals. Native gold is sometimes invisibly dispersed and disguised, sometimes visibly contained in the form of a brownish-red powder in martial pyrites, as in that in Adelfors in Sweden, and also in Norway, Bohemia, and Siberia. It seems now agreed that it is not really mineralised in these ores. For it is often extracted from them by the mere mechanical means of pounding and washing, or at least from the residuum left after solution in the nitrous acid; its quantity is generally very small, scarcely above 8 grs. in 10,000 of the ore, or 1 oz., or 1 oz. in 1 cwt. of the ore. That of Facebay, in Transylvania, however, contains 12.5 per cent. of gold.

Gold is also extracted from a particular sort of-argentiferous copper pyrites, called, in Hungary, gelf. This is found either massive, or crystallised in rhomboids, or other irregular quadrangular or polygon masses. Its contents in gold and silver are rich, but very unequal: much of the gold may be separated by pounding and washing. Muller concludes that gold exists in it in a state of dispersion, and not combined nor consequently mineralised.

It often also exists in a greenish-yellow copper pyrites, somewhat duller than the common, and containing besides iron, also manganese.

It is found mixed with arsenical pyrites in the valley of Zillar, near Saltzburgh. The quintal affords only twenty-five grains. It is separated by washing, and affords a profit of about £400 or £500 per annum.

It is sometimes found in the sulphurated silver ores of Hungary and Saxony, and is sepa

rated, after the expulsion of the sulphur, by nitrous acid, as the gold falls to the bottom in the form of black powder.

The most remarkable ores in Europe affording gold, are those of Nagaya, in Transylvania; they, properly speaking, are compounds of several sulphurated ores, among which native gold occurs either in the state of a metallic alloy, or more or less plentifully disseminated, though invisible by the help of microscopes.

Of these ores there are five sorts, the antimonial, the arsenical, the blendose, the manganesian, and the sylvanitic. The first and principal is the antimonial. Blatter erze of some, or gold ore of Nagaya. Its color is bluish-gray, or intermediate between that and the iron gray. It is found in plates of various thickness, adhering to, but separable from each other, or intersecting each other in various directions, and somewhat flexible. These, some say, are crystallised in hexangular forms, but Ruprecht denies it; between them the white ore presently to be mentioned is often found. Lustre 3. Metallic. Transparency 0. Their fracture foliaceous, inclining sometimes to the granular. Their spe

The hardness of the plates is 6. cific gravity 8.919. They scrape into flakes like plumbago, and like it stain the fingers. Soluble in acids with effervescence. When pulverised three per cent. of these plates are attractible by the magnet, and twenty-one per cent. soluble in nitrous acid. The solution is greenish, the residuum purplish: 100 parts of this ore contain about twelve of silver and gold, the remainder consists of iron, lead, and antimony, all sulphurated, and silex; the proportions are not accurately stated in the incomplete and unsatisfactory analyses that have as yet appeared.

The color of the arsenical ore is, according to Ruprecht, tin white, according to Muller, yellowish white, according to Born, yellowish gray. Its fracture granular or foliated, often striated or fibrous. Its specific gravity, 10-678. It is so fusible as not to bear roasting. When pulverised the magnet attracts nearly five per cent. of it, and nitrous acid dissolves 72, 5 per cent. of it. The color of the solution is light green, and of the residuum blackish-brown. Mild fixed alkalies afford, both with the solutions of this, and of the former ore, a light yellow precipitate. By Muller's account, it contains about twenty-five per cent. of auriferous silver.

Hence Werner calls it the silver ore of Nagaya. Born tells us it contains antimony, iron, and gold. The matrix of both these ores is a grayish quartz, or hornstone and silex mixed with white calx of manganese.

Of the blendose ores, Muller mentions two varieties, the black and the red, or the reddishbrown (this last phosphoresces, when scraped in the dark; the black does not), whose external appearances do not probably differ from those of the common blendose ores, besides zinc, iron and sulphur; most of them contain antimony also, and some manganese.

The specific gravity of the black, according to Muller, is 5.398; which exceeds the specific gravity of mere blend. The nitrous acid dissolves ninety-seven per cent. of it with an hepatic

« ΠροηγούμενηΣυνέχεια »