There are in Gottingen four Lutheran and two Calvinist churches; a Catholic chapel, and some manufactures of linen and woollen. The town has twice been in the possession of the French, viz. from 1757 to 1762, and from 1803 to 1813. A serious difference took place between the students and the inhabitants of the town in October 1818; the government took part with the latter, and, though some diminution took place in the number of students, it was considered as only temporary. Inhabitants, exclusive of students and military, 8500. Twentyone miles north-east of Cassel, and fifty-one E. S. E. of Paderborn. GOTTO, a country of Central Africa, to the south of the Niger, between Bambarro and Tombuctoo. It was formerly divided into a number of small states dependent upon Bambarra; but a chief of the name of Mossee succeeded in uniting these, and forming them into a general confederacy, with which he carried on a successful war against Bambarra, and Gotto has since been an independent state. The capital is called Moosseedoo, from the name of the abovementioned chief. GOUANIA, in botany, a genus of the monecia order, polygamia class of plants: CAL. of the hermaphrodite quinquefid: cor. none; there are five antheræ covered with an elastic calyptra or hood the style trifid; the fruit inferior to the receptacle of the flower, divisible into three SEEDS. The make is like the hermaphrodite, but wanting stigma and germen. Species one only; a native of St. Domingo. GOUDA, or TER GOUW, a town of South Holland, on the Issel, where that river receives the Gouw. It has large manufactures of porcelain and tobacco-pipes, and a commodious port on the Issel, its situation being central for the communication between Holland, Zealand, and Belgium. Gouda is surrounded with ditches of great depth and width, and can, by means of its sluices, lay the whole surrounding country under water. The most accessible point is on the side of the Issel; but this is defended by a strong battery. The church of St. John the Baptist is handsome, and is particularly celebrated for its painted glass windows. The market place is of a triangular form, with a handsome town-house, built in 1449. Population 12,000. Nine miles north-east of Rotterdam, and twenty-two south of Amsterdam. death happening in 1639. It is remarkable that, though lost to every other subject, when painting was spoken of he would discourse upon it in a very rational manner. He engraved seven beautiful prints after the pictures of Elsheimer, which are well known to the curious, and are to be met with in most choice collections. He worked with the graver only, in a very neat style; and produced a most powerful effect, not by strengthening the strokes, according to the usual method, but by crossing them with additional strokes, equally neat, five or six times, one over another, in the deep shadows. The weeds and other parts of the fore ground, in his admirable print of Ceres, are very finely expressed. The seven prints mentioned above, are 1. Ceres drinking from a pitcher. An old woman appears holding a candle at the door of the cottage, and a boy naked standing by her laughing and pointing at the goddess; for which contempt he was metamorphosed by her into a frog The powerful and striking effect of this engaving cannot be properly described. This print is also called the sorcery. 2. The flight into Egypt; a night scene, in which the moon and stars are introduced with great success. 3. The angel with Tobit, who is drawing a fish by his side. The back ground is a landscape; the weeds in the fore ground, and the branches of the trees in front, as well as the foliage and weeds hanging from them, are beautifully expressed. 4. The angel with Tobit, crossing a stream of water: the back ground a landscape. 5. Baucis and Philemon entertaining Jupiter and Mercury. 6. A landscape called the Aurora, representing the dawn of day. 7. The beheading of St. John in prison, a very small upright oval print, which is by far the most scarce. GOUDT (Henry), usually called count Goudt, was born of a noble family at Utrecht, in 1570 : and was knight of the Palatinate. Being fond of painting and engraving, he applied himself diligently to drawing, and made a great proficiency therein. He then went to Rome, where he contracted an intimacy with Adam Elsheimer, studied his style, and made his works models for imitation. Those pictures which Goudt himself painted were delicately touched, in color and pencil resembling Elsheimer. On his return to Utrecht, a young woman who was in love with him, and desirous of fixing his affection upon herself, gave him a philter, which terminated in a very melancholy manner, by depriving him of his senses; and in this dreadful state he dragged on a miserable life to the age of sixty-nine, his To GOVE, to mow; to put in a gove, goff, or mow. An old word. Load safe, carry home, follow time being fair, Gove just in the barn, it is out of despair. Tusser. GOVEA (Antony), a Latin poet and critic of the sixteenth century; author of Latin Epigrams, which have been admired. His editions of Virgil and Terence display great judgment and critical accuracy. He died in 1613. Fr. gouverner, gouvernante; Lat. guberno; all of Gr. κυβερναω, ἃ κυβη, the head; Belgic govnerneren; Span. and Port. governan. Our words are prin GOVERN, v. a. & v. n. Gov'ERNABLE, adj. GOVERNANCE, N. S. GOVERNANTE, n. s. GOV'ERNESS, n. s. GOVERNMENT, n. s. GOVERNOR, N. . GOVERNAILLE', n. s. cipally formed from the French gouverner with different terminations. The primary idea is superiority either in position or agency, and this is the key to each word, whether referring to communities or individuals. It also implies self-management as to body or mind; influence of words on each other with regard to construction; a pilot, regulator, or manager of ships, &c.; a lady who has the care and superintendance of young ladies of quality. For the kingdom is the Lord's, and he is the governor among the nations. Ps. xxii. 28. Behold all the ships, which though they be so great, and are driven of fierce winds, yet they are turned about with a very small helm, whithersoever the go- Chaucer. The Tale of Mclibeus. Toward Zenobie. Id. The Monkes Tale. Id. The Merchantes Tale. Great affliction that severe governess of the life of man brings upon the soul she seizes on. More against Atheism. The great work of a governour is to fashion the carriage, and form the mind; to settle in his pupil good habits, and the principles of virtue and wisdom. Locke. The flexibleness of the former part of a man's age, not yet grown up to be headstrong, makes it more Id. governable and safe. am at present against war, though it puts the power into my hands, and though such turbulent and naughty spirits as you are, govern all things in times of peace. Davenant. The magistrate cannot urge obedience upon such potent grounds as the minister, if so disposed, can urge disobedience: as, for instance, if my governour should command me to do a thing, or I must die, or forfeit my estate; and the minister steps in and tells that I offend God, and ruin my soul, if I obey that command, 'tis easy to see a greater force in this persuasion. South. me, Every one knows, who has considered the nature of government, that there must be in each particular form of it an absolute unlimited power. Addison. Listen, children, unto me, And let this your lesson be, In our language evermore Words that govern go before. Mauger's French Grammar. The chief point, which he is to carry always in his eye, and by which he is to govern all his counsels, deAtterbury. signs, and actions. They beget in us a great idea and veneration of the mighty author and governour of such stupenduous bodies, and excite and elevate our minds to his adoration and praise. Bentley. Where any one person or body of men seize into their hands the power in the last resort, there is properly no longer a government, but what Aristotle and his followers call the abuse or corruption cf one. Swift. Those governments which curb not evils, cause; And a rich knave's a libel on our laws. Young. Another very important branch of self-knowledge is, the knowledge of those governing passions or dispositions of the mind, which generally form what we Mason. call a man's natural temper. GOVERNMENT is also used for a post or office, which gives a person the power or right to rule over a city, or a province, either supremely or by deputation. GOVERNMENT is likewise used for the city, country, or place to which the power of governing is extended. GOVERNMENT, CIVIL, was instituted for the preservation and advancement of men's civil interests, and for the better security of their lives, liberties, and properties. The use and necessity of government is such, that there never was an age or country without some sort of civil authority: but, as men are seldom unanimous in the means of attaining their ends, so their difference in opinion as to government has produced various forms of it. According to Montesquieu, and most other writers, they may in general be reduced to three kinds: 1. The republican; 2. The monarchical; 3. The despotic. The first is that in which the people in a body, or only a part of the people, have the sovereign power; the second, where one alone governs, but by fixed established laws; but third, in the despotic government, one person alone, without law and without rule, directs every thing by his own will and caprice. See LAW. On the subject of government at large, see Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws, l. 2, c. 1; Locke, ii. 129, &c. 4to. edit. 1768: Sidney on Government; Sir Thomas Smith de Repub. Ang. and Acherly's Britannic Constitution. As to the Gothic government, its original and faults, &c., see Montesquieu's L'Esprit des Loix, l. 11, c. 8. With respect to the feudal policy, how it limited government, see FEUDAL SYSTEM. GOUGE, n. s. Fr. A chisel having a round edge, for the cutting of such wood as is to be rounded or hollowed. works are numerous, and display considerable erudition; the principal are—L'Histoire du College Royal de France, 12mo.; Hist. du Pontificat de Paul V., in which he is by no means favorable to the Jesuits; Les Vies des Saints, 2 vols. 4to. ; Supplement to Moreri's Dictionary, displaying much industry but little judgment; De I'Etat des Sciences en France, 12mo.; Bibliotheque des Auteurs Ecclesiastiques du XVIII Siècle, 3 vols. 8vo. GOULART (Simon), a minister of Geneva, born at Senlis in 1543, and one of the most indefatigable writers of his time. He made considerable additions to the Catalogue of Witnesses of the Truth' composed by Illyricus; and acquired a great reputation by his works: the principal of which are, 1. A translation of Seneca. 2. A collection of memorable histories. 3. A translation of St. Cyprian de Lapsis. 4. Several devotional and moral treatises. He died at Geneva in 1628. GOUNVILLE (John Herauld), a French author, born in 1625, originally only a valet to the duke of Rochefoucault, who advanced him to several high offices. He wrote Memoirs, containing important anecdotes of the French ministers, from Mazarine to Colbert. He died in 1705, aged eighty. GOUR, or GAUR, the ancient capital of Bengal, is situated in the district of Rajemal, a few miles south of the town of Maulda. The ruins extend fifteen miles along the old banks of the Ganges, and are from two to three miles in breadth. Several villages stand on a part of its site; the remainder is covered with thick forests-the resort of tigers, and beasts of prey, or it has become arable land, the soil of which is largely mixed with brick-dust. The principal buildings are a mosque lined with black marble, elaborately wrought, and two gates of the citadel, which are grand and lofty. The bricks, which are of a most solid texture, are often carried away to Moorshedabad, Maulda, and other places. GOUGH (Richard), topographer and antiquary, was the son of an East India director, and born in Austin Friars, London, in 1735. Educated at home, his mother had printed a translation from the French of a history of the Bible, made by him when he was only eleven years old. At the age of fifteen Gough translated Fleury's works on the Manners of the Israelites. In 1752 he entered at Benet College, Cambridge, and during the time he remained at the university he No part of this site of Gour is nearer to the laid the plan of his Anecdotes of British Topo- present bank of the Ganges than four miles and graphy, it was published in one volume 4to. in a half, and some parts, which were originally 1768, and reprinted with improvements in 2 washed by that river, are, according to Mr. Havols. 1780. He left Cambridge without taking milton, now twelve miles from it. A stream that a degree, and engaged in no profession. He was runs past it communicates with its west side, and a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and in the is navigable during the rainy season. On the Archæologia, or Transactions of that Society, as east, and in some places within two miles, it has well as in the Bibliotheca Topographica Britan- the Mahanuddy River which communicates with nica, and the Gentleman's Magazine, he publish- the Ganges, and is always navigable. ed many communications. He also produced Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain, 1786, 2 vols. folio; an enlarged edition of Camden's Britannia, 1789, 3 vols. folio; and one still more augmented in 4 vols. 1806; an Account of the Bedford Missal; and the History of Pleshey in Essex. He died at Enfield, February 20 1809, and bequeathed to the Bodleian library at Oxford his collection of books and manuscripts, relative to Saxon and Northern literature and to British topography. GOUJET (Claude Peter), a French writer of some note, was the son of a tailor, and born at Paris in 1697. He was educated by the Jesuits; and on taking orders became a canon of the church of St. Jacques de l'Hôpital. His 'Gaura, or, as it is commonly called, Bengali, is the language spoken in the provinces of which the ancient city of Gour was the capital. It still prevails in all the provinces of Bengal, 'excepting some frontier districts, but is spoken with the greatest purity in the eastern parts only. Although Gaura be the name of Bengal, yet the Brahmins, who bear that appellation, are not inhabitants of Bengal, but of Hindostan Proper. They reside chiefly in the province of Delhi, while the Brahmins of Bengal are avowed colonists from Kanoge. When Mahommed Bukhtyar Khilligee conquered Bengal, A. D. 1204, he established the then ancient city of Gour as the capital of his dominions. Rajah Lackmanyah, the last Hindoo sovereign whom he expelled, GOURD, n. s. Fr. gouhorde. A plant. GOURDINESS, n. s. The fruit of some species are long, of others round, or bottle-shaped. A bottle, from old Fr. gourt.-Skinner. The large fruit so called is often scooped hollow, for the purpose of containing and carrying wine, and other liquors from thence any leathern bottle grew to be called by the same name, and so the word is used by Chaucer. Gourdiness, a swelling in a horse's leg after a journey. And wete ye-what? I have here in my gourd A draught of win, ye of a ripe grape To the Manciple he toke the gourd again, Chaucer. The Manciples Tale. But I will haste, and from each bough and brake, Each plant and juiciest gourd, will pluck such choice To entertain our angel guest. Milton's Paradise Lost. Gourd seeds abound so much in oil, that a sweet and pleasant one may be drawn from thence by expression; they are of the four greater cold seeds, and are used in emulsions. Hill. GOURD, in botany. See CUCURbita. GOURD, BITTER. See CUCUMIS. GOURD, ETHIOPIAN SOUR. See ADANSONIA. GOURD TREE. See CRESCENTIA. GOURNAY (Mary le Jars de) a celebrated French lady, was born at Paris in 1566. Losing her father, she was adopted by Montaigne while very young, who called her his daughter of alliance. She was well versed in the languages; and has been styled the French syren.' Her style however was stiff, and deformed by ancient phraseology. Her temper also was somewhat acrid; and she made herself many enemies. She published an edition of the Essays of her foster father, dedicated to cardinal Richelieu. Her own works were published in a quarto volume, under the title of Les Airs, ou les Presens de la Demoiselle de Gournai. She had a small pension from the French court, and died in 1645. GOUSSET, a French protestant minister, born at Blois, in 1635. He left France on the revocation of the edict of Nantz, and went to Holland, where he became professor of Greek and theology at Groningen. He died there, in 1704. He wrote Commentarii Linguæ Hebraica, and several other works. GOUT, n. s. Fr. goute; Ital., Span., GOUT'wort, n. s. and Port. gotta, gota, from GOUT'Y, adj. Lat. gutta, a drop, from its being supposed to originate in humors of the joints. A periodical disease, attended with severe pain; an old word signifying drops, still used in Scotland; an affected word (for gout), implying taste; a herb, so named; the state of parts, or a constitution predisposed to the disease. Dryden. Id. This very reverend lecher, quite worn out With rheumatisms, and crippled with his gout, Forgets what he in youthful times has done, And swinges his own vices in his son. Catalogues serve for a direction to any one that has a gout for the like studies. Woodward on Fossils. There are likewise other causes of blood-spitting; one is the settlement of a gouty matter in the substance of the lungs. Blackmore. The gout is a disease which may affect any membraneous part, but commonly those which are at the greatest distance from the heart or the brain, where the motion of the fluids is the lowest, the resistance, friction, and stricture of the solid parts the greatest, and the sensation of pain, by the dilaceration of the nervous fibres, extreme. Arbuthnot on Diet. Most commonly a gouty constitution is attended with great acuteness of parts, the nervous fibres, both in the brain and the other extremities, being delicate. Id. Business would have carried my wife to Bath by this time, had she not been seized with a fit of the gout when she was ready to set out; but I hope this will not retard her many days. Warburton. GOUT. See MEDICINE. GOWER (John), one of the most ancient English poets, was contemporary with Chaucer, and his intimate friend. He studied the law, and was some time a member of the society of Lincoln's Inn. Some have asserted that he was a judge. In the first year of Henry IV. he became blind, which he laments in one of his Latin poems. He died in 1402; and was buried in St. Mary Overy's, which church he had rebuilt chiefly at his own expense, so that he must have lived in affluent circumstances. His tomb was magnificent, and curiously ornamented. It still remains, but has been repaired in later times. From the collar of SS round the neck of his effigies, which lies upon the tomb, it is supposed that he had been knighted. He wrote, 1. Speculum Meditantis, in French, in ten books. There were two copies of this in the Bodleian library. 2. Vox Clamantis, in Latin verse, in seven books. Preserved also in the Bodleian library, and in that of All-souls. It is a chronicle of the insurrection of the commons in the reign of Richard II. 3. Confessio Amantis; printed at Westminster by Caxton, in 1493, London 1532, 1545. It is a sort of poetical system of morality, interspersed with a variety of moral tales. 4. De rege Henrico IV.; printed in Chaucer's works. There are likewise several historical tracts, in MS. written by our author, which are to be found in different libraries; also some short poems printed in Chaucer's works. GOWER'S HARBOUR, a bay on the south-west coast of New Ireland, five miles north of cape St. George. It is by Bougainville called Praslin GOWHATTY, the capital of Lower Assam, Hindostan, The surrounding district occupies an extent of hilly country on both banks of the Brahmapootra; and the hills on each side form a spacious amphitheatre, well fortified both by nature and by art. In the seventeenth century this place was the western frontier of Assam, all the country on this side being included in Kamroop. Gowhatty was taken by Aurungzebe in the year 1663. Long. 91° 46′ E., lat. 26° 10′ N. GOWN, n. s. Teut. gowne; Welsh GOWN'ED, adj. gwn, Ital. gonna; Fr. GOWN MAN, or gonnelle: all probably Gown's'-MAN, n. s. from Gr. yovv, genu, the knee because originally a garment only reaching to the knees. An upper or loose garment of male or female; used in a particular sense for the ordinary outward garment of females and the professional dress of students and the diferent faculties: a dress of peace as distinct from toga virillis, i. e. the virile gown, to a plain kind o. gown which their youth assumed when arrived at puberty. This they particularly denominated prætexta. See TOGA, PRÆTEXTA, &c. In some universities, physicians wear a scarlet gown. In the Sorbonne, the doctors always are in gowns and caps. Gown is also taken in the general for civil magistracy, or the profession opposite to that of arms. In this sense it was that Cicero said, Cedant arma toga. GOW RAN, a borough and post town of Ireland, in the county of Kilkenny, three miles from Ballinabola castle, eight east of Kilkenny, and fifty-two from Dublin. It is governed by a portrieve, recorder, and town clerk. Here are the ruins of an old church, and the handsome seat of the late lord Clifden. Long. 7° 0′ W., lat. 52° 34 N. GOYEN (John Van), painter of landscapes, cattle, and sea pieces, was born at Leyden in 1596; and was instructed by Isaac Nicholai, and afterwards by Esaias Vandervelde, the most celebrated landscape painter of his time. Van Goyen soon rose into general esteem; and his works are more general throughout Europe than the works of any other master, as he possessed an uncommon readiness of hand and freedom of pencil. It was his practice to sketch the views of villages and towns on the banks of rivers or canals; of the sea-ports in the low countries ; and sometimes of inland villages, where the scenes around them appeared picturesque. Those he afterwards used as subjects for his landscapes; enriching them with cattle, boats, and figures in character. He understood perspective, and the chiaro-scuro, which enabled him to give his pic1656, aged sixty.-His best pieces are generally tures a strong and agreeable effect. He died in marked with his name and the year; and his finished pictures will be for ever estimable. His pictures frequently have a grayish cast, occasioned by his using a color called Haerlem blue, then much approved but now disused, as it is apt to fade into that grayish tint. His best works are valued so highly in most parts of Europe, that they afford large prices, being ranked with the pictures of Teniers. They are not now easily procured, if undamaged, though his slighter performances are sufficiently common. GOZZO, a rocky but fertile island of the Mediterranean, to the north-west of Malta, to which it is attached. It is extremely populous; miles, while the inhabitants amount_to_above its superficial extent being only thirty-seven square fort of Gozzo, and six villages. The fort is said 13,000. It contains the town of St. Borgo, the to Swift. Yet not superior to her sex's cares, The mode she fixes by the gown she wears; Of silks and china she's the last appeal; In these great points she loads the common weal. Young. If Mr. Onslow will lay aside his privilege, I will lay aside my gown. Horne Tooke. The Gown is an ample sort of garment, worn over the ordinary clothes, hanging down to the feet. It is fashioned differently for ecclesiastics and for laymen. At Rome they gave the name Occupy the site of an ancient town built by the Phoenicians or Greeks; there, are two smaller ones on the coast. This island was taken by the Turks in 1551, and attacked by them in vain in 1613, and 1709. The channel between it and Malta will admit with safety the largest men of war. The Fungus Melitous, well known in the medical world, grows on a rock here. It is also asserted, that veins of gold and silver are to be found; as are cotton, corn, and all kinds of vegetables. Gozzo or GAFDA, an island near Candia, the |