tree; there slope off the bark and a little of the wood, and cut the lower end of the grafts to fit the part as nearly as possible; then join them to the branch, and tie them with bass, and clay them over.

wise.

3. Crown-grafting is commonly practised upon such stocks as are too large to cleave, and is often performed upon the large branches of apple and pear trees, &c., that already bear fruit, when it is intended to change the sorts, or renew the tree with fresh-bearing wood. It is termed crowngrafting, because the stock or branch being headed down, several grafts are inserted at top all around betwixt the wood and bark, so as to give it a crown-like appearance. This kind of grafting should not be performed until March, or early in April; for then the sap being in motion, renders the bark and wood of the stock much easier to be separated for the admission of the graft. The manner of performing it is this: First, cut off the head of the stock or branch, with a saw, horizontally, and pare the top smooth; then having the grafts, cut one side of each flat, and somewhat sloping, an inch and a half, forming a sort of shoulder at top of the slope to rest upon the crown of the stock; and then raising the rind of the stock with a wedge, so as to admit the cion between that and the wood two inches down, place the graft with the flat side next the wood, thrusting it down far enough for the shoulder to rest upon the top of the stock; and in this manner may be put three, four, five, or more grafts, into one large stock or branch. When the grafts are thus inserted, let the whole be tied tight and well clayed: but leave two or three eyes of each graft uncovered, and raise the clay an inch above the top of the stock, so as to throw the wet quickly off, without lodging about the grafted parts, which would ruin the whole. Crown-grafting may also be performed, by making several clefts in the crown of the stock, and inserting the grafts round the top of the clefts. The grafts will be pretty well united with the stock, and exhibit a state of growth, by the end of May or beginning of June, and the clay may then be taken away. The trees grafted by this method succeed extremely well; but, for the first two or three years, have this inconvenience attending them, that they are liable to be blown ont of the stock by violent winds; which must be remedied by tying long sticks to the body of the stock or branch, and tying each graft up to one of the sticks.

4. Root-grafting is performed by whip-grafting cions upon pieces of the root of any tree of the same genus, and planting the root where it is to remain. It will take root, draw nourishment, and feed the graft.

5. Side-grafting is by inserting grafts into the sides of the branches without heading them down; and may be practised upon trees to fill up any vacancy, or for the purpose of variety, to have several sorts of apples, pears, plums, &c., upon the same tree. It is performed thus: Fix upon such parts of the branches where wood

6. Whip-grafting is always performed upon small stocks, from about the size of a goose-quill to half an inch, or a little more or less, in diameter; but the nearer the stock and graft approach in size the better. It is called whip-grafting, because the grafts and stocks, being nearly of a size, are sloped on one side, to fit each other, and tied together in the manner of whips. The method is as follows: Cut off the head of the stock at some clear smooth part; then cut one side sloping upward, about an inch and a half or nearly two inches in length, and make a notch or small slit near the upper part of the slope downwards, about half an inch long, to receive the tongue of the cion; then prepare the cicn, cutting it to five or six inches in length, forming the lower end also in a sloping manner, so as exactly to fit the sloped part of the stock, as if cut from the same place, that the rinds of both may join evenly in every part; and make a slit so as to form a sort of tongue to fit the slit made in the slope of the stock; then place the graft, inserting the tongue of it into the slit of the stock, applying the parts as evenly and closely as possible; and immediately tie the parts together and cover them with clay, as above directed. This sort of grafting may also be performed, if necessary, upon the young shoots of any bearing tree, if intended to alter the sorts of fruits, or have more than one sort on the same tree. By the middle or end of May the grafts will be well united with the stock, as will be evident by the shooting of the graft; then the clay should be wholly taken away; but suffer the bass bandage to remain some time longer, until the united parts seem to swell and be too much confined by the ligature; then take it wholly off.

7. Grafting by approach, or inarching, is, when the stocks designed to be grafted, and the tree from which you intend to take the graft, either grow so near, or can be placed so near together, that the branch or graft may be made to approach the stock, without separating it from the tree, till after its union or junction with the stock; so that the graft being bent to the stock, they approach and form a sort of arch; whence the names. Being a sure method, it is commonly practised upon such trees as are with difficulty made to succeed by any of the other methods. When intended to propagate any other kind of tree or shrub by this method of grafting, if the tree, &c., is of the hardy kind, and growing in the full ground, a proper quantity of young plants for stocks must be set round it; and, when grown of a proper height, the work of inarching must be performed; or if the branch of the tree designed to be grafted from are too high for the stocks, in that case stocks must be planted in pots, and a slight stage must be erected around the tree, of the due height to reach the branches, and the pots containing the stocks must be placed upon the stage. This method of grafting is sometimes performed with the head of the stock cu

off, and sometimes with the head left on till the graft is united with the stock; though, by previously heading the stock, the work is much easier performed; and, having no top, its whole effort will be directed to the nourishment of the graft. Having the stocks properly placed, either planted in the ground or in pots around the tree to be propagated, then make the most convenient branches approach the stock, and mark on the body of the branches the parts where they will most easily join to the stock, and in those parts of each branch pare away the bark and part of the wood two or three inches in length, and in the same manner pare the stock in the proper place for the junction of the graft; then make a slit upwards in the branch, so as to form a sort of tongue, and make a slit downwards in the stock to admit it; let the parts be then joined, slipping the tongue of the graft into the slit of the stock, making the whole join in an exact manner, and tie them closely together with bass, and afterwards cover the whole with a due quantity of clay, as in the other methods. After this, let a stout stake be fixed for the support of each graft; to which let that part of the stock and graft be fastened which is necessary to prevent their being disjoined by the wind. The operation being performed in spring, let them remain in that position about four months, when they will be united, and the graft may then be separated from the mother tree. In doing this, be careful to perform it with a steady hand, so as not to loosen or break out the graft, sloping it off downwards close to the stock; and if the head of the stock was not cut down at the time of grafting, it must now be done close to the graft, and the old clay and bandage must also be cleared away, and replaced with new, to remain a few weeks longer. If the grafts are not firmly united with the stock, in the period above-mentioned, they must remain another year till autumn, before the grafts are separated from the parent tree. By this kind of grafting may be raised almost any kind of tree or shrub, which is often done by way of curiosity, to ingraft a fruit-bearing branch of a fruit-tree upon any common stock of the same genus, whereby a new tree bearing fruit is raised in a few months. This is sometimes practised upon orange and lemon trees, &c., by grafting bearing branches of a fruittree upon any common stocks raised from the kernels of any of the same kind of fruit, or into branches of each other, so as to have oranges, lemons, and citrons, all on the same tree.

Grafting has been practised from the most remote antiquity; but its origin and invention have been differently related by naturalists. Theophrastus tells us, that a bird, having swallowed a fruit whole, cast it forth into a cleft or cavity of a rotten tree; where mixing with some of the putrified parts of the wood, and being washed with the rains, it budded, and produced within this tree another tree of a different kind. Pliny says that a countryman, wishing to make a palisade in his grounds that it might endure the longer, filled up and strengthened the bottom of the palisade by running or wattling it with the trunks of ivy. The effect of this was, that the stakes of the palisades, taking root, became engrafted with the

trunks and produced large trees; which suggested to the husbandman the art of engrafting. The use of grafting is to propagate any curious sorts of fruits; which cannot be done with certainty by any other method for as all the good fruits have been accidentally obtained from seeds, so the seeds of these, when sown, will many of them degenerate, and produce such fruit as is not worth the cultivating; but, when shoots are taken from such trees as produce good fruit, these will never alter from their kind, whatever be their stock. The reason or philosophy of engrafting is somewhat obscure; but the effect is ordinarily attributed to the diversity of the pores or ducts of the graft from those of the stock, which change the figure of the particles of the juices in passing through them to the rest of the tree. Mr. Bradley, from some observations of Agricola, suggests, that the stock grafted on is only to be considered as a fund of vegetable matter, which is to be filtered through the cion, and digested, and brought to maturity, as the time of growth in the vessels of the cion directs. A cion, therefore, of one kind, grafted on a tree of another, may be rather said to take root in the tree it is grafted in, than to unite itself with it; for it is visible that the cion preserves its natural purity, though it be fed and nourished by a mere crab; which is, without doubt, occasioned by the difference of the vessels in the cion from those of the stock: so that grafting may be justly compared to planting. the natural juices of the earth, by their secretion and communication in passing through the roots, &c., before they arrive at the cion, must doubtless arrive there half elaborated and concocted; and so disposed for a more easy, plentiful, and perfect assimilation and nutrition; whence the cion must necessarily grow and thrive better and faster than if it were put immediately in the ground.

But

Many have talked of changing of species, or producing mixed fruits, by engrafting one tree on another of the same class; but, as the graft carries the juices from the stock to the pulp of the fruit, there is little hope of succeeding in such an expectation by ever so many repeated grafts; but if, after changing the graft and stock several times, you set the seed of the fruit produced on the graft in a good mold, it is possible that a change may happen, and a new mixed plant may be produced. Thus the almond and peach may, by many changes in the graftings, and by interrations of the stones of the peaches, and of the shells of the almonds, and by teribrations of the stem and the root here and there, alter their nature so much, that the coat or pulp of the almond may approach to the nature of the peach, and the peach may have its kernel enlarged into a kind of almond; and, on the same principle, the curious gardener may produce many such mixed kinds. M. Du Hamel has observed that, in grafting trees, there is always found, at the insertion of the graft, a change in the direction of the fibres, and a sort of twisting or turning about of the vessels, which greatly imitates that in the formation of certain glands in animal bodies; and hence he infers that a new sort of viscus being thus formed, the fruit may be so far influenced by it, as to be meliorated

on the new branch; but that no such sudden and essential changes can be effected by those means, as many writers on agriculture pretend. He observes, however, that this anatomical observation would not have been sufficient to convince him of the falsity of these relations, had not experiment joined to confirm him in this opinion. He tried many grafts on different trees; and, for fear of error, repeated every experiment of consequence several times; but all served only to convince him of the truth of what he at first suspected. He grafted in the common way the peach upon the almond, the plum upon the apricot, and the pear upon the apple, the quince, and the white thorn; one species of plum on other very different species, and upon the peach the apricot, and the almond. All these succeeded alike: the species of the fruit was never altered; and in those which would not come to fruit, the leaves, the wood, and the flowers, were all the same with those of the tree whence the graft was taken. Writers on agriculture have also mentioned a very different sort of grafting, namely, the setting of grafts of one tree upon stocks of a different genus; such as the grafting the pear upon the oak, the elm, the maple, or the plum, &c. M. Du Hamel tried a great number of those experiments carefully, and found every one of them unsuccessful; and the natural conclusion from this was, that there must be some natural alliance between the stocks and their grafts, otherwise the latter will either never grow at all, or very soon perish.

Notwithstanding the facility with which grafts generally take on good stocks, there are many accidents and uncertainties attending them in their different periods. Some perish immediately; some after appearing healthy for many months, and some even for years. Of these last some die without the stock suffering any thing; others perish together with the stocks. It is certain that the greater part of grafted trees do not live so long as they would have done in their natural state; yet this is not an invariable rule: for there are some which evidently live the longer for this practice; nay, there are instances of grafts which, being placed on stocks naturally of short duration, live longer than when placed on those which are more robust and lasting. In order to the succeeding of a graft, it is plain that there must be a conformity in its vessels and juices with those of the stock. The more nearly they agree in this, probably the better they succeed; and the farther they differ, the worse. If there be some difference in the solid parts of trees, there are evidently many more in the juices. The sap in some trees is white as milk, in others it is reddish, and in some as clear and limpid as water. In some it is thin and very fluid; in others thick and viscous. In the taste and smell of these juices there are also no fewer differences: some are sweet, some insipid, some bitter, some acrid, and some fetid; the quality of the sap thus makes a very great difference in the nature of trees; but its quantity, and derivation to the parts, is scarcely less observable. Of this we have familiar instances in the willow and the box; one of which will produce longer shoots in one year than the other in twenty. Another difference

yet more striking, and indeed more essential, in regard to the growth of grafts than all these, is the different season of the year at which trees shoot out their leaves, or ripen their flowers. The almond tree is in flower before other trees in general have opened their earliest buds; and, when other trees are in flower, this is full of leaves, and has its fruit set before the mulberry begins to push out its earliest buttons. The grafts of the almond on the plum, and of the plum on the almond, always grow very vigorously for the first year, and give every appearance of succeeding entirely; yet they always perish in the second or third year. The almond, grafted upon the plum stock, always pushes out very vigorously at first; but the part of the stock immediately under the graft grows smaller and perishes, the graft absorbing too much of the juices, and the graft necessarily perishes with it. The decay of the whole generally happens early in the spring, plainly from the different season of the natural shooting of the two trees; the almond pushing very vigorously, and consequently draining the stock of its juices, at a time when, according to its nature, the juices are but in small quantity in it, and the sap does not begin to ascend. The grafts of the plum on the almond are, from the same cause, furnished with an abundance of sap which they have, at that time, no occasion for; and consequently they as certainly perish of repletion, as the other of inanition. The peach, grafted on the plum, succeeds excellently, and lives longer than it would have done in a natural state; the reason seems to be, that the peach is a tender tree, shoots with great vivacity, and produces more branches than the root is able to maintain. Thus peach trees are usually full of dead wood; and often their large branches perish, and sometimes their whole trunk. On this occasion the plum, being a slow-shooting tree, communicates its virtue to the graft; and the peach consequently sends out shoots which are more robust and strong, and are no more in number than the root is able to supply with nourishment, and consequently the tree is the more lasting.

GRAFTON (Richard), an English historian, born at London in the reign of Henry VIII. He published, 1. An Abridgement of the Chronicles of England; and, 2. A Chronicle and large History of the Affayres of England and Kings of the same, deduced from the Creation of the World. He died in the reign of queen Elizabeth.

GRAFTON, an extensive county of New Hampshire, bounded on the east by Maine District, south by Strafford, Hillsborough, and Cheshire counties, west by Vermont, and north by Canada. It is divided into fifty townships, and seventeen locations.

GRAFTON, or GRAFTON ISLAND, one of the smallest of the Bashee islands in the East Indian Sea. Long. 139° 0′ W., lat. 21° 4′ N.

GRAHAM (George), clock and watch maker, the most ingenious and accurate artist in his time, was born in 1675 at Kirklington, Cumberland. Besides his universally acknowledged skill in his profession, he was a complete mechanic and astronomer; the great mural arch in the observa

Over his lucid arms

4 military vest of purple flowed,

Livelier than Melibaan, or the grain

Of Sarra, worn by kings and heroes old.

Come, pensive nun, devout and pure, All in a robe of darkest grain,

Flowing with majestic train.

The third, his feet

Sky-tinctured grain!

I see, to argue 'gainst the grain.

Shadowed from either heel with feathered mail,

Quoth Hudibras, it is in vain,

His brain

Outweighed his rage but half a grain.

South.

Woodward.

Id.

There are still great pillars of granite and other fragments of this ancient temple. Addison on Italy.

"Tis a rich soil, I grant you; but oftener covered with weeds than grain. Collier on Fame.

The smaller the particles of cutting substances are, the smaller will be the scratches by which they continually fret and wear away the glass until it be polished; but be they never so small, they can wear away the glass no otherwise than by grating and scratching it, and breaking the protuberances; and therefore polish it no otherwise than by breaking its roughness to a very fine grain, so that the scratches aad frettings of the surface become too small to be visible.

Newton's Opticks.

I would always give some grains of allowance to the sacred science of theology. Watts on the Mind.

The naked nations cloathe, And be the' exhaustless granary of a world.

Thomson's Spring. And freshness breathing from each silver spring, Whose scattered streams from granite basins burst, Leap into life, and sparkling woo your thirst. Byron. There grain, and flower, and fruit,

Gush from the earth until the land runs o'er.
Id. Don Juan.

GRAIN. See BARLEY, CORN, WHEAT, &c.
GRAIN, OILY. See SESAMUM.

GRAIN, SCARLET. See CACTUS, Coccus, and QUERCUS.

A GRAIN WEIGHT of gold bullion is worth two-pence, and of silver only half a farthing. GRAIN COAST. See MALAGUETTA.

GRAIN (John, Baptist le), counsellor and master of requests to Mary de Medicis queen of France, was born in 1565, and was much esteemed by Henry IV. He wrote a work entitled, Decades, containing The History of Henry the Great, and of Louis XIII., from the beginning of his reign to the death of the Marshal d'Ancre in 1617. He vigorously defends the edict that had been granted to the reformed. He died at Paris in 1643.

GRAINGER (James), M. D., a distinguished poet in the last century, was born at Dunse, in been reduced by adverse circumstances, still Berwickshire, in 1724. His father, who had bestowed on him a classical education, and placed him with a surgeon at Edinburgh, where he attended the medical lectures of the university. Entering the army, as a regimental surgeon, he served in Germany under the earl of Stair, till the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, after which he took his degree of M.D. and settled in London. He is said principally to have supported himself by writing for the press. An Ode to Solitude, published in Dodsley's collection, first procured him of Shenstone and Dr. Percy. In 1759 he pubreputation; and, among others, the acquaintance lished his Elegies of Tibullus, which involved him in a paper war with Dr. Smollet. He then went to the West Indies as tutor to a young gentleman, and, during the voyage, formed an attachment to a lady, whom he married on his arrival father was governor. Ilere he again, and very at the island of St. Christopher's, of which her successfully, engaged in medical practice; and produced a West Indian Georgic, or didactic and Bryan and Pereene, a ballad. The former treatise in blank verse, entitled The Sugar Cane, turned to Basseterre, St. Christopher's, where he he published in England, in 1764. Ile then redied of a fever, in 1767.

GRAITNEY. See GRETNA.

GRALLE, in ornithology, an order of birds analogous to the bruta in the class of mammalia, in the Linnæan system. See ZOOLOGY and Or