cal lectures attracted a great many strangers to Freyberg. In 1753 he was nominated counsellor-commissary of the mines, and charged with the inspection of machines and the examination of the ores and minerals of his native country. In 1764 he became administrator in chief of foundries and forges at Freyberg; in 1765 professor of metallurgy at the academy of mines in that city'; and at length, in 1782, effective counsellor of mines. He suggested great improvements in his mineralogical researches; and was the first introducer of the process of parting metals by amalgamation. He died May, 1795; having published Elements of Docimastics, translated from the Latin of Cramer; Elements of Chemical Metallurgy, 2 vols. 8vo., &c. GELLIUS (Aulus), a celebrated grammarian, who lived in the second century under Marcus Aurelius and some succeeding emperors. He wrote a collection of observations on authors, for the use of his children; and called it Noctes Atticæ, because composed in the nights of a winter he spent at Athens. The chief value of it is for preserving many facts and monuments of antiquity not to be found elsewhere. GELT, n. s. Corrupted from gilt. Tinsel; gilt surface. I won her with a girdle of gelt, adj. Spenser's Pastorals. GEM, n. s., v. n. & v. a.` Sax. gim; Ital GEMMARY, and Lat. gemma. A GEMMEOUS, adj. precious stone of GEM MOSITY, N. s. any kind, or whatever pertains or tends to gems or jewels. The first bud of a tree or flower. This gem of chastitee, this emeraude I saw his bleeding rings, Their precious gems now lost, became his guide, From the joints of thy prolific stem Denham. Howls to the torrents everlasting roar, Beattie. Judgment of Paris. Below her breast was fastened with a band Of lavish pearls, whose worth could scarce be told. GEMAPPE, or JEMAPPES, a small town of the Netherlands, in Hainault, near the Scheldt, on the road from Mons to Valenciennes, two miles from the former. It is chiefly remarkable for the victory gained here by Dumouriez over the Austrians, 6th November, 1792, and gave name to a department when the Netherlands were subject to France. Inhabitants 2300. GEMARA, or GHEMARA, the second part of the Talmud. The Hebrew word 2, gemara, is commonly supposed to denote a supplement; but in strictness it rather signifies complement, or perfection; being formed of the Chaldeen, gemar or ghemar, 'to finish, perfect, or complete any thing.' The rabbins call the Pentateuch simply the law: the first part of the Talmud, which is only an explication of that law, or an explication thereof to particular cases, with the decisions of the ancient rabbins thereon, they call the Mischna, i. e. second law; and the second part, which is a more extensive explication of the same law, and a collection of decisions of the rabbins posterior to the Mischna, they call Gemara, q. d. perfection, completion, finishing; because they esteem it the finishing of the law, or an explication beyond which there is nothing farther to be desired. The Gemara is often called simply the Talmud, the common name of the whole work. In this sense, there are two Gemaras or Talmuds; that of Jerusalem and that of Babylon; though in strictness, the Gemara is only an explication of the Mischna, given by the Jewish doctors in their schools. See MISCHNA. A commentary, Mons. Tillemont observes, was wrote on the Mischna, by one Johanan, whom the Jews placed about the end of the second century; but Father Morin proves, from the work itself, wherein mention is made of the Turks, that it was not written till the time of Heraclius, about A. D. 620; and this is what is called the Gemara, or Talmud of Jerusalem, which the Jews do not use or esteem much because of its obscurity. They set a much greater value on the Gemara, or Talmud of Babylon, begun by one Asa; discontinued for seventythree years, on occasion cf the wars with the Saracens and Persians; and finished by one Josa, about the close of the seventh century. See TALMUD. Though the name Talmud in its latitude includes both the Mischna and the two Gemaras, yet it is properly that of Asa and Josa alone which is meant under that name. This the Jews prize above all their other writings, and even set it on a level with Scripture itself: in effect, they conceive it as the word of God derived by tradition from Moses, and preserved without in terruption to their time. R. Jehuda, and afterwards R. Johanan, R. Asa, and R. Josa, fearing the traditions should be lost in the dispersion of the Jews, collected them into the Mischna and the Gemara. GEMATRIA, or GAMETRIA, the first kind of artificial cabbala used by the Jews. The word is formed from the rabbinical Hebrew, by corruption of the Greek. Gematria is a geometrical or arithmetical method of explaining these words, whereof there are two kinds; the first bearing a more immediate relation to arithmetic, and the latter to geometry. Thus a cabbalist, taking the two first words in Genesis, and by addition getting the sum total of all the numbers signified by those letters, finds that these two words signify the same as For as .בראש-השנה גברא,those other three to the first,, is 2; 7, 200; &, 1;, 300;, 10; л, 400;, 2; 1, 200; and N, 1; which, together, make 1116. And as to the latter, signifies 2; 7, 200; x, 1; ⇓, 300; ₪, 5; 1,50; ,300; 1,5; 1, 50; I, 2; 7, 200; and 8, 1; which, summed up, yield the same number 1116. Whence the cabbalist concludes, 7, in the beginning he created, signifies the same thing as -, it was created at the beginning of the year: and, accordingly, the received opinion of the cabbalists is, that the world was created at the beginning of the month Tisri, which was anciently the first month in the year, and answers to our first month in autumn, viz. September. GEMBLOURS, or GIBLOU, a town of France, in the department of Dyle, and ci-devant province of Austrian Brabant, seated on the Orne. In 1578 a battle was fought near it between the Dutch and the Spaniards, under Don John of Austria, wherein the former were defeated. It was twice burned down, viz. on the 6th of August, 1678, and 17th August, 1712. It lies ten miles north-west of Namur, and twenty-two south-east of Brussels. GEMELLIP AROUS, adj. Lat. gemelli and pario. Bearing twins. GEM'INATE, v. a. GEMINATION, n. s. GEM'INY, n. s. GEM'INOUS, adj. Lat. gemino. Repetition; whether used in relation to beings or arguments. have grated upon my good friends for three reprieves for you, and your couch-fellow, Nim; or else you had looked through the grate, like a geminy of Shakspeare. baboons. Christians have baptized these geminous births, and double connascencies, with several names, as conceiv ing in them a distinction of souls. Browne. Be not afraid of them that kill the body; fear him, which, after he hath killed, hath power to cast into hell; yea, I say unto you, with a gemination, which the present controversy shows not to have been causeless, fear him. Boyle. A geminy of asses split will make just four of you. Congreve. GEMINI, in astronomy, the Twins; a constellation or sign of the zodiac, the third in order, representing Castor and Pollux; and marked thus, II. See ASTRONOMY. GEMINIANI (Francis), a celebrated musician and composer, born at Lucca in 1680. He received his first instructions in music from Alex. Scarlatti; he next became a pupil of Charles Ambrose Lunati, surnamed Il Gobbo, a celebrated performer on the violin; after which he was a disciple of Correlli. In 1714 he came to England, where he soon recommended himself greatly by his performances. In 1716 he published and dedicated to baron Kilmansegge, chamberlain to king George I. as elector of Ha nover, twelve sonatas a violino violine e cembalo: the first six with fugues and double stops; the last with airs of various measures, as alaThis publication mandes, courants, and jiggs. mentioned Geminiani to the king as an excellent was so much admired by the baron, that he performer; in consequence of which he had the honor to perform before his majesty, in concert with Handel. But, though Geminiani was exceedingly admired, he had no genius for associating music with poetry, nor do we find that therefore obliged to depend for his subsistence he ever became a public performer. He was on the friendship of his patrons, and the profits which accrued to him from teaching. He was also an enthusiast in painting, and the versatility of his temper was such, that, to gratify this pas sion, he neglected to exercise his musical talents, and became involved in debt. In 1727 he was offered the place of master and composer of the state music in Ireland; but this could not be conferred on a Catholic, and Geminiani refused to change his religion. He then began to compose parts to the opera quinta of Corelli; and to make concertos of the first six of his solos. work he completed, and, with the help of a subscription, at the head of which were the names of the royal family, he published it in 1726. In 1732 he published his Opera Secunda, containing a celebrated minuet that goes by his name, which did not much improve his circumstances; but Geminiani was an utter stranger to the business of the orchestra, and had no idea of the labor necessary in the instruction of singers, for the performance of music to which they were strangers. The consequence of this was, that a concerto spirituale, which he had advertised for his own benefit in 1748, failed entirely in the performance. He now went to Paris for six or seven years, and, about 1755, returned to England. In 1761 he went over to Ireland, where he was kindly received by Mr. Matthew Dubourg, who had been his pupil, and who was then master of the king's band. Here he died under very peculiar circumstances. He had spent many years in compiling an elaborate treatise on music, which he intended for publication; but soon after his arrival, by the treachery of a female servant, who, it was said, was recommended to him for no other end, but that she might steal it, it was conveyed away and could not be recovered. The greatness of this loss, and his inability to repair it, hastened his end; at least he survived it but a short time, dying on the 17th September, 1762. Of his solos the Opera Prima is esteemed the best. Of his concertos some are excellent, others of them scarce pass the bounds of mediocrity. The sixth This of the third opera not only surpasses all the rest, but, in the opinion of the best judges of harmony, is one of the finest instrumental compositions extant. GEMISHKHANA, Silver House, a wellbuilt town of Asia Minor, on the frontiers of Armenia. Its name is derived from a silver mine in its neighbourhood, which, however, does not yield now a third part of the metal it once did. Inhabitants 7000. Thirty miles south of Trebisond. GEMISTUS (George), surnamed Plethe, a native of Constantinople, from which, upon its capture by the Turks, he retired to Florence. In 1438 he distinguished himself at the council of Florence, by his learning and abilities. He wrote, 1..Commentaries upon the Magic Oracles of Zoroaster; a work of considerable erudition; 2. A Comparison between Plato and Aristotle; and 3. Historical Treatises; wherein he discovers great knowledge of Grecian history. He died aged above 100. GEMMA (Reinier), an eminent Dutch physician, born in Friesland, in 1508. He was well versed in astronomy, and wrote several works on that and other branches of mathematics. He died in 1755, aged forty-seven. GEMMA, or bud, in botany. See BOTANY. Buds, as well as bulbs, which are a species of buds, constitute that part of the herb called by Linnæus hybernaculum, or the winter-quarters of the future vegetable. Buds are placed at the extremity of the young shoots, and along the branches, being fixed by a short foot-stalk upon a kind of brackets, the remainder of the leaves, in the wings or angles of which the buds in question were formed the preceding year. They are sometimes placed single; sometimes two by two, either opposite or alternate; sometimes collected in greater numbers in whirls or rings. With respect to their construction, buds are composed of several parts artificially arranged. Externally, we find a number of scales that are pretty hard, frequently armed with hairs, hollowed like a spoon, and placed over each other like tiles. These scales are fixed into the inner plates of the bark, of which they appear to be a prolongation. Their use is to defend the internal parts of the bud; which, being unfolded, will produce, some flowers, leaves, and stipulæ; others, foot-stalks and scales. All these parts, while they remain in the bud, are tender, delicate, folded over each other, and covered with a thick clammy juice, which is sometimes resinous and odoriferous, as in the tacahamac tree. This juice serves not only to defend the more tender parts of the embryo plant from cold, the assaults of insects, and other external injuries; but likewise from excessive perspiration, which, in its young and infant state, would be very destructive. It is conspicuous in the buds of horse-chestnut, poplar, and willow-trees. See BOTANY. GEMOTE, n. s. Sax. gemor, from metan, to meet (obsolete). A public meeting: as of the court, with the hundred, the nobles, &c. See FOLKMOTE. GEMUND, an old and once free town of the empire of Germany, now subject to Wirtemberg. Its extent is considerable; but its population VOL. X. much thinner since the decay of its manufactures in cottons, plate, and jewellery, and does not exceed 5500. It is twenty-four miles south of Stutgard. GENAP, or GENAPPE, a small town of South Brabant, in the Netherlands, on the Dyle. It was the scene of an action between some French and British cavalry, on the retreat of the French 17th of June, 1815, toward Waterloo; and of a great slaughter of the French by the Prussians on the 18th, after that memorable battle. Population 1200. GENDARMERIE, in military affairs, was a select body of cavalry that took precedence of every regiment of horse in the French service, and ranked immediately after the king's household. The reputation of the gendarmerie was so great, and its services so well estimated by the king of France, that when the emperor Charles V. in 1552 sent a formal embassy to the court of Versailles, to request a loan of money, and the assistance of the gendarmerie to enable him to repulse the Turks, Francis I. returned the following answer:- With respect to the first object of your mission,' addressing himself to the ambassador, 'I am not a banker; and with regard to the other, as my gendarmerie is the arm which supports my sceptre, I never expose it to danger, without personally sharing its fatigue and glory.' The uniform of the gendarmerie, as well as of the light cavalry, under the old French government, was scarlet, with facings of the same color. The coat was formerly more or less laced with silver, according to the king's pleasure. The waistcoat of buff leather, and the bandoulier of the same, silver-laced; the hat was edged with broad silver lace. The horse-cloths and holster-caps were red, and the arms of the captain embroidered on the corners of the saddlecloths, and on the front of the holsters. The gendarmerie are now however little more than an armed police. GENDARMES, SCOTS, were originally instituted by Charles VII. of France, about the middle of the fifth century, and formed a part of his guard; in which station also they acted under other princes. It was their prerogative to take precedence of all the companies of the gendarmerie of France; and, on particular occasions, they even preceded the two companies of the king's mousquetaires. The sons of the Scottish monarchs were the usual captains of this company; and, after Mary's accession to the throne, its command belonged to them as a right. Hence James VI. made a claim of it for his son prince Henry. This honor, and its emoluments, were also enjoyed by Charles I., and the next in command to this prince was Lewis Stuart, duke of Lenox. George Gordon, marquis of Huntley, succeeded him in 1624, and took the title of commander in chief when Charles I. mounted the English throne. It is not certain whether Charles II. was ever captain of this company; but it was conferred on his brother the duke of York, who was captain of the Scots gendarmes till 1667, when he resigned his commission into the hands of the French king. After that time no native of Great Britain enjoved this command. Ꭰ GENDER, in grammar, is a division of nouns, to distinguish the two sexes. This was the original intention of gender: but afterwards other words, which had no proper relation either to the one sex or the other, had genders assigned them, rather out of caprice than reason; which is at length established by custom. Hence genders vary according to the languages, or even according to the words introduced from one language into another. Thus, arbor, a tree, in Lat. is feminine, but arbre in Fr. is masculine; and dens, a tooth, in Lat. is masculine, but dent in Fr. is feminine, though the meaning is the same. The oriental languages frequently neglect the use of genders, and the Persian has none at all. The Latins, Greeks, &c., generally content themselves to express the different genders by different terminations; as bonus equus, a good horse; bona equa, a good mare, &c. But in English we frequently go further, and express the difference of sex by different words: as boar, sow; boy, girl; buck, doe; bull, cow; dog, bitch, &c. We have also feminines distinguished from the males by the variation of the termination of the male into ess; as are abbot, abbess; count, countess, &c. GENDER, v. a. & v.n. Fr. engendrer. To produce; to beget; the act of generation or breeding. Thou shalt not let thy cattle gender with a diverse kind. Lev. xix. 19. Foolish and unlearned questions avoid, knowing that they do gender strife. 2 Tim. ii. 23. A cistern for foul toads To gender in. Shakspeare. Othello. GENDRE (Gilbert Charles le), marquis of St. Aubin, counsellor in the parliament of Paris, and master of requests. He wrote several other works; but is chiefly distinguished by his Traité de l'Opinion, 9 vols., 12mo.; a curious performance, in which the author attempts to show, by historical examples, the powerful empire of fancy over the works of art and science. He died at Paris in 1746, aged fifty-six. GENDRE (Louis le), a French historian, educated under the patronage of De Harlai, afterwards archbishop of Paris, became a canon and subchanter of the cathedral of Notre Dame. He published a life of his patron, and a valuable Histoire de la France, 3 vols., folio, Paris, 1718; reprinted in 8 vols. 12mo. This work includes a catalogue of the ancient and modern French historians, with criticisms on their writings; an able account of the manners and customs of the French in different ages, &c. &c. He was made abbot of Notre Dame de Claire Fontaine, in the diocese of Chartres, and died February 1st, 1733. GENDRE (Adrian Marie Le), professor of mathematics at the Military school of Paris, member of the Académie des Sciences, &c., was first distinguished in 1787 in verifying the points placed between Dunkirk and Boulogne, with a view to compare the true position of the Paris and London observatories. Cassini and Mechain were also employed in this operation, and the means which they employed gave a much more exact result than any which had been before tried. In 1794 M. le Gendre published his Memoire sur les transcendantes elliptiques, and his Elemens de Géometrie. Le Gendre also made about this time many researches on the subject of the attraction of elliptical spheroids; and commenced others on heterogeneous spheroids. In 1774 he assisted de Prony to form his trigonometrical tables for the decimal division of the circle, and in 1795 was a member of the superintendancy of weights and measures. M. le Gendre was also a member of the Institute from the formation of that body; and was named under the imperial government counsellor for life of the university. On the re-establishment of the king he became, in 1815, member of the council for public instruction, and in 1816, conjointly with M. Poisson, examiner of the candidates for the Polytechnical school. He published, besides the above-mentioned works, Nouvelle Théorie de Paralleles; Nouvelles Méthodes pour la determination des Orbites de Cometes; Supplement à l'Essai sur la Theorie des nombres; Exercises de Calcul integral. Gr. γενεα and λογος. That which pertains to descents or families. GENEALOGY, n. s. GENEALOGICAL, adj. GENEALOGIST, n. s. He who traces these descents. History of the regular succession in families: pedigree. Thei schulden not teche otherwite neithir ghyue tent to fablis: and genologies that ben uncertain. Wichf. 1 Tim. i. The ancients ranged chaos into several regions; and in that order successively rising one from another, as if it was a pedigree or genealogy. Burnet's Theory. GENEALOGY, is more particularly a series or succession of ancestors, or progenitors; or a summary account of the relations and kindred of a person, or family, both in the direct and collateral lines. In various chapters and military orders, it is required that the candidates produce their genealogy, to show that they are noble by so many descents. The genealogical degrees are usually represented in circles, ranged over, under, and aside of each other. The ancients had similar tables, which they called stemmata, from a Greek word, signifying a crown, or garland. See CONSANGUINITY, The Jews were anxious to preserve their genealogies entire and uninterrupted; and this care on their part affords an argument of considerable importance with respect to the accomplishment of those prophecies that pertain to the Messiah. Accordingly, in their sacred writings, we find genealogies carried on for above 3500 years. It is observed (Ezra ii. 62) that such priests as could not produce an exact genealogy of their families were not permitted to exercise their functions. Josephus says that they had, in his nation, an uninterrupted succession of priests for 2000 years; that the priests were particularly careful to preserve their genealogies, not only in Judæa, but also in Babylonia and Egypt; and that, wherever they were, they never married below themselves, and had exact genealogical tables prepared from those authentic documents which were kept at Jerusalem, and to which they had recourse; and that, in all their wars, persecutions, and calamities, they always were diligent in securing those documents, and in renewing them from time to time. Jerome says (ad Tit. iii.) that the Jews know so perfectly the genealogies, that they can repeat all the names from Abraham to Zerubbabel, as easily as their own. Nevertheless, since the war of the Romans against the Jews, about thirty years after the death of our Saviour, and since their entire dispersion in the reign of Adrian, the Jews have lost their ancient genealogies; and perhaps there trial, made that fault general which is particular. genealogy may be seen at the end of Petavius's Chronology. GENERABLE, adj. Lat. genero. That which may be produced. GENERAL, adj. Fr. general; Latin GENERAL'ITY, n. s. generalis. Here the GENERALLY, adv. root or origin and GENERALNESS, n. s. simple meaning of the GENERALTY, n. s. word general is a GENERAL, N. s. whole as opposed to GENERALISSIMO, n. s. J particulars; and under a great variety of modifications it preserves this meaning throughout; thus it is applied to things; when to persons, as general and generalissimo, it is an official term of honor given to those who have supreme command over one ог more armies. is not even one of the sacerdotal race who can produce authentic proofs of his genealogy. This circumstance has been alleged by Christian writers as a presumptive proof of the actual advent of the Messiah, whose genealogy, corresponding to ancient predictions, the Jews are no longer able to trace, and consequently of the truth of Christianity. The most natural order of genealogical tables seems to be to place the common stock at the head of the table, and the several collateral descents and succeeding generations, each in a lower line appropriated to it; and not to make the order of generations to proceed from the left hand to the right, as is done by some. But every distinct generation should by all means be placed in a line, or space appropriated to itself; otherwise our ideas will be greatly confused. The order of birth in the same generation may easily be observed (as is done in some of our best tables) by placing the first-born to the left hand in the table, and the rest, according to the order of birth, to the right. There is a variety of other relations, besides mere natural descent, of which it is very useful to have a clear idea, as the connexion by marriage, by adoption among the Romans, &c., by which different families are intermixed. And it is possible, by different kinds of lines, joining the names so connected, how remote soever, in the table of generation, to express all those relations without the use of words. But as the attempt to express them all by characters disfigures the table with a great variety of lines, many of them of considerable length, and extending themselves in every direction, it seems most convenient to express natural descent only by characters, and to subjoin to each name an account, in words, of all its other connexions, referring at most from one to another, by marks contrived for that purpose. This method Rapin has taken in the excellent genealogical tables in his History of England. Valuable tables of Flaterie is generally wrongful preising. Chaucer. The Persones Tale. Because the curiosity of man's wit doth with peril wade further in the search of things than were convenient, the same is thereby restrained unto such generalities as, every where offering themselves, are appa Hooker. rent to men of the weakest conceit. I've been bold, Whitgift. For that I knew it the most general way. Shakspeare. Neither my place, nor aught I heard of business, Hath raised me from my bed; nor doth the general care Take hold on me; for my particular grief Id. I am not a woman to be touched with so many giddy fancies as he hath generally taxed their whole sex withal. Id. Id. Nor would we deign him burial of his men, Till he disbursed at St. Colmeskill Isle Ten thousand dollars to our general use. Necessity, not extending to the generality, but resting upon private heads. Raleigh's Essays. Generally we would not have those that read this work of Sylva Sylvarum, account it strange that we have set down particulars untried. Bacon. Symachus the orator in his dayes, to procure a generall toleration, used this argument, Because God is immense and infinite, and his nature cannot be perfectly known, it is convenient he should be as diversely worshipped, as every man shall perceive or understand. Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy. generally proposed as a good thing. In like sort amongst Papists, fasting at first was Id. Commission of generalissimo was likewise given to the prince. Clarendon. Milton's Paradise Lost Hale. Yet they by restless toil became at length Browne. |