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GRANA D A.

mayor is chosen annually the Tuesday before Michaelmas, and the members by the majority of the magistrates and freemen. It is forty-six miles south-west of Launceston, and 260 west by south of London.

GRAN, a county and town of Hungary, lying
on both sides the Danube. Its extent is about
406 square miles, and wine, corn, and fruits are
cultivated; but the greater part of the country
is covered by the mountains of Arpas, which
contain numerous marble quarries. Population
of the county 47,000.

The town, also called Esztergom, is a free town
of Hungary, and an archbishop's see, at the
conflux of the Danube and the Gran. Two new
streets have been lately added to it.
Danube is crossed by a bridge, consisting of a
The
large platform fixed across two barges, and fas-
tened to other boats at anchor. It is very wide
here. The archbishop is primate of Hungary,
and possesses various high prerogatives, particu-
larly that of crowning the king. The citadel
stands on a lofty hill, and the town-house is a
good building. Gran has been several times
taken by the Turks. A dreadful fire broke out
here in April, 1818, which destroyed 220 houses,
the hospital, military chapel, &c. Thirty miles
north-west of Buda, and seventy-five south-east
of Presburg. Long. 18° 50′ E., lat. 47° 40′ N.
GRAN, a river of Upper Hungary, which rises
in the palatinate of Gomer, and flows into the
Danube, opposite to the above town.

GRANADA, or Upper Andalusia, is a pro-
vince of the south of Spain, about 200 miles in
length, and from forty to seventy in breadth,
lying east and west on the Mediterranean: on
the north is a part of Andalusia; and its south-
west extremity approaches Gibraltar.
sometimes called the kingdom of Granada, and
It is
is still governed by the laws of Castile, and
divided into the four bishoprics of Granada,
Malaga, Almeria, and Guadix. The lofty snow-
crowned ridges of the Sierra Nevada, and the
Alpuxarras, traverse it, and the temperature
varies according to the situation, being cold
among the mountains, in the valleys extremely
hot and temperate, though with a hot wind on
the sea-coast. The Viga (orchard) de Granada,
about thirty miles in length and sixteen in
breadth, is one of the richest and most delight-
ful valleys in the world. It is of great elevation
when compared to the level of the sea; but the
mountains which surround it rise to a great
height above it. The tracts
which are often overflowed from the mountains,
near the Xenil,
are laid out chiefly in rice, following hemp and
flax as a crop. Of the vines, cultivated on the
sides of the hills, the wine is but indifferent.
Silk is better attended to.
raised coffee, sugar, and indigo. The other pro-
On the coast are
ductions are lemons, oranges, pomegranates,
olives, figs, almonds, capers, wax, and honey.
Raisins are also a considerable article of export.
The mountains are rich in marble, minerals, and
ores, and the province has several salt springs.

Granada made a part of the ancient Bætica; and was inhabited by the Bastuli, the Sexitani, & It was the last Spanish kingdom possessed by the Moors, and was not annexed to the crown VOL. X.

369

of Castile until 1492. are still to be traced in the present population; and their monuments are found throughout the The Moorish features province. On their surrender to the Castilians, liberty; but in 1500 a persecution commenced which compelled them to quit the kingdom; and, in 1492, promises were made them of religious fled the chief sources of public prosperity. The present population is about 700,000. The export with the great numbers that emigrated, there also trade of the province takes place principally at capital, Ronda, Loxa, and Almeria. Martello Malaga. The other towns of importance are the towers are erected in certain parts of the coast.

partly on hills, and partly on level ground, at GRANADA, a city in the south of Spain, and capital of the foregoing province, is situated the extremity of the Vega de Granada. hibits to the traveller the form of a brilliant half moon, its streets rising above each other, crowned by the ALHAMBRA. See that article. On enterIt exing, the streets are found narrow and irregular; the buildings displaying visible marks of decay.

stands on two distinct hills, the Darro flowing betweem them, and falling into the larger stream Granada is divided into four quarters, and of the Xenil, outside the walls.

its independence. The cathedral containing an Granada is nearly as large as in the days of elegant monument to the memory of Philip I and his queen Johanna, and another to Fer Alonzo Cano: the archbishop's palace is also an elegant building, as likewise is the mansion dinand and Isabella, has several paintings of of the captain general of the province. But the grand ornament of Granada is the Alhambra.

founded, says tradition, by Liberia, great-grand-
daughter of Hercules, daughter of Hispan, and
Granada was formerly called Illiberia, and
wife to Hesperus, a Grecian prince, and brother
founded by Iberus, grand-son of Tubal, and
to Atalanta.
that it took the name of Granada, or Granata,
Others maintain that it was
from Nata, the daughter of Liberia; the word
Gar, in the language of the time, signifying
grotto, i. e. the grotto of Nata, because that
princess studied astrology and natural history
son as Nata, or Natayde, existed in the first ages
in this country. It is certain that such a per-
of Granada; and that, in the place where the
Alhambra now stands, there was a temple dedi-
cated to Nativala. Granada is said to have been
mans it was a municipal colony. A description
founded A. A. C. 2808. In the time of the Ro-
of Granada, in Latin, written in 1560, by
George Hosnanel, a merchant at Antwerp, who
travelled into Spain, is to be found in the work,
Cologne in 1576; with a good plan of the city
entitled Civitates Orbis Terrarum, printed at
of Granada. This city is 125 miles south-west
of Murcia, and 183 south of Madrid.

South America, has now become the western
GRANADA NEW, once a province of Spanish
features of the present state and history of this
part of the new republic of COLOMBIA, in which,
or our article SOUTH AMERICA, all the interesting
province are detailed.
GRANADE. See GRENADE

2 B

GRANADIER. See GRENADIER. GRANADILLOES, or GRENADINES, dangerous islands of the Caribbees, in America, having St. Vincent on the north, and Granada on the south. They were ceded to Britain by the treaty of peace in 1763.

GRANARY. In constructing a granary Sir Henry Wotton advises to make it look toward the north, because that quarter is the coolest and most temperate. Mr. Worlidge observes, that the best granaries are built of brick, with quarters of timber wrought in the inside, to which the boards may be nailed, with which the inside of the granary must be lined so close to the bricks, that there may be no room left for vermin. There may be many stories one above another, which should be near each other; because the shallower the corn lies, it is the better, and more easily turned. The two great cautions to be observed in erecting granaries are, to make them sufficiently strong, and to expose them to the most drying winds.

The method of managing corn in many parts of England, particularly in Kent, is this:-To separate it from dust and other impurities, after it is threshed, they toss it with shovels from one end to the other of a long and large room; the lighter substances fall down in the middle of the room, and the corn only is carried from end to end of it. After this they screen the corn, and then, bringing it into the granaries, it is spread about half a foot thick, and turned about twice in a week once a week they also repeat the screening it. This management they continue about two months; after which they lay it a foot thick for two months more; and in this time they turn it once a week, or twice if the season be damp, and now and then screen it again. After about five or six months they raise it to two feet thickness in the heaps, and then they turn it once or twice in a month, and screen it now and then. After a year they lay it two feet and a half or three feet deep, and turn it once in three weeks or a month, and screen it proportionably. When it has lain two years or more, they turn it once in two months, and screen it once a quarter; and how long soever it is kept, the oftener the turning and screening is repeated, the better the grain will keep. It is proper to leave an area of a yard wide on every side of the heap of corn, and other empty spaces, into which they turn and toss the corn often. In Kent they make two square holes at each end of the floor, and one round in the middle, by means of which they throw the corn out of the upper into the lower rooms, and so up again, to turn and air it the better. Their screens are made with two partitions, to separate the corn from the dust which falls into a bag, and when sufficiently full this is thrown away, the pure and good corn remaining behind. Corn has by these means been kept in our granaries thirty years: and it is observed, that the longer it is kept the more flour it yields in proportion to the corn, and the purer and whiter the bread is, the superfluous humidity only evaporating in the keeping. At Zurich, in Switzerland, they have been said to keep corn eighty years, or longer, by these methods. The public granaries at Dantzic are seven, eight, or nine

stories high, having a funnel in the midst of every floor to let down the corn from one to another. They are built so securely, that, though every way surrounded with water, the corn contracts no dampness, and the vessels have the convenience of coming up to the walls for their lading. The Russians preserve their corn in subterranean granaries of the figure of a sugar loaf, wide below and narrow at top: the sides are well plastered, and the top covered with stones. They take care to have the corn well dried before it is laid into these storehouses, and often dry it by means of ovens; the summer dry weather being too short to effect it sufficiently. At Dantzic the wheat, barley, and rye, of a great part of Poland, are there laid up in parcels of twenty, thirty, or sixty lasts in a chamber, according to the size of the room; and this they keep turning every day or two, to keep it sweet and fit for shipping. A thunder storm has sometimes been of very terrible consequences to these stores; all the corn having been found so much altered by one night's thunder, that though over night it was dry, fit for shipping or keeping, and proper for any use, yet in the morning it was found clammy and sticking. In this case there is no remedy but the turning of all such corn three or four times a day for two months or longer; in which time it will sometimes be recovered, though sometimes not. This effect of thunder and lightning is only observed to take place in such corn as is not a year old, or has not sweated thoroughly in the straw before it was threshed out. The latter inconvenience is easily prevented by a timely care; but, as to the former, all that can be done is carefully to examine all stores of the last year's corn after every thunder storm, that if any of it have been so affected, it may be cured in time; for a neglect of turning will utterly destroy it. According to Vitruvius's rules, a granary should always be at the top of a house, and have its openings only to the north or east, that the corn may not be exposed to the damp winds from the south and west, which are very destructive to it; whereas the contrary ones are very necessary and wholesome to it, serving to cool and dry it from all external humidity, from whatever cause. There must also be openings in the roof to be set open in dry weather, partly to let in fresh air, and partly to let out the warm effluvia which are often emitted by the corn. The covering of the roofs should always be of tiles, because in the worst seasons, when the other openings cannot be safe, there will always be a considerable inlet for fresh air, and a way out for the vapors by their joinings, which are never close. If there be any windows to the south, great care must be taken to shut them up in moist weather, and during hot southern winds. There must never be a cellar, or any other damp place under a granary, nor should it ever be built over stables; for, in either of these cases, the corn will certainly suffer by the vapors, and be made damp in the one case and ill tasted in the other.

The preservation of grain from the ravages of insects may be best effected by timely and frequent screening, and ventilation; as little or no inconvenience will follow corn iodged dry, but what evidently results from a ne lect of these

precautions. For, whether the obvious damage arise from the weevil, the moth, or the beetle, that damage has ceased at the time the vermin make their appearance under either of these species, they being, when in this last state of existence, only propagators of their respective kinds of vermiculi which, while they continue in that form, do the mischief. In this last, or insect state, they eat little, their principal business being to deposit their eggs, which unerring instinct prompts them to do where large collections of grain furnish food for their successors while in a vermicular state. It is therefore the business of industry to prevent future generations of these ravagers, by destroying the eggs previous to their hatching; and this is best accomplished by frequent screening, and exposure to draughts of wind or fresh air. By frequently stirring the grain, the cohesion of their eggs is broken, and the nidus of those minute worms is destroyed, which on hatching collect together, and weave numerous nests of a cobweb-like substance for their security. To these nests they attach, by an infinity of small threads, many grains of corn together, first for their protection, and then for their food. When their habitations are broken and separated by the screen, they fall through its small interstices, and may be easily removed from the granary with the dust. Those that escape an early screening will be destroyed by subsequent ones, while the grain is but little injured; and the corn will acquire thereby a superior purity. But by inattention to this, and sometimes by receiving grain already infected into the granary, these vermin, particularly the weevil, will soon spread themselves in that state every where upon the surface, and darken the walls by their number. Under such circumstances hens, with new hatched chickens, if turned on the heap, will traverse, without feeding (or very sparingly so) on the corn, wherever they spread; as they seem insatiable in the pursuit of these insects. When the numbers are reduced within reach, a hen will fly up against the walls, and brush them down with her wings, while her chickens seize them with the greatest avidity. This being repeated as often as they want food, the whole species will in a day or two be destroyed. Of the phalana, or moth, and the small beetle, they seem equally voracious: on which account they may be deemed the most useful instruments in nature for eradicating these noxious and destructive vermin.

M. Du Hamel and Dr. Hales recommend various contrivances for blowing fresh air through corn laid up in granaries or ships, to preserve it sweet and dry, and to prevent its being devoured by weevils or other insects. This may be done by nailing wooden bars or laths on the floor of the granary about an inch distant from each other, when they are covered with hair-cloth only: or at the distance of two or three inches, when coarse wire-work, or basket-work of osier, is laid under the hair-cloth, or when an iron plate full of holes is laid upon them. These laths may be Jaid across other laths, nailed at the distance of fifteen inches, and two or more deep, that there may be a free passage for the air under them. The under laths must come about six inches short

of the wall of the granary at one end of them; on which end a board should be set edgeways, and sloping against the wall: by this disposition a large air-pipe is formed, which, having an open communication with all the interstices between and under the bars, will admit the passage of air below forcibly through a hole at the extremity of it, into all the corn in the granary, that will consequently carry off the moist exhalations of the corn. The ventilators for supplying fresh air may be fixed against the wall, on the inside or outside of the granary, or under the floor, or in the ceiling; but, wherever they are fixed, the handle of the lever that works them must be out of the granary, otherwise the person who works them would be in danger of suffocation, when the corn is fumed with burning brimstone, as is sometimes done for destroying weevils. Small moveable ventilators will answer the purpose for ventilating corn in large bins in granaries, and may be easily moved from one bin to another. If the granary or corn ship be very long, the main air-pipe may pass lengthwise along the middle of it, and convey air, on both sides, under the corn. In large granaries, large double ventilators, laid on each other, may be fixed at the middle and near the top of the granary, that they may be worked by a wind-mill fixed on the roof of the building, or by a water-mill. The air is to be conveyed from the ventilators through a large trunk or trunks, reaching down through the several floors to the bottom of the granary, with branching trunks to each floor, by means of which the air may be made to pass into a large trunk along the adjoining cross walls: from these trunks several smaller trunks, about four inches wide, are to branch off, at the distance of three or four feet from each other, which are to reach through the whole length of the granary, and their farther ends are to be closed: seams of onetenth or one-twelfth of an inch are to be left open at the four joinings of the boards, where they are nailed together, that the air may pass through them into the corn. In some of these smaller trunks there inay be sliding shutters, to stop the passage of the air through those trunks which are not covered with corn; or to ventilate one part of the granary more briskly than others, as there may be occasion. There must also be wooden shutters, hung on hinges at their upper part, so as to shut close of themselves; these inust be fixed to the openings in the walls of the granary on their outside; by these means they will readily open to give a free passage for the ventilating air, which ascends through the corn to pass off, but will instantly shut when the ventilation ceases, and thereby prevent any dampness of the external air from entering: to prevent this, the ventilation should be made only in the middle of dry days, unless the corn, when first put in, is cold and damp. In smaller granaries, where the ventilators must be worked by hand, if these granaries stand on staddles, so as to have their lowest floor at some distance from the ground, the ventilators may be fixed under the lowest floor, between the staddles, so as to be worked by men standing on the ground, without or within the granary. A very commodious and cheap ventilator may be made for small grana

res, by making a ventilator of the door of the granary; which may be easily done by making a circular screen, of the size of a quarter of a circle, behind the door; but for this purpose, the door must open, not inwards but outwards of the granary, so that as it falls back, it may be worked to and fro in the screen; which must be exactly adapted to it in all parts of the circular side of the screen, as well as at the top and bottom. But there must be a stop at about eight or ten inches from the wall, to prevent the door from falling back farther; that there may be room for a valve in the screen to supply it with air which air will be driven in by the door, through a hole made in the wall near the floor, into the main air-trunk, in which there must be another valve over the hole in the wall, to prevent the return of the air.

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Fr. grand; Ital. grunde; Lat. grandis ; Gr. γεραιος. The pri

GRAND, adj. GRAND'AM, n. s. GRAND CHILD, n. s. GRAND DAUGHTER, n. s. mary meaning is GRAN'DEE, n. s. ancient, and hence GRAN'DEVITY, N. S. it was extended to GRAN'DEVOUS, adj. greatness in general, GRAN'DEUR, n. s. particularly in a good GRAND FATHER, N. S. sense illustrious; GRAN'DIFIC, adj. high in power; a GRAN'DITY, n. s. dignity: used to sigGRANDMOTHER, N.S. nify ascent or descent GRAND'SIRE, n. s. of consanguinity, as GRAND'SON, n. s. grandfather, grandGRANʼNAM, n.s. child. Great age, as grandevity. High rank, as grandee. External splendor, either in a literal or figurative sense, is called grandeur. Grandific is making great: and grandity is an obsolete word, synonymous with grandeur. Grandam and grannam are contractions of grand and dame, and form familiar appellations of grandmother."

I am a daughter, by the mother's side Of her that is grand-mother magnifide Of all the gods, great Earth, great Chaos Child. Spenser. Faerie Queens. Thy grandmother Lois, and thy mother Eunice.

2 Tim. i. 5. I meeting him, will tell him that my lady Was fairer than his grandam, and as chaste As may be in the world.

Shakspeare.

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As a magistrate or great officer, he locks himself from all approaches by the multiplied formalities of attendance, by the distance of ceremony and grandeur. South.

When a prince or grandee manifests a liking to such

a thing, men generally set about to make themselves considerable for such things. Id.

They had some sharper and some milder differences, which might easily happen in such an interview of grandees, both vehement on the parts which they swayed. Wotton. The wreaths, his grandsire knew to reap By active toil and military sweat. Some parts of the Spanish monarchy are rather for ornament than strength: they furnish out vice-royalfamilies. ties for the grandees, and posts of honour for the noble Addison.

Prior.

Oft my kind grannam told me, Tim, take warning. Gay.

A voice has flown

Young.

To re-enflame a grand design. Grandfathers in private families are not much observed to have great influence on their grandsons, and, I believe, they have much less among princes.

Swift.

Our grandchildren will see a few rags hung up in Westminster-hall, which cost an hundred millions, whereof they are paying the arrears, and boast that their grandfathers were rich and great.

Id.

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GRAND (Joachim le), a political writer, was born in 1653, at St. Lo, in Normandy. He entered into the congregation of the Oratory, which he quitted to become a tutor at Paris; after which he went to Portugal and Spain, as secretary to the French embassy. He had a controversy with bishop Burnet, respecting the divorce of Henry VIII. and his queen Catherine, on which subject he published three volumes. He died at Paris in 1733. Other works of his, are -1. A Translation of Lobo's History of Abyssinia. 2. De la Succession à la Couronne de France.

GRAND (John Baptist le), born at Amiens in 1737, was surnamed d'Aussy, because his father was a native of Auxy-de-Chateau, and educated at Amiens in the college of the Jesuits, of which he became a member, and was appointed professor of rhetoric at Caen. He was made secretary of the military school on the suppression of the society, and, in 1796, conservator of the manuscripts in the French national library. He died in 1801, and is known by his Fableaux, or Tales of the twelfth and thirteenth Centuries, 5 vols. 8vo. 2. Contes devots, Fables, et Romans anciens, pour servir de suite aux Fabliaux. 8vo. 3. Histoire de la vie privée des Français. 4. A Tour to Auvergne, 3 vols. 8vo. 5. Vie d'Apollonius de Tyanes, 2 vols. 8vo. At the time of his death, he was engaged on a History of French Poetry, which he left unfinished.

GRAND ISLE is an island of New York, in the Niagara, four miles above the Falls. It contains 48,000 acres, and belongs at present to the town of Buffalo.

Also the name of a county in the north-west part of Vermont. Population 4445. It is composed of islands in Lake Champlain; the largest are North and South Hero.

GRAND RIVER is a river of Louisiana, which runs south into the Missouri, 240 miles from the Mississippi. It is navigable for boats about 600 miles. Also a river of Louisiana, which runs south-east into the Arkansaw. It is navigable about 200 miles.

The GRAND TRAVERSE is a string or range of islands in Lake Michigan; mostly small and rocky. Many of the rocks are of an amazing size, and appear as if they had been fashioned by the hands of artists. On the largest and best stands a town of the Ottoways.

GRANDE, a river of Brasil, in the Bahia, which rises in the mountains to the westward of the valley of the Rio Francisco, and, running east, falls into that river in lat. 11° 35' S.

GRANDE, a large river of Brasil, in the province of Minas Geraes, rising in the mountains to the westward, and falling, after a long course to the north-east, into the Atlantic in lat. 15° 26' S,

GRANDE, a river of Zanguebar, Eastern Africa, supposed to be a branch of one great river, from which the Quilimane is also derived. At its mouth are several alluvial islands. It falls into the Indian Ocean, about lat. 2° S.

GRANDE, RIO, a large river of Western Africa, falling into the Atlantic, about 200 miles to the south of the Gambia. Its sources are little known, but are supposed to lie in a range of mountains extending inwards from Sierra Leone, and joining those of Kong. The kingdom of Foota Jallo lies along its right bank, and its shores are occupied by the various tribes of the Balantes, Biafaras, Papels, &c., and by the kingdoms of Ghinalá and Biguba. Near the mouth it divides into various branches, forming alluvial islands, which form a portion of the archipelago of the Bissagos. Its whole course is about 500 miles direct.

GRANDIER (Urban), a curate and canon of Loudon in France, whose death has made him famous in the annals of superstition, was born at Bouvere near Sablé, in the latter part of the fifteenth century. He seems, as an eloquent and able preacher, to have been envied by the monks of Loudon, and, being accused of an improper attention to women, was condemned to forfeit his benefices. When an appeal to the parliament of Paris acquitted him, his enemies induced some nuns of Loudon to declare themselves bewitched by him, and persuaded cardinal Richelieu that he was the author of a satire upon his family and person. The issue was, that on the most absurd evidence, Grandier was declared guilty, and ordered to be burnt alive, a sentence which he endured with heroic firmness, on the 18th of April, 1684.

GRANGE, n.s. Fr. grange. A farm; generally a farm with a house at a distance from neighbours.

For he is wont for timber for to go, And dwellen at the grange a day or two. Chaucer. The Milleres Tule. At the moated grange resides this dejected Mariana. Shakspeare.

One, when he had got the inheritance of an unlucky old grange, would needs sell it; and, to draw buyers, proclaimed the virtues of it: nothing ever thrived on it, saith he; the trees were all blasted, the swine died of the measles, the cattle of the murrain, and the sheep of the rot; nothing was ever reared there, not a duckling nor a goose.

Ben Jonson.

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