They sold themselves, but thou, like a kind fellow, gav'st thyself away gratis, and I thank thee for thee. Shakspeare.

To gratify the good Andronicus,

And gratulate his safe return to Rome,
The people will accept whom he admires. Id.
Whither away so fast?

-No farther than the tower,

To gratulate the gentle princes there. Id. Whatsoever is ingrate at first, is made grateful by custom; but whatsoever is too pleasing at first, groweth quickly to satiate. Bacon.

Yet give thy jealous subjects leave to doubt, Who this thy 'scape from rumour gratulate,

No less than if from peril; and devout, Do beg thy care unto thy after state. Ben Jonson. Blessings beforehand, ties of gratefulness, The sound of glory ringing in our ears.

Id. Paradise Lost.

Now night her course began, and over Heaven Inducing darkness, grateful truce imposed Her silence on the odious din of war; Under her cloudy covert both retired, Victor and vanquished. This place is the more grateful to strangers, in respect that it being a frontier town, and bordering upon divers nations, many languages are understood here. Browne's Travels.

A Laconian knight having sometime served him. with more gratefulness than good courage defended Sidney.

him. The taking of use, though he judged lawful, yet never approved by practice, but lent still gratis both to friends and strangers. Fell.

You steer between the country and the court, Nor gratify whate'er the great desire, Nor grudging give what publick needs require.

Dryden.

Years of service past,

From grateful souls exact reward at last. Since nature could behold so dire a crime,

Id.

Id.

I gratulate at least my native clime,
That such a land, which such a monster bore,
So far is distant from our Thracian shore.
Enough remains for household charge beside,
His wife and tender children to sustain,
And gratefully to feed his dumb deserving train.
Id. Virgil.

But pride stood ready to prevent the blow; For who would die to gratify a foe? Id. Fables. Kindred are no welcome clients, where relation gives them a title to have advice gratis. L'Estrange. We mistake the gratuitous blessings of heaven for the fruits of our own industry.

Id.

The second motive they had to introduce this gratuitous declination of atoms, the same poet gives us. Ray. A palled appetite is humorous, and must be gratified with sauces rather than food.

Tatler.

A thousand little impertinences are very gratifying to curiosity, though not improving to the understand ing. They are incapable of any design above the present gratification of their palates.

Addison.

South.

In Cyprus long by men and gods obeyed, The lovers toil she gratefully repaid. Granville.

I would know whence came this obliquity of direction, which they gratuitously tack to matter: this is to ascribe will and choice to these particles.

Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

He used every year to present us with his almanack, upon the score of some little gratuity we gave him. Swift.

From loveless youth to unrespected age,
No passions gratified except her rage;
So much the fury still out-ran the wit,
The pleasure missed her, and the scandal hit.
Pope.

Now golden fruits on loaded branches shine,
And grateful clusters swell with floods of wine.

At once they gratify their scent and taste, While frequent cups prolong the rich revast.

Id.

Study detains the mind by the perpetual occurrence of something new, which may gratefully strike the imagination. Watts. Suspicious thoughts his pensive mind employ, A sullen gratitude, and clouded joy. Harte. The bright tear starting in the impassioned eyes Of silent gratitude; the smiling gaze Of gratulation, faltering while he tries With voice of transport to proclaim thy praise. Beattie's Judgment of Paris. I saw thee-loved thec-owe thee all-would save, If but to shew how grateful is a slave.

Byron. Corsair. GRATITUDE, in ethics, is a virtue disposing the mind to an inward sense and outward acknowledgment of benefits received. Examples of ingratitude, Paley observes, check and discourage voluntary beneficence; hence the culti vation of a grateful temper is a consideration of public importance. A second reason for cultivating in ourselves that temper is, That the same principle which is touched with the kindness of a human benefactor is capable of being affected by the divine goodness, and of becoming, under the influence of that affection, a source of God is the sublimest gratitude. It is a misof the purest and most exalted virtue. The love take, therefore, to imagine, that this virtue is omitted in the Scriptures; for every precept which commands us to love God, because he first loved us,' presupposes the principle of gratitude, and directs it to its proper object.

GRATIAN, the son of Valentinian I. by his first wife, was associated in the empire by his father, at Amiens, in 365, and succeeded him in 367; a prince equally extolled for his eloquence and modesty. He associated Theodosius with him in the empire, and advanced the poet Ausonius to the consulate. He made a great slaughter of the Germans at Strasburg, and hence was surnamed Alemannicus. He was the first einperor who refused the title of Pontifex Maximus, on account of its being a Pagan dignity. He was assassinated by Andragathius in 375, in the twenty-fourth year of his age.

GRATIAN, a British soldier in the Roman army, who was crowned emperor by the legions in Britain, about A. D. 407, but was murdered by them within four months.

GRATIAN, a famous Benedictine monk, in the twelfth century, born at Chiousi. He was employed nearly twenty-four years in composing a work, entitled Decretum, or Concordantia Discordantium Canonum, because he there endeavoured to reconcile the canons which seemed contradictory to each other. This work was published in 1151. As he is frequently mistaken, in taking one canon of one council, or one passage of one father, for another, and has often cited false decretals, several authors have endeavoured to correct his faults; and chiefly Anthony Augustine, in his excellent work entitled De Emendatione Gratiani.

GRATINGS, in a ship, are small edges of sawed plank, framed one into another like a lattice or prison grate, lying on the upper deck, between the main-mast and fore-mast, serving for a defence in a close fight, and also for the coolness, light, and convenience of the ship's company. GRATIOLA, hedge hyssop, a genus of the monogynia order, and driandria class of plants; natural order fortieth, personatæ : COR. is irregular: there are two barren stamina : CAPS. is bilocular: CAL. seven leaves, with the two exterior ones patulous. There are fifteen species; the most remarkable of which, the G. officinalis, the common hedge hyssop, grows naturally on the Alps, and other mountainous parts of Europe. It has a thick, fleshy, fibrous creeping root, which propagates very much, when planted in a proper soil and situation. From this arise several upright square stalks, garnished with narrow spear-shaped leaves, placed opposite. The flowers are produced on the side of the stalks at each joint: they are shaped like those of the fox-glove, but are small, and of a pale yellowish color. This herb has an emetic and purgative virtue; to answer which intentions, it was formerly used by the common people in England, but was never much prescribed by the physicians, and at last fell totally into disuse. It is the subject of a dissertation by Dr. James Kostrzewski of Warsaw, in Poland; who gives some remarkable accounts of its effects in mania and obstinate venereal cases. It was given in powder, or in extract, to the quantity of half a drachm of the first, and a whole drachm of the second, at each dose.

GRATIOSA, a beautiful and fertile island of the Azore cluster, about twenty miles in circumVOL. X.-PART 2.

ference. The chief town is Santa Cruz, where, however, there is no harbour, but only an open roadstead. Long. 27° 56′ W., lat. 39° 2′ N.

GRATIOSA, a small rocky and barren island, situated to the north of Lanzerota, one of the Canaries. Long. 13° 17′ W., lat. 29° 15′ N.

GRATTAN (Henry), a celebrated Irish statesman, was born about 1750, in Dublin, of which city his father was recorder. Having studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and in one of the inns of court, he was called to the bar; but, being elected into the Irish parliament in 1775, gave himself up to public business, and, by his powerful remonstrances, obtained for his country the concessions of 1782, for which he was rewarded by the Irish parliament with a vote of £50,000. In 1790 he was returned for the city of Dublin, principally to oppose the union; but when it was effected he accepted a seat in the imperial parliament for Malton. He now supported the war policy of the government, but his principal exertions were called forth in advocating the Catholic claims, to which cause indeed he fell a martyr by leaving Ireland in an exhausted state to bring their petition to England. He died soon after his arrival, May 14th 1820, and was inerred in Westminster Abbey.

GRATZ, a respectable old town, the capital of one of the five circles of Styria, situated on the Muhr. The ancient part is small, enclosed by a wall and ditch. The citadel stands on a very steep hill on the banks of the river, and the town has been gradually accumulated round it. Since 1787 it has been the see of a bishop, and was the seat of a university from 1585 to 1782; but the place of that seminary is now supplied by a lyceum, or academy, and a large school. The houses in general are of stone, and it has twenty-two churches and chapels, including the cathedral, once the parish church. The emperor Ferdinand II., who was a native of Gratz, has a mausoleum here, remarkable for its internal ornamental sculpture. Here is also a library said to contain from 3000 to 4000 MSS., besides the theatre and barracks, which are said to be entitled to attention; as is also the Johanneum, a museum for the antiquities of Styria. Gratz contains manufactures of hardware, saltpetre, cotton, and silk. The environs are very fertile, the hills being covered with plantations and vineyards, intermingled with villages and detached cottages. It is fifty-six miles N. N. E. of Cilley, and 100 south-west of Vienna.

GRATZ, one of the circles of the duchy of Styria, comprises the northern part of Lower Styria, lying on both sides of the Muhr, and has an area of 2100 square miles. The surface is hilly, but there are few high mountains; and the valleys are fertile and picturesque, particularly between Gratz and Bruck. The pasturage is the chief agricultural object of attention, and the cattle, milk, butter, and cheese, are in repute. The steep grounds of the hills contain large forests of pine, but the chief riches of this circle, as of Styria in general, arise from its mines, and the manufactures connected with them. contains a large number of villages. Population 300,000. 2 C

It

There are some natural spring waters that will inlapidate wood; so that you shall see one piece of wood, whereof the part above the water shall continue wood, and the part under the water shall be turned into a gravelly stone.

Bacon's Natural History. Moss groweth upon alleys, especially such as lie cold, and upon the north, as in divers terrasses; and again, if they be much trodden, or if they were at the first gravelled.

Bacon.

sition or truce with it.

Arbuthnot.

GRAVEL, in gardening, a congeries of pebbles, which, mixed with a stiff loam, makes lasting and elegant gravel walks; an ornament peculiar to our gardens, and which gives them an advantage over those of other nations.

GRAVEL, in medicine. See MEDICINE. GRAVEL WALKS. To make these properly, the bottom should be laid with lime rubbish, large flint stones, or any other hard matter, for eight or ten inches thick, to keep weeds from growing through, and over this the gravel is to be laid six or eight inches thick. This should be laid rounding up in the middle, by which means the larger stones will run off to the sides, and may be raked away; for the gravel should never be screened before it is laid on. It is an error to lay these walks too round, which not only makes them uneasy to walk "pon, but takes off from their apparent breadth. One inch in five feet is a sufficient rise in the middle; so that a walk of twenty feet wide should be only four inches higher at the middle than at the edges, and so in proportion. As soon as the gravel is

laid, it should be raked, and the large stones thrown back again: then the whole should be rolled both lengthwise and crosswise; and the person who draws the roller should wear shoes with flat heels, that he may make no holes; because holes made in a new walk are not easily remedied. The walks should always be rolled three or four times in very hard showers, after which they will bind more firmly than otherwise they could ever be made to do. Gravel, with some loam among it, binds more firmly than the rawer kinds; and, when gravel is naturally very harsh and sharp, it is proper to add a mixture of loam to it. The best gravel for walks is such as abounds with smooth round pebbles, which, being mixed with a little loam, are bound so frmly together that they are never afterwards injured, either by wet or dry weather These are not so liable to be turned up by the feet in walking, as much more firmly in their places after rolling. the more irregularly shaped pebbles and remain

GRAVES (Richard), an English divine and 1715. He was a student of Pembroke College, Oxpoet, was born at Mickleton, in Gloucestershire in ford, and afterwards obtained a fellowship of All Souls. In 1750 he was presented to the rectory of Claverton near Bath; and Mr. Allen, of Prior park, added to it, in 1663, that of Kilmersdon. He died in 1804. His works are, 1. The Festoon, or Epigrams, 12mo. 2. Lucubrations in prose and rhyme. 3. The Spiritual Quixote, a novel, in 3 vols. 4. Columella, or the distressed Anchoret, 2 vols. 5. Euphrosyne, a collection of poems, 2 vols. 6. Eugenius, or the Golden Vale, 2 vols. 7. Recollections of particulars in the life of Shenstone. 8. Plexippus, or the aspiring Plebeian, 2 vols. 9. The Reveries of Solitude. 10. The Coalition, a comedy. 11. Sermons, 8vo. 12. The Farmer's Son, a moral tale. 13. The Invalid, with the Means of enjoying long Life. 14. Senilities. Besides these publications, he translated Marcus Antoninus' Meditations, and other books, from the Greek.

GRAVES, among the Jews, were generally out of the city, though there are instances of their interring the dead in towns. Frequent mention is made of graves upon mountains, in highways, in gardens, and private houses; so that nothing on this head seems to have been determined. The same may be observed with respect to the Greeks. The Thebans had a law that every person who built a house should provide a burial ground. Men who had distinguished themselves were frequently buried in the public forum. The most general custom was, however, to bury out of the city, chiefly by the highway side. The Romans were forbidden 'by the law of the twelve tables to bury or burn the dead in the city; but some had their sepulchres in Rome, though they paid a fine for the indulgence. See JEWS.

GRAVESANDE (William James), LL.D. and F. R.S., an eminent mathematician, born of an ancient family at Delft, in Holland, in 1688. He studied the civil law at Leyden, but mathematical learning was his favorite amusement. When he had taken his degree, in 1707, he settled at the Hague, and practised at the bar, in which situation he cultivated an acquaintance with learned men; with a society of whom he

published a periodical review, entitled Le Journal Literaire, which was continued without interruption from 1713 to 1742, when he died. The most considerable of his works are, 1. A Treatise on Perspective; 2. An Introduction to the Newtonian Philosophy, or A Treatise on the Elements of Physics, confirmed by Experiments. 3. A Treatise on the Elements of Algebra for the use of Young Students; and, 4. A Course of Logic and Metaphysics. The ministers of the republic consulted him on many occasions, and his skill in calculation was often of service to them; as well as his address in decyphering the secret correspondence of their enemies. In 1715 he was sent to the states to congratulate George I. on his accession; and, on his return, was appointed professor of mathematics and astronomy at Leyden, where he was the first that taught the Newtonian philosophy. He was intimately acquainted with Sir Isaac Newton.

GRAVESEND, a town of England, in Kent, situated on the banks of the Thames. It is twenty-three miles from London, and has a blockhouse mounted with cannon, to command the ships and river, opposite to Tilbury fort in Essex. This town was plundered and burnt by the French and Spaniards in the reign of Richard II., to compensate which, the king vested it and Milton with the sole privilege of carrying passengers by water to London, at 4s. the whole fare, or 2d. a-head, which was confirmed by Henry VIII. Coaches ply here at the landing of people from London, &c., to carry them to Rochester. This town and Milton were incorporated by queen Elizabeth, and granted some peculiar privileges. All outward-bound ships were formerly obliged to anchor in this road till they had been visited by the custom-house officers; but those homeward-bound always passed by without notice, unless to put waiters on board, if they are not supplied before. The town being burnt down in 1727, £5000 was granted by the parliament in 1731, to rebuild its church. In 1624 one Mr. Pinnock gave twenty-one dwelling houses, besides one for a master weaver, to employ the poor; and there is a charity school for twentyfour boys, who are both taught and clothed. The town-house was erected in 1764; and in 1772 an act was passed for paving and lighting the streets. Steam boats start for this town from the tower stairs every morning at eight o'clock, and return the same night.

GRAVINA (John Vincent), an eminent scholar and illustrious lawyer of Italy, born at Roggiano in 1664. He was professor of the canor law in the college of Sapienzi at Rome; where he died in 1718. His chief work is De ortu et progressu Juris Civilis.

GRAVINA, a considerable town and bishop's see of Naples, in the province of Bari, contains nine churches, and a population of 8800. Ten miles west of Matera, and twenty-seven south of Trani.

GRAVINA'S ISLANDS, three islands on the coast of North-West America, from twenty to fifty miles in circumference, separated by narrow channels, covered with innumerable rocky islets. They lie between Clarence's Strait and the canal de Revilla Gigedo, and extend about forty

miles from north-west to south-east. Long. 228° 24′ to 229° 5′ E., lat. 54° 52′ to 55° 27′ N.

GRAVITY, OF GRAVITATION (for they are most commonly used synonymously), signifies either the force by which bodies are pressed towards the surface of the earth, or the manifest effect of that force; in which last sense the word has the same signification with weight or heaviness. Concerning gravity in the first sense of the word, or that active power by which all bodies are impelled towards the earth, there have been great disputes. Many eminent philosophers, and among the rest Sir Isaac Newton himself, have considered it as the first of all second causes; an incorporeal or spiritual substance, which never can be perceived any other way than by its effects: a universal property of matter, &c. Others have attempted to explain the phenomena of gravitation by the action of a very subtile ethereal fluid; and to this explanation Sir Isaac, in the latter part of his life, seems not to have been averse. He has even given a conjecture concerning the matter in which this fluid might occasion these phenomena. But for a full account of the discoveries of this great philosopher concerning the laws of gravitation, the conjectures made by him and others concerning its cause, the various objections that have been made to its doctrine, and the state of the dispute at present, see the articles ASTRONOMY, ATMOSPHERE, ATTRACTION, EARTH, ELECTRICITY, FIRE, LIGHT, NEWTONIAN PHILOSOPHY, REPULSION, PLENUM, VACUUM, &C.

GRAVITY, SPECIFIC, denotes the weight belonging to an equal bulk of every different substance. Thus the exact weight of a cubic inch of gold, compared with a cubic inch of water, tin, lead, &c., is called its specific gravity.

GRAUNT (Edward), an eminent English grammarian of the sixteenth century. He was head master of Westminster school, and published a work entitled Græcæ Linguæ Specilegium, et Institutio Græcæ Grammaticæ. He died in 1601.

GRAUNT (John), F.R.S., author of a curious and celebrated book, entitled Natural and Political Observations made upon the Bills of Mortality. He was a haberdasher, but gave up his trade, and all public employments, on account of his religion He was educated a Puritan ; afterwards professed himself a Socinian; but at last died a Roman Catholic in 1674.

GRAVY, n.s. From Sax. gneofa, a pan, and fær, fat, i. e. the fat of the pan. The serous juice that runs from flesh at the fire.

Meat we love half raw, with the blood trickling dowu from it, delicately terming it the gravy, which in truth looks more like an ichorous or raw bloody matter. Harvey on Consumptions. broth made of vegetables Arbuthnot on Aliments.

than of any gravy soup. There may be stronger

GRAY, adj. & n. s. Sax. gnæz; Teut.grau; GRAY-BEARD, n. s. Dut. graau. A word GRAY LING, n. s. generally descriptive of GRAY'NESS, n. s. color, as white with a mixture of black; the color of ashes; twilight; hoary with age. Gray-beard is a contemptuous term applied to old men. Grayling, a fish.

Chief; principal.

Tillotson.

Magnanimous; generous; high-minded.
In her every thing was goodly and stately; yet so,

you

To render up the great seal presently.

ancient bearer to the humbleness.

Shakspeare. Henry VIII. For, still, one line another draweth on, And line by line great workes at last are done.

Sidney. Great men have always scorned great recompenses: Epaminondas saved his Thebes, and died Not leaving even his funeral expenses.

Byron.

Geo. Withers.

Great things, and full of wonder. Milton.

Of high rank; of large power.

It is not long since these two eyes beheld
A mightie prince, of most renowned race,
Whom England high in count of honour held,
And greatest ones did sue to gaine his grace;
Of greatest ones he greatest in his place.

Spenser. Faerie Queone. Such men as he be never at heart's ease, Whilst they behold a greater than themselves. Shakspeare.

Worthiest by being good,

Far more than great or high. Milton. Misfortune made the throne her seat, And none could be unhappy but the great.

He disdained not to appear at great tables and festival entertainments.

intellectually great; sublime.

Atterbury.