and willing to serve. This equitable proposal was rejected with vehemence. The adherents of the church complained that the ruin which they feared from the Papists, in the preceding reign, was now to be dreaded from the Protestant dissenters. They affirmed that, if the established religion was to be destroyed, it mattered little by whose hands it must fall. A bill, brought in by the ministry for abrogating the former oaths of supremacy and allegiance, was therefore rejected. An attempt to dispense with the sacramental test was also made without success. The court party proposed that any man should be sufficiently qualified for any office, by producing a certificate of his having received the sacrament in any Protestant congregation. But this proposition was rejected in the house of lords by a great majority. William repeated his attempts of a comprehension; but he was ultimately unsuccessful, and, in the coronation oath, the church party inserted a clause binding the king to maintain the Protestant religion as established by law.' To this clause William is said to have discovered an apparent unwillingness to swear, and his government was, for some time, but in a very tottering condition. Either through want of health, or inclination, the king interfered but little in the affairs of the nation. Ireland was strangely neglected. Halifax and Danby, who had, in a manner, raised the king to the throne, caballed with his enemies. They perceived that the people were beginning to be discontented; and that every thing seemed to indicate another change. Halifax himself declared, that, were James to conform, he could not be kept four months from re-ascending his throne. From these apparent discontents of the nation, the friends and emissaries of James assumed more boldness. They tampered with the servants of the crown, and inflamed the army. The former they alarmed with the prospect of a sudden change; the latter they roused into indignation by the manifest preference given by William to his countrymen the Dutch.

Though the kingdom of Scotland did not at first recognise the authority of William, yet the party of James never attained sufficient strength to be of any effectual service to him in that kingdom. Thirty Scotch peers, and nearly eighty gentlemen, then in London, had waited, in the beginning of January, on the prince of Orange. Without any authority from the regency still subsisting in Edinburgh, they formed themselves into a kind of convention, and the prince of Orange, in a formal manner, asked their advice. He withdrew, and they adjourned to the council chamber at Whitehall. The duke of Hamilton, being chosen president, explained the distracted state of Scotland. He represented that disorders, anarchy, and confusion, prevailed ; and he urged the necessity of placing power somewhere, till a convention of the states should be called to form a lasting and solid settlement. When the heads of their address to the prince of Orange were settled, and ordered to be ingrossed, the earl of Arran unexpectedly arose, and proposed to invite back the king. The meeting, however, adhered to the prince of Orange; and waited on him in a body, requesting him to take the administration into his hards. He thanked them for the trust

they had reposed in him, and a convention was ordered to meet at Edinburgh on the 14th of March: in which it was provided that no exception or limitation whatever should be made as to religion, except that the members should be Protestants. A secession, however, was made from this convention, in favor of James. The archbishop of Glasgow, the earl of Balcarras, and the viscount Dundee, were authorised by an instrument signed by the late king, at that time in Ireland, to call a convention of the states at Stirling. But this measure was defeated, first by the wavering disposition of the marquis of Athol, and afterwards by the delay and folly of the rest of the party. At last Dundee, being alarmed by information of a design formed by the convenanters to assassinate him, left Edinburgh at the head of fifty horse. When he passed under the walls of the castle, the duke of Gordon, who held that place, and favored the cause of James, called him to a conference. He scrambled up the precipice, and informed the duke of his designs in favor of the late king. He conjured him to hold out the castle, under a certainty of being relieved. The novelty of the sight collected multitudes of spectators. The convention was alarmed. The president ordered the doors to be locked, and the keys to be laid upon the table. The drums were beat to alarm the town. A number of ill armed retainers were gathered together in the street by the earl of Leven. Dundee, in the mean time, rode off with his party; but, when they found themselves secure, the duke of Hamilton adjourned the convention; which relieved the adherents of James from apprehensions for their own safety. Fifty members retired from Edinburgh; and that circumstance procured a unanimity in all the succeeding resolutions of the convention. Soon after this it was determined, in a committee, that James had 'forefaulted' his right to the throne, which was thereby become vacant. This resolution was approved by the convention, and another was drawn up for raising William and Mary to the vacant throne; in consequence of which they were proclaimed at Edinburgh on the 11th of April, 1689.

The castle of Edinburgh was still retained før king James, by the duke of Gordon; but despairing of any relief, and pressed by a siege, he surrendered it on the 13th of June; and the adherents of James, greatly disconcerted at this misfortune, now turned their eyes to the viscount Dundee. That nobleman, having been in vain urged by the convention to return, they had declared a fugitive, an out-law, and a rebel; and general Mackay had been sent to Scotland by William, with four regiments of foot, and one of dragoons, to support his interests. Dundee, being apprised of his design to surprise him, retired to the Grampian Mountains with a few horse: thence he marched to Gordon Castle, where he was joined by the earl of Dunfermline with fifty gentlemen. He then passed through the county of Murray to Inverness. He now (8th May) wrote letters, from Badenoch, to the chiefs of all the clans, appointing them to meet at a general rendezvous in Lochaber, on the 18th of the same month. In the mean time, passing

suddenly through Athol, he surprised the town of Perth, and, in hopes of gaining to his party the two troops of Scotch dragoons who lay at Dundee, he marched suddenly to that place: but the fidelity of captain Balfour, who com manded them, disappointed his views. Having raised the land-tax as he passed, Dundee returned through Athol and Rannoch to hold the diet of rendezvous at Lochaber. Here he was reinforced by several Highland chieftains, so that his army amounted to 1500 men. With this force he pursued Mackay for four days. Soon after, however, Dundee found himself surrounded with many difficulties. The officers of the Scotch dragoons, who held a secret correspondence with him, wrote him false intelligence, as an excuse for their own fears; and the natives of the low country, who served in his ariny, quitted him without leave. At last, he himself fell sick, while Mackay hovered on his rear. A slight skirmish happened, in which the Highlanders prevailed; but they lost their baggage during the action. Dundee at length arrived at Ruthven; but Mackay, being reinforced with a body of 1200 men, advanced against him, and other regiments had arrived at Perth and Dumblain. The Highlanders now deserted every night by hundreds; their gallant leader himself was forced to retire to Lochaber, where only 200 of his whole force remained with him; and, to complete his misfortunes, he received at the same time news of the surrender of the castle of Edinburgh.

On the 23rd of June letters arrived from king James, with a promise of immediate succours from Ireland; upon which Dundee ordered the neighbouring clans to assemble round his standard. But still he had scarcely any thing but the mere bodies of his men with which he could prosecute the war. The Highlanders were armed only with their own weapons, and he had not more than forty pounds of powder in his whole army. All difficulties, however, were surmounted by the active spirit of the general, for whom the army entertained an enthusiastic zeal. On the 17th July he met the king's forces under general Mackay, near the pass of Killicranky. An engagement ensued, in which the Highlanders were victorious: 2000 of Mackay's men were lost either in the field or in the pursuit; but the victory cost the Highlanders dear, for their brave general was mortally wounded. He survived the battle however, and wrote an account of the victory to king James: he even imagined his wound was not mortal; but he died the next morning at Blair. With him ended all the hopes of James in Scotland. Colonel Cannon, who succeeded Dundee in the command, possessed neither his popularity nor his abilities. After some insignificant actions, in which the valor of the soldiers was more conspicuous than the conduct of their leader, the Highlanders deserted in disgust; and the war soon after ended favorably for William, without any repulse given to his enemies.

During the troubles, which had terminated in placing William on the throne of England, the two parties in Ireland were kept in a kind of tranquillity by their mutual fears. The Protestants were terrified at the prospect of another

massacre; and the Papists expected every day to be invaded by the joint forces of the English and Dutch. Their terrors, however, were ill founded; for though Tyrconnel sent several messages to the prince, that he was ready to deliver up the kingdom to any force that might make a surrender decent, his offers were always rejected. William was persuaded by the marquis of Halifax, that, should Ireland yield, no pretence could remain for keeping an army in pay; that then, having no force to compel allegiance, he might as easily be turned out as he had been brought into the country; that the English nation could never remain long in a state of good humor; and that he might perceive they already began to be discontented. These insidious arguments induced William to neglect Ireland until Tyrconnel affected to adhere to James. The whole military force of the kingdom at that time amounted only to 4000 men, and of these only 600 were in Dublin. But an half-armed rabble, rather than an army, was now suddenly raised in various parts of the kingdom. Having no pay from the king, they regarded no discipline, and subsisted by depredation. The Protestants in the north armed themselves in their own defence; and the city of Londonderry, relying on its situation, and a slight wall, shut its gates against the newly raised army. Protestant parties in the mean time rose every where, declaring their resolution to unite in self-defence, to preserve the Protestant religion, to continue their dependence on England, and to promote the meeting of a free parliament. To preserve appearances, William sent general Hamilton, an Irishman and a Roman Catholic, to treat with Tyrconnel; but, instead of persuading that lord to yield to William, this messenger advised him to adhere to James. In the mean time James himself assured the lord deputy that he was ready to sail from Brest with a powerful armament; and Hamilton, assuming spirit from the hopes of this aid, marched against the northern insurgents. They were routed with considerable slaughter at Drumore; and Hilsborough, where they had fixed their head quarters, was taken without resistance: the city of Londonderry, however, resolved to hold out to the last extremity. On the 7th of March, 1689, James embarked at Brest. The expedition consisted of fourteen ships of war, six frigates, and three fire-ships: 1200 of his native subjects in the pay of France, and 100 French officers. He landed at Kinsale without opposition on the 12th of the month, and was received with the utmost demonstrations of joy. His first care was to secure, in the fort of Kinsale, the money, arms, and ammunition, which he brought from France; and put the town in some posture of defence: he then advanced to Cork. Tyrconnel arrived at this place soon after, and brought intelligence of the route at Drumore. The king was so much pleased with his attachment and services, that he created him a duke; after which he himself advanced towards Dublin. The condition of the multitude, who poured round him under the name of an army, was not calculated however to raise his hopes of success. Most of them were only provided with clubs; some had sticks ti; t

with iron; and, even of those who were best armed, scarcely two in 100 had muskets fit for service. Their very numbers distressed their sovereign, and ruined the country. James, in fact, resolved to disband the greatest part of them. He reserved only fourteen regiments of horse and dragoons, and thirty-five regiments of foot; the rest he ordered to their respective homes. Being received at Dublin, with an appearance of universal joy, James proceeded immediately to business. He ordered, by proclamation, all Protestants who had abandoned the kingdom to return; and, in a second proclamation, commanded all Papists, except those in his army, to lay up their arms, and put an end to the robberies and depredations which they had committed. He raised the value of the currency by a proclamation; and summoned a parliament to meet on the 7th of May. The Protestant clergy represented their grievances in an address; and the university of Dublin appeared with complaints and congratulations. He assured the first of his absolute protection, and a full redress; and he promised the latter not only to defend, but even to enlarge their privileges. On the 8th of April James left Dublin, resolved to lead his army against the insurgents in person. They returned before him, and the king laid siege to Londonderry. The besieged made such a vigorous resistance as has made the place ever since remarkable (see LONDONDERRY); but, being reduced to the last extremity, they would have been obliged to surrender, had they not been relieved, on the 28th of July, by seven ships laden with provisions: on which the siege was immediately raised.

The distressed situation of James, and his absolute dependence upon France, now drove him into the wildest measures. He resolved to coin pieces of copper, which should be received for silver, and the people received this fictitious coin in hopes of being repaid in a more favorable state of affairs. A tax of £20,000 a month was granted for thirteen months by the parliament; and in the mean time the king endeavoured to support the former revenue. He opened a trade with France to supply the want of commerce with England. But the French, knowing their own importance, and the necessity of the unfortunate monarch's affairs, claimed and obtained advantages in traffic which offended his subjects. To add to the distress of James, Ireland was now invaded by 10,000 men under the command of the duke of Schomberg. They appeared on the 12th of August, 1689, in ninety transports, on the coast of Donaghadee. Next day Schomberg landed without opposition his army, horses, and train of artillery. Having marched to Belfast, on the 15th, he continued in that place four days to refresh his troops. He then invested Carrickfergus, and threw into it 1000 bombs, which laid the houses in ashes. The garrison, having spent their powder to the last barrel, marched out with all the honors of

war.

But Schomberg's soldiers broke the capitulation. They disarmed and stripped the inhabitants, without regard to sex or quality; even women, stark naked, were publicly whipped between the lines; aud all this under pretence

of cruelties of the same kind having been committed by the Papists. Though Schomberg was an experienced general, who had passed a life of eighty years almost continually in the field, he found himself at a loss how to carry on the war in Ireland. He did not consider the dangers that threatened the health of his troops by confining them too long in one place; and he kept them in a low moist camp near Dundalk, almost without firing of any kind; so that the men fell into fevers and fluxes, and died in great numbers. The enemy were not less afflicted with similar disorders. Both camps remained for some time in sight of each other; and at last, the rainy season approaching, both armies quitted their camps at the same time, and retired into winter quarters. The bad success of the campaign, and the miserable state of the Protestants in Ireland, at length induced William to attempt their relief in person. Accordingly he left London on the 4th of June 1690, and arrived at Carrickfergus on the 14th of that month. Thence he passed to Lisburn, the head quarters of the duke of Schomberg, and reviewed his army at Lough-Britland, consisting of 36,000 men, English, Dutch, German, Danes, and French. Being supplied with every necessary, and in high health and spirits, they seemed absolutely certain of victory. The Irish army, having abandoned Ardee at their approach, fell back to the south of the Boyne. On the bank of that river they were joined by James, who had marched from Dublin at the head of his French auxiliaries. The banks of the Boyne were steep; the south side hilly, and fortified with ditches. The river itself was deep, and it rose very high with the tide. These advantages induced James, contrary to the opinion of his officers, to keep possession of this post. His army was inferior to his opponent's in numbers, and discipline; but flight, he thought, would dispirit his troops, and tarnish his own reputation; he therefore resolved to put the fate of Ireland to the issue; and the celebrated battle of the BoYNE (see that article) was fought on the 30th of June. While his troops were yet fighting, he quitted his station; and, leaving orders to guard the pass at Duleek, made the best of his way to Dublin. He advised the magistrates of that city to make the best terms they could with the victors; and he himself set out for Waterford, where he immediately embarked for France. When he first deserted his troops at the Boyne, O'Regan, an old Irish captain, was heard to say, 'That, if the English would exchange generals, the conquered army would fight them over again.' The victory at the Boyne was by no means decisive, however, and the friends of James resolved to continue their opposition to William. Sarsfield, a popular and experienced general, put himself at the head of the army that had been routed at the Boyne, and went farther into the country to defend the banks of the Shannon. Jaines appointed at this time a French officer, M. St. Ruth, to a superior command over Sarsfield, which gave the Irish universal discontent. On the other hand, general Ginkle, who had been appointed to command the English army in the absence of William, advanced towards the Shannon to meet the

enemy. The only place where it was fordable was at Athlone, a strong walled town built on both sides of the river, and in the hands of James's friends. The English soon made themselves masters of one side of the river: but the opposite bank, being vigorously defended, was long thought impregnable. At length it was resolved in a council of war, that a body of troops should ford the stream in the face of the enemy who were driven from their works. St. Ruth marched his army to their relief, but he came too late; and his own guns were turned against him: upon which he instantly marched to Aughrim, at ten miles distance, where he determined to wait the English army. Ginkle did not decline the combat, though he had only 18,000 men, while the Irish were above 25,000 strong. A desperate engagement ensued; but at last, St. Ruth being killed, his troops gave way on all sides, and retreated to Limerick, where they made a brave and final stand, after having lost nearly 5000 of their best men.

The siege of Limerick commenced August 25th, 1691; and six weeks were spent before the place without any decisive effect. The garrison was well supplied with provisions, and provided with all the means of defence. The winter approaching, Ginkle had orders to finish the war upon any terms: he therefore offered such conditions, as the Irish, had they been victors, could scarcely have refused with prudence. He agreed, that all in arms should receive their pardon: that their estates should be restored, their attainders annulled, and their outlawries reversed: that none should be liable for debts incurred through deeds done in the course of hostilities: that all Roman Catholics should enjoy the same toleration with regard to their religion, as in the reign of Charles II.; that no oaths but that of allegiance should be required of high or low: and that should the troops, or any number of them, choose to retire into any foreign service, they should be conveyed to the continent at the expense of king William. The lords justices had arrived from Dublin on the 1st of October. They signed the articles together with Ginkle; and thus the Irish Papists put a happy period to a war which threatened their party with absolute ruin. In consequence of this, about 14,000 of thos who had fought for king James went over to France, having transports provided by government for conveying them thither. When they arrived, James thanked them for their loyalty, and told them that they should still fight for their old master; and that he had obtained an order from the king of France for their being new clothed, and put into quarters of refreshment. In this manner all James's expectations from Ireland were entirely frustrated, and the kingdom submitted quietly to the English government.

In the beginning of 1692 an action of unexampled barbarity disgraced the government of William in Scotland. In consequence of a pacification with the Highlanders, in the preceding August, a proclamation of indemnity had been issued to such insurgents as should take the oaths to the king and queen, on or before the last day of December. The chiefs of the few tribes who had been in arms for James com

plied soon after with the proclamation: but Macdonald of Glenco failed in submitting within the limited time; more, however, from accident than design. In the end of December he came to colonel Hill, who commanded the garrison in Fort William, to take the oaths of allegiance to the government. Hill having furnished Macdonald with a letter to Sir Colin Campbell, sheriff of the county of Argyle, directed him to repair immediately to Inverary, to make his submission in a legal manner. The way to Inverary lay through almost impassable mountains: the season was extremely rigorous, and the whole country covered with a deep snow. So eager, however, was Macdonald to take the oaths, before the limited time should expire, that, though the road lay within half a mile of his own house, he would not stop to visit his family. After various obstructions he arrived at Inverary. The time was elapsed, and the sheriff hesitated to receive his submission; until Macdonald prevailed upon him by his importunities, and even tears. But Sir John Dalrymple, afterwards earl of Stair, king William's secretary of State for Scotland, meanly took advantage of Macdonald's neglecting to take the oaths within the time prescribed; and procured from the king a warrant of military execution against him and his whole tribe. As a mark of his own eagerness, or to save Dalrymple, William signed the warrant, both above and below, with his own hand. The secretary, in letters expressive of a brutal ferocity of mind, urged the officers who commanded in the Highlands to execute their orders with the utinost rigor. Campbell of Glenlyon, a captain in Argyle's regiment, and two subalterns, were ordered with 120 men to repair to Glenco on the 1st of February. Campbell, being uncle to young Macdonald's wife, was received by the father with great friendship and hospitality. The men were treated in the houses of his tenants with free quarters and kind entertainment. Till the 13th of the month, the troops lived in good humor and familiarity with the people. The officers on the very night of the massacre passed the evening, and played at cards in Macdonald's house. In the night, however, lieutenant Lindsay, with a party of soldiers, called in a friendly manner at the door. He was instantly admitted: when Macdonald, as he was rising, was shot dead through his back. His wife had already put on her clothes; but was stripped naked by the soldiers, who tore the rings off her fingers with their teeth. The slaughter was now general. To prevent the pity of the soldiers to their hosts, their quarters had been changed the night before. Neither age nor infirmity was spared. Some women, in defending their children, were killed; boys, imploring mercy, were shot by officers, on whose knees they hung. In one place nine persons, as they sat enjoying themselves at table, were shot dead by the soldiers. At Inveriggen, in Campbell's own quarters, nine men were first bound by the soldiers, and then shot at intervals, one by one. Nearly forty persons were massacred by the troops. Several who fled to the mountains perished by famine and the inclemency of the season: those who escaped owed their lives to a tempestuous night. Lieutenant colone!

Hamilton, who had the charge of the execution from Dalrymple, was on his march with 400 men, to guard all the passes from the valley of Glenco; but was obliged to stop by the severity of the weather, which proved the safety of the rest of the tribe. He entered the valley next day; laid the houses in ashes; and carried away all the cattle and spoil, which were divided among the officers and soldiers.

It has been supposed, that it was partly to efface the remembrance of this massacre, and the superficial enquiry which afterwards took place respecting it, above-mentioned, that the king caused his commissioner to declare in the Scots parliament, That if the members found it would tend to the advancement of trade, that an act should be passed for the encouragement of such as should acquire and establish a plantation in Africa, America, or any other part of the world where plantations might be lawfully acquired, his majesty was willing to declare he would grant to the subjects of this kingdom, in favor of these plantations, such rights and privileges as he granted, in like cases, to the subjects of his other dominions.' Relying on this, and other flattering promises, the nobility and gentry of Scotland advanced £400,000 towards the establishment of a company for carrying on an East and West India trade; and 1200 veterans, who had served in king William's wars, were sent to effect a settlement on the peninsula of DARIEN. See that article. But the new settlers were soon abandoned to their fate, though many of them had been covered with wounds in fighting his battles. The disappointment of the people, upon receiving authentic accounts of the ruin of their colony, was great and universal. The whole nation seemed to join in the clamor that was raised against their new sovereign.

The reduction of Ireland, and the dispersion of the Highland chieftains who favored his cause, did not entirely exterminate the hopes of James. His chief expectations were now founded on a conspiracy among his English adherents, and in the succours promised by the French king. A plot was first formed in Scotland by Sir James Montgomery; a person, who, from being an adherent to William, now turned against him: but the project was ill contrived, and altogether an abortion. To this another succeeded, which seemed to threaten more serious consequences, as it was managed by the Whig party, who were the most formidable in the state. A number of these joined themselves to the Tories, and both made advances to the adherents of the late king. They assembled to gether and the result of their deliberations was, that the restoration of James was to be effected entirely by foreign forces; that he should sail for Scotland, and be there joined by 5000 Swedes; who, because they were of the protestant religion, would, it was thought, remove a part of the odium which attended an invasion by foreigners; it was concerted that assistance should at the same time be sent from France, and that full liberty of conscience should be proclaimed throughout the kingdom. To save time, it was resolved to send over to France two

trusty persons to consult with the banished monarch; and lord Preston and Mr. Ashton were appointed for this embassy. Both of them, however, were seized when they least expected it, by order of lord Caermarthen. Both were condemned: Ashton being executed without making any confession; but lord Preston had not the same resolution. Upon an offer of par don, he discovered a great number of his associates; among whom were the duke of Ormond, lord Dartmouth, and lord Clarendon. The French at last became sensible of their bad policy in not having better supported the cause of James, and therefore resolved to make a descent upon England in his favor. In pursuance of this scheme, the French king supplied Jaines with an army consisting of a body of French troops, some English and Scots refugees, and the Irish regiments which had been transported into France from Limerick. This army was assembled between Cherbourg and La Hogue, and commanded by king James in person. More than 300 transports were provided for landing it on the opposite coast; and Tourville, the French admiral, at the head of sixty-three ships of the line, was appointed to favor the attempt. His orders were, at all events, to attack the enemy, in case they should oppose him; so that every thing promised the banished king a change of fortune. These preparations were soon known at the English court, and every precaution taken for a vigorous opposition. The machinations of the banished king's adherents were discovered to the English ministry. The duke of Marlborough, lord Godolphin, and even the princess Anne herself, were violently suspected of disaffection; preparations, however, were made with great tranquillity and resolution, to resist the growing storm. Admiral Russel was ordered to put to sea with all possible expedi tion; and he soon appeared with ninety-nine ships of the line, besides frigates and fire-ships. At the head of this formidable fleet, he set sail for the coast of France; and near La Hogue discovered the enemy, who prepared to give him battle. The engagement began between the two admirals, with great fury, on Thursday morning, May 19th, 1692; and the rest of the fleet soon followed their example. The battle lasted for ten hours; but at last victory declared on the side of numbers; the French fled for Conquet road, having lost four ships in the first day's action. The pursuit continued for two days; three French ships of the line were destroyed the next day; and eighteen more, which had taken refuge in the bay of La Hogue, were burnt by Sir George Rooke. Thus were all the French preparations frustrated; and so decisive was the blow, that from this time France long relinquished all claims to the sovereignty of the

ocean.

This decisive victory over the French fleet also put an end to the hopes of James. No further attempts were made in his favor, except some plots to assassinate king William, which ended only in the destruction of those who formed them. But it was never fairly proved that James countenanced these plots. In 1697 the abbé de Polignac, ambassador from France