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that they were a sort of intermediate powers, who acted as mediators between gods and men : that they were the interpreters and agents of the gods; communicated their wills to men; and prayers and vows of men to the gods. As they thought it below the majesty of the gods to enter into such trifling concerns, they esteemed this the lot of the genii, whose nature was a mean between the two; who derived immortality from the one, and passions from the other; and who had a body framed of an aerial matter. Most of the philosophers, however, held, that the genii of particular men were born and died with them; and Plutarch attributes he ceasing of oracles partly to the death of the genii. See ORACLE. Those heathens, who considered the genii as the guardians of particular persons, believed that they rejoiced and were afflicted at the good or ill fortune that befel their wards. They never, or very rarely, appeared to them, and then only in favor of some person of extraordinary virtue or dignity. They likewise held a great difference between the genii of different men; and that some were much more powerful than others: on this principle a wizard in Appian bids Antony keep at a distance from Octavius, as Antony's genius was inferior to and stood in awe of that of Octavius. There were also evil genii, who took a pleasure in persecuting men, and bringing them evil tidings; such was that in Paterculus, &c., which appeared to Brutus the night before the battle of Philippi.

GENNESARETH, in ancient geography, a lake of Lower Galilee, called also Cinnereth, Cinereth, or Chinnereth, by Moses; 140 stadia in length, and forty in breadth; abounding in fish. St. Matthew calls it the Sea of Galilee, and St. John the Sea of Tiberias.

GENOA (Ital. Genova), a handsome maritime city of Italy, formerly the capital of a republican state of this name, which extended along the shores of that part of the Mediterranean called the gulf of Genoa. This territory, while independent, was described as about 152 miles in length, but varying in its breadth from eight to twenty miles. It was bounded on the north by Piedmont, the Milanese, and the Parmesan, on the east by the states of the duke of Tuscany, on the south by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the west by the county of Nice. It was a part of the ancient Liguria, whence the French named it in modern times the Ligurian Republic. It lies between 7° 27′ and 9° 25′ E. long., and between 43° 40′ and 45° 0' N. lat. It was transferred to Sardinia by the congress of Vienna, and now forms a province of that kingdom.

The city of Genoa rises from the northern extremity of the gulf in the form of an amphitheatre, the hill on which it is situated exhibiting its large white houses, and numerous public edifices, in striking contrast with the dark cliffs of the shore, and the naked sterility of the Appennines behind them. On the land side a double wall surrounds this ancient abode of commerce and the arts: the inner one is about six miles in circuit; the outer, called the Nuova Thura, including several hills, is perhaps twice that length. Two of the streets at one time consisted entirely of a double

straight row of magnificent palaces: and the Strada Balbi, the Strada Nuova, and the Strada Nuovissima, are still spoken of by travellers as having a striking and magnificent coup d'œil. The others, though clean and well paved, are generally narrow, crooked, and some of them remarkably steep. The palaces of the ci-devant nobility are almost all of marble, and many of them are painted on the outside. That where the doge resided, and where the great and little council, and the two colleges of the procuratori and governatori assembled, is a large stone building in the centre of the city. It contains some fine paintings in fresco; two statues of Andrew and John Doria in white marble; and an arsenal, which used to contain arms for 34,000 men, and thirty-three coats of mail, which, it is said, were worn by as many Genoese heroines in a crusade. The residences of the Durazzo, Doria, Pallavicini, Balbi, and Corrego families are also much admired. Many of the façades of these palaces are painted in fresco in a very superior style.

The Palazzo Durazzo, still belonging to a signore of that name, is one of the finest in Genoa. Lady Morgan's lively description of it will give the reader a correct idea both of the rest of these edifices and the existing manners of the Genoese. The superb portico is ornamented with columns of white marble of the Doric order its vast court is rich in architecture, fountains, and hanging terraces, and four flights of broad marble steps lead to its immense anti-chamber, the first apartment of that attic suite, called in Genoa the Mezzari Nobili Superiori: for the household economy of Genoa, as in many other cities of Italy, is the reverse of what it is in England. The narrow street and high dark opposite walls make the lower floors exceedingly disagreeable and gloomy; and the garret contains the rooms of state and ceremony, the cabinets of the relics of former grandeur; while the impoverished or degenerated lords are niched into an entresol, or mezzanini, half way between the first floor and the last.

The porticoes, or entrances of the Genoese' palaces, resemble in nothing the hall of a noble English residence, or the court of a French hotel. There is no sturdy porter to be roused from his leathern convenience,' to give or deny admission, with a growl and a frown: no bluff Swiss, nor maniérée demoiselle, to pop their head over the half-door of the lodge, and receive commands and answer enquiries. The sole occupant of these magnificent structures (where there is any) is a cobbler, perhaps, or a stocking-grafter, who pays for being permitted to ply his profession amidst the sculptures of Michael Angelo and the frescoes of Carloni, by keeping out dogs, or preventing the idle and the filthy from sleeping on the stairs, or corridors,-all open to public intrusion. In one of the porticoes of these beautiful palaces we found a mattress-cleaner very busy at his filthy work; and in the nobler apartments of another, the anti-room was occupied by a laundress. Several of the lower and lesser rooms were hired out to poor tradesmen; and many of the superior apartments were occupied by the ministers of the corps diplomatique

Some, however, were inhabited by the noble families to whom they belonged; but in the autumn almost all the Genoese aristocracy are at their villas. It was to one of these Jobsons we were frequently indebted (when we went alone) for information of how we were to proceed, or which flight of stairs we were to ascend, or where we had a chance of finding the custode or person retained for showing the palace: but their Genoese jargon occasionally prevented our deriving any benefit from their information:-though all the lower orders understand Italian, few speak it. 'As we ascended the magnificent stairs of the Durazzo, we met a half-starved dog chasing down a hen; and, after repeatedly ringing at the folding doors of the anti-room of the Mezzari nobili superiori, they were at last thrown open by a man with a boot on one hand and a brush in the other-who, at once understanding the object of our visit, drew on a fine old livery coat, which hung upon a marble bust by Filippo Parodi, and led the way through that long and interminable suite of apartments, whose walls were enriched with chefs-d'œuvre of the arts, whose floors were of marble, and whose roofs were of gold. Galleries, cabinets, terraces, rooms variously named and variously decorated, appeared in endless succession-all covered with dust, touched by decay, and abandoned to solitude. Still there is something very fine in the Genoese nobility, under the weight of their ruined fortunes and depressed spirits, retaining these noble mansions, preserving the least of their countless objects of art, and consecrating these images of their ancient wealth and influence to the memory of their nation's past prosperity, and to the admiration of foreign curiosity. They can indeed no longer spread the splendid board, nor fill the gilded hall; but their palaces are still open to gratify the stranger's research, and to improve his taste. They are not even closed against the visitors of that nation who imposed the chain, while they accepted the rites of hospitality; and who, under the semblance of liberty and friendship, betrayed the confidence, and broke the trust, reposed in them by their generous hosts.

'The architectural defects of the Palazzo Durazzo appear to be the breaking up of its vastness into a number of small rooms; each indeed interesting, as bearing the name of the great master whose works cover its walls; but defective as forming a part of the great whole. Even the famous gallery is but a long narrow strip, infinitely too small for its splendid and curious collection of statues and sculptures, ancient and modern. The ornaments and roof of this apartment, all of the richest carving, gilding, and painting, are by Parodi. The frescoes represent the destruction of the four great empires; a good republican subject, and curiously treated. Each empire is represented by some of its well-known historical tyrants, as Darius, Sardanapalus, Ptolemy, and Augustulus, surrounded by Syrensthe Montespans, Pompadours, Nell Gwins, &c. of antiquity. Besides the historical paintings of the great masters, the family portraits of the Durazzo, as in all the other palaces, by such painters as Titian, Vandyke, and Tintoretto, are of great interest. Here, in their habits of ceremony, as

doges and ambassadors, range the ancient Durazzi, with all their insignia of wealth and splendor. Here too with large, languid, dark eyes, and primitive airs, still bloom the Madonna Francescas, Caterinas, and other beauties of this distinguished house. Some of them are encircled (as the mothers of free states should be) by their children; and all of them, clothed in the stand-on-end velvet of the Genoese looms, exhibit great richness of ornament, and are covered with Venetian chains and foreign gems, the produce of their husbands' commerce in the Levant. Among these domestic portraits, we found a picture of our own unfortunate Anne Boleyn, by Holbein. It is extremely curious for its costume; but in the meagre red-haired lady, here represented, there is nothing to excuse the adulterous passion of Henry VIII. though something to account for his cutting off a head, which had not one charm to plead for it. Holbein, though a bold, was a most unlovely painter. Opposite to Anne Boleyn hangs a delicious picture of the holiest and fairest of royal saints, queen Catherine of Sweden, by that painter whose type of beauty was all divine, yet all melancholy, the true delineator of a crucified Deity-Carlo Dolce! The Sala Paolo, so called from its chefd'œuvre, by Paul Veronese, is the most interesting of the suite, merely because it does contain this picture, so well known, so often and so accurately copied, so delightful to gaze on, so dangerous to describe. The subject is Mary Magdalen at the feet of Christ in the house of the Pharisee. Never was a sacred subject so humanly conceived, more divinely executed.'

Genoa is the see of an archbishop who presides over the four suffragan dioceses into which the former republic is divided. The established religion is Catholic, but all other sects (including even the Jews) are tolerated. There is an old university here having a vast library, but all the faculties' seem to languish within its walls. Before the late revolutionary times, the number of churches in Genoa was thirty-two, and of religious houses seventy. Several of the former are master-pieces of architecture, but all are most gaudily ornamented. The church of the Annunciation, and the cathedral, are the most admired. That of Carignano was built at the expense of a single citizen, whose grandson erected the bridge of that name, which joins two hills, and forms one of the most favorite promenades. The theatres are three in number. The great hospital for the sick and infirm, and the Albergo dei Poveri, or poor-house, are noble buildings; but their once ample funds have been greatly intruded upon by their late masters. The public stores of wine, oil, and wood, from which the middling and lower classes may purchase, are however still kept up: and the inns here are considered commodious.

Genoa still conducts a considerable export trade in rice, fruit, and olive oil, as likewise in her manufactures, of silk, damasks, and velvets. The annual value of the silk and satin manufactures is from £200,000 to £300,000; the raw material being partly raised at home, and partly imported from Sicily, Calabria, and the Levant, From Sicily also corn is imported, and occasionally from Barbary; iron and naval stores from

the Baltic, linen and sail-cloth from Germany, and from England, tin, lead, hardware, and cottons. To these may be added wool from Spain, wax and cotton from the Levant, and colonial produce from the United States, and fish from Newfoundland. A considerable transit trade was facilitated by a law passed in 1751, which enabled the merchants to deposit goods in a quarter of the town called Porto Franco, duty free unless taken out for consumption. The exchange transactions are also considerable, though the different denominations and modes of reckoning money are complex, and the celebrated bank of Genoa no longer exists. The Genoese vessels in the coasting trade, do not exceed 100, and fifty perhaps trade in the open sea; but the chief business of the city is carried on under foreign flags. The port of Genoa is formed by two moles, with a light-house on one mole head, and a fort on the other, distant from each other a quarter of a mile the depth within is seven to three fathoms, and, though a south wind throws in a considerable swell, it is sufficiently secure. Both east and west the shore is lined with towns and villages. Genoa contains a population of about 80,000 souls.

The ancient history of Genoa, like that of many other places, is involved in fable. Some say it was built by Genuus, a son of Saturn; others by the god Janus, agreeably to which origin the ancient Latin authors often call it Janua. Be that as it may, the city of Genoa was a celebrated emporium in the time of the second Punic war; and, having declared for the Romans, was plundered and burnt by Mago the Carthaginian. It was afterwards rebuilt by the Romans; and with the rest of Italy continued under their dominion till the overthrow of the western empire in 476. In 498 it fell under the power of Theodoric the Ostrogoth; who, having defeated the usurper Odoacer, became king of Italy. Not long after, the Goths being almost entirely subdued by Belisarius, Justinian's general, Genoa was re-annexed to the Roman or rather eastern empire. In 670 it was plundered and burnt by the Lombards, whose king, Protharis, erected it into a provincial dukedom. The Lombards continued masters of Genoa till 774, when they were conquered by Charlemagne. He reduced Liguria to its ancient bounds settled by Augustus, and erected it into a marquisate: appointing his relation Audemarus the first count or margrave. In 806 the Genoese reduced Corsica. Genoa at this time being distinguished for its wealth and populousness, began to give its name to the whole coast; and continued under the dominion of these counts for about 100 years, till the Carlovingian race became extinct in Italy, and the empire was transferred to the German princes. In 935, while the Genoese forces were absent on some expedition, the Saracens surprised the city, which they plundered and burnt, putting to death a great number of the inhabitants, and carrying others into captivity. Having embarked their captives, together with an immense booty, they set sail for Africa; but the Genoese, immediately returning, pursued the invaders; and, having entirely defeated them, recovered all the captives and booty, and took a great number of the enemy's ships. About A. D. 950, the Franks having

lost all authority in Italy, the Genoese began to form themselves into a republic, and to be governed by their own magistrates, who were freely elected, and took the name of consuls. To support their independence they applied themselves to commerce and navigation; and being apprehensive that some of the German emperors, who often invaded Italy, might renew their pretensions to their states, they acknowledged Berengarius III. duke of Friuli, who had been elected emperor by a party of Italian nobles. Berengarius, who with difficulty maintained himself in his new dignity, endeavoured by his concessions to enlarge the number of his adherents: and accordingly confirmed the new republic in all its privileges. After this the Genoese began to extend their commerce from Spain to Syria, and from Egypt to Constantinople; their vessels being fitted for fighting as well as merchandise. Having thus acquired great reputation, they were invited in 1017, by the Pisans, who had likewise formed themselves into a republic, to join with them in an expedition against Sardinia, which had been conquered by the Moors. In this expedition they were successful; the island was reduced; but from this time an enmity took place between the two republics, which did not end but with the ruin of that of Pisa. The first war with the Pisans commenced about thirty years after the Sardinian expedition, and lasted eighteen years; when the contending parties having concluded a peace, they sent their united forces against the Moors in Africa, of whom they are said to have killed 100,000.

The Genoese were very active in the time of the crusades, and had a principal share in the taking of Jerusalem. They also waged considerable wars with the Moors in Spain, whom they generally defeated. They also prevailed against the neighbouring states; and, in 1220, had enlarged their territories beyond the skirts of the Appennines, so that the rest of Italy looked upon them with a jealous eye; but in 1311 the factions which had long reigned in the city, notwithstanding all its wealth and power, induced the inhabitants to submit for twenty years to the dominion of the emperor Henry VII. That emperor, however, died in August 1312; and the vicar he had left soon after went to Pisa, upon which the dissentions in Genoa revived with greater fury than ever. In 1317 a quarrel happened between the families of Spinola and Doria; which came to such a height, that both parties fought in the streets for twenty-four days without intermission, raised battering engines against each other's houses, and filled the city with blood. At last the Spinola quitted the city, and retired to their territories in the Appennine mountains. The civil war continued till 1331: when, by the mediation of the king of Naples, it was agreed that all exiles should return to the city; that the republic should be governed by the king's vicar, and all the offices of the state be equally divided between the Guelfs and the Gibellines, the two contending parties. By this ruinous war the coast of Genoa, formerly adorned with palaces and vineyards, was now reduced to the appearance of a barren waste. So great was the desolation that, according to Petrarch, the spectators who sailed along were struck with

astonishment and horror. Villani, a contemporary author, relates, that the losses each party had sustained would have been sufficient to have purchased a kingdom; the Genoese republic being esteemed in his time the richest and most powe ful state in Christendom. Stella informs us that, before the war, the most extravagant profusion and luxury prevailed among the Genoese; but that, towards the end, many noble families were reduced to indigence; so that, for about 100 years after, it became fashionable for the nobles to live in a plain and frugal manner. In 1336 both parties, suspending their animosities, sent two fleets of twenty galleys each into the German Ocean, to assist Philip VI. king of France, against Edward III. of England. This naval expedition proved the cause of a most remarkable revolution in the Genoese government. The sailors accused their officers of defrauding them of their pay, proceeded to an open mutiny, and having expelled the admiral, and other commanders, seized the galleys. Philip VI., being chosen arbitrator, decided in favor of the officers, and imprisoned sixteen chiefs of the mutineers. Upon this several of the sailors left the fleet, and returned to Genoa; where they went round the coasts, repeating their mutinous complaints, which were eagerly listened to upon a false report that the mutineers were broken upon the wheel. The factious spirit increased; and at last the Genoese insisted on having an abbot of their own choosing, and twenty of the people, with the consent of the captains of the republic, assembled for that purpose. While the multitude, however, were impatiently expecting their decision, a mechanic mounted a bench and proposed that Samuele Bucanigree should be chosen abbot. This being instantly echoed, by the populace, he was first declared abbot, then lord, and at last doge, of Genoa. But the dissentions continued as violent as ever, notwithstanding the power of the new magistrate; and by these perpetual divisions the republic was at last so much weakened that, in 1390, Charles VI., king of France, was declared lord of Genoa. However the Genoese soon became exceedingly impatient of the French government; and, in 1422, the duke of Milan obtained the sovereignty. With this situation they were soon equally displeased, and therefore revolted in 1436. In 1458, finding themselves pressed by a powerful fleet and army sent by Alphonso king of Naples, they conferred the sovereignty of their state upon Charles VII. of France. But in 1460 they revolted, and four years after put themselves again under the protection of the duke of Milan; from whom they revolted in 1478. He was again declared sovereign of the republic in 1488; and in 1499 the city and territories of Genoa were conquered by Louis XII. of France. The fickleness of the Genoese was not corrected by this misfortune. They revolted in 1506; but next year were again subdued by Louis. In 1512 they again revolted; and in 1516 the city was taken and plundered by the Spaniards. In 1528 the celebrated Andrew Doria, then an admiral in the French service, undertook to rescue his country from the dominion of foreign princes, and restore it to its Liberty. He told his countrymen that the French, VOL. X

who had again obtained the sovereignty, had left them only a shadow of liberty, while they pretended to protect them from their enemies. To the nobility he represented the disgrace of suffering the government to be vested in the hands of foreigners less worthy of authority than themselves. Thus he soon formed a strong faction, and when almost three-fourths of the French garrison had been carried off by the plague, he advanced with 500 men. His friends having opened the gates of the city to him, he seized the principal posts, and thus became master of it without drawing his sword. The garrison retired to the forts, where they soon after capitulated, and being driven out of the city, Doria re-established the ancient form of government. See DORIA.

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The republic continued throughout the rest of the eighteenth century to preserve her liberty, though greatly fallen from her ancient splendor. In 1684, the Genoese having fallen under the resentment of Louis XIV., the city was almost destroyed by a formidable bombardment. In 1688 it was bombarded by admiral Byng, and forced to capitulate but the British government had no view of making a permanent conquest of it. In 1713 the emperor Charles VI. sold the town and marquisate of Finale to the republic, which, in 1743, involved it in a bloody war; for the queen of Hungary having, by the treaty of Worms, ceded to the king of Sardinia her right to Finale, the Genoese formed an alliance with France, Spain, and Naples: and, in 1745, declared war against the king of Sardinia, who soon made himself master of great part of the state, while several Genoese ports were bombarded by the British, and the city of Genoa was taken by the Imperialists: but after a terrible slaughter they were driven out by the Genoese; who again defeated them in 1747, when they attempted to recover it. In 1730 the island of Corsica revolted from the Genoese, and could never afterwards be reduced by them: for which reason they at last sold it to the French, who in 1770 totally reduced it. See CORSICA.

The ancient constitution, from the time of its establishment by the brave Andrew Doria, in 1528, was aristocratic, though not so much so as that of Venice The nobility alone were capable of holding the chief offices in the republic. From this body were elected the doge, the great council, and the senate. The doge, or duke, was elected for two years, and was incapacitated from being re-elected for five years after; but had a procurator's office assigned him, and a pension of 500 scudi for life. No person could be elected doge till he was fifty years of age, and had left off trade for fifteen years before. The great council consisted of eighty counsellors, in whom the sovereignty chiefly resided. The ser ate consisted of twelve senators, who, with the doge, had the administration of affairs. In November, 1797, this form of government was overturned, hereditary titles and honors abolished, and a new democratic constitution established, by Buonaparte, with a directory, two councils, &c., similar to the then constitution of France; while the whole state, according to the then frantic rage of the French for republicanism, was called

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