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The truth, you speak, doth lack some gentleness. Id.
The gentleness of all the gods go with thee.

As gentle, and as jocund, as to jest,
Go I to fight.

his

Id. Id. Richard II. Sir Thomas More, the Sunday after he gave up chancellorship, came to his wife's pew, and used the usual words of his gentleman usher, Madam, my lord is gone. Camden.

Gentlewomen may do themselves much good by kneeling upon a cushion, and weeding. Bacon.

Gavelkind must needs in the end, make a poor gentility. Davies on Ireland. And though this sense first gentle musick found, Her proper object is the speech of men. Davies. She that was noble, wise, as fair and gent, Cast how she might their harmless lives preserve.

Fairfax.

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neither sword, nor fire, nor water, nor sickness, nor outward violence, nor the devil himself can take thy good parts fom thee. Be not ashamed of thy birth then, thou art a gentleman all the world over. Id.

The true gentleman is extracted from ancient and worshipful parentage. When a pepin is planted on a pepin stock, the fruit growing thence is called a renate, a most delicious apple, as both by sire and damme well descended. Thus his blood must needs be well purified who is gentilely born on both sides. Fuller.

Your brave and haughty scorn of all,
Was stately and monarchial;

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Those that would be genteelly learned, need not purchase it at the dear rate of being atheists.

Glannille. After a long fatigue of eating and drinking, and babbling, he concludes the great work of dining genteelly. South.

So spruce that he can never be genteel.

Tatler.

The same gentlemen who have fixed this piece of morality on the three naked sisters dancing hand in hand, would have found out as good a one had there been four of them sitting at a distance, and covered from head to foot. Addison.

Their poets have no notion of genteel comedy, and fall into the most filthy double meanings when they have a mind to make their audience merry.

Id. On Italy.

The many-coloured gentry there above, By turns are ruled by tumult and by love.

Prior.

He had such a gentle method of reproving their faults, that they were not so much afraid as ashamed to repeat them. Atterbury.

Of gentle blood, part shed in honour's cause, Each parent sprung.

Pope. He had a genteeler manner of binding the chains of this kingdom than most of his predecessors.

Swift to Gay. Gentle folks will not care for the remainder of a bottle of wine; therefore set a fresh one before them. Swift.

How cheerfully the hawkers cry

ld.

A satyr, and the gentry buy. Several ladies that have twice her fortune, are not able to be always so genteel, and so constant at all places of pleasure and expence. Law.

He is so far from desiring to be used as a gentleman, that he desires to be used as the servant of all. Id.

Nor shall my verse that elder bard forget, The gentle Spenser, Fancy's pleasing son; Who, like a copious river, poured his song O'er all the mazes of enchanted ground.

Thomson. Summer. Women ought not to think gentleness of heart despicable in a man.

Clarissa.

Gentle he was, if gentle birth Could make him such, and he had worth, If wealth can worth bestow.

Cowper.

In truth he was a strange and wayward wight, Fond of each gentle and each dreadful scene.

Beattie. The Minstrel.

Though some unhappy instances of frivolous duels have occurred, I cannot think that it is the vice of the times to be fond of quarrelling; the manners of our young men of distinction are certainly not of that cast, and if it lies with any of the present age, it is with those half made up gentry, who force their way into half-price plays in boots and spurs, and are clamorous in the passages of the front boxes of a crowded theatre. Cumberland.

A band of children, round a snow-white ram,
There wreathe his venerable horns with flowers;
While peaceful, as if still an unweaned lamb,
The patriarch of the flock all gently cowers
His sober head, majestically tame,
Or eats from out the palm, or playful lowers
His brow, as if in act to butt, and then,
Yielding to their small hands, draw back again.
Byron Don Juan.

An honest gentleman at his return
May not have the good fortune of Ulysses;
Not all lone matrons for their husbands mourn
Or shew the same dislike to suitor's kisses. Id.

Why did he love him? Curious foul!-be still-
Is human love the growth of human will?
To her she might be gentleness.

Byron. GENTIAN, n. s. Fr. gentiane; Lat. gentiana, cyaneus; Gr. Kvavog, blue; because this plant has a blue flower, kvavɛog. A root used in medicine. See below.

If it be fistulous, and the orifice small, dilate it with gentian roots. Wiseman's Surgery.

The root of gentian is large and long, of a tolerably firm texture, and remarkably tough; it has a faintish and disagreeable smell, and an extremely bitter taste.

Hill's Mat. Med.

GENTIANA, gentian, in botany, a genus of the digynia order, and pentandria class of plants; natural order twentieth, rotacea: COR. monopetalous: CAP. bivalved and unilocular: there are two longitudinal receptacles. The most remarkable species are the following:

1. G. centaureum, the less centaury of the shops, is a native of many parts of Britain. It grows on dry pastures; and its height is commonly proportioned to the goodness of the soil; as, in rich soils, it grows to the height of a foot; but in poor ones not above three or four inches. It is an annual plant, with upright branching stalks, garnished with small leaves, placed by pairs. The flowers grow in form of an umbel at the top of the stalk, and are of a bright purple color. They come out in July, and the seed ripens in autumn. The plant cannot be cultivated in gardens. The tops are a useful aperient bitter, in which view they are often used in medicine.

2. G. lutea, the common gentian of the shops. It is a native of the mountainous parts of Germany; whence the roots, the only part used in medicine, are brought to this country. These have a yellowish brown color, and a very bitter taste. The lower leaves are of an oblong oval shape, a little pointed at the end, stiff, of a yellowish green, and have five large veins on the back of each. The stalk rises four or five feet high, garnished with leaves growing by pairs at each joint, almost embracing the stalk at their base. They are of the same form with the lower, but diminish gradually in their size to the top. The flowers come out in whirls at the joints on the upper part of the stalks, standing on short foot-stalks, whose origin is in the wings of the leaves. They are of a pale yellow color: The roots of this plant are often used in medicine as stomachic bitters. In taste they are less exceptionable than most of the substances of this class. Infusions of gentian root, flavored with orange peel, are sufficiently grateful. Some years ago a poisonous root was discovered among the gentian brought to London; the use of which occasioned violent disorders, and in some cases death. This root is easily distinguished from the gentian, by its being internally of a white color, and void of

bitterness.

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The common cause of this distemper is a particular and perhaps a gentilitious disposition of body.

Arbuthnot.

GENTILE. The Jews called all those who were not of their race, gojim, i. e. gentes, which in the Greek translations of the Old Testament is rendered ra ɛ0va; in which sense it often occurs in the New Testament; as in Matt. vi. 32. All these things do the Gentiles (or nations) seek.' Whence the Latin church also used gentes in the same sense as our Gentiles, especially in the New Testament. But the word gentes soon obtained another signification, and no longer meant all who were not Jews; but those only who were neither Jews nor Christians, but followed the superstitions of the Greeks and Romans, &c. In this sense it continued among the Christian writers, till their religion was publicly, and by authority, received in the empire; when gentiles, from gentes, came into use: and then both words had two significations, viz., in treatises or laws concerning religion, they signified pagans, neither Jews nor Christians; and, in civil affairs, they were used for all such as were not Romans.

GENTILE, in the Roman law and history, sometimes expresses what the Romans otherwise called barbarians, whether they were allies of Rome or not: but this word was used in a more particular sense for all strangers not subject to the Roman empire.

GENTILESCHI (Horatio), an Italian painter, born at Pisa in 1563. After painting with great reputation at Florence, Rome, Genoa, and other parts of Italy, he removed to Savoy, thence to France, and at last came over to England, upon the invitation of Charles I., who appointed him lodgings in his court, with a considerable salary; and employed him in his palace at Greenwich, and other public places. The most remarkable of his performances in England, were the ceilings of Greenwich and York house. He painted also a Madonna, a Magdalen, and Lot with his two daughters, for king Charles. After the death of

the king, when the royal collection was sold, nine of these pictures drew £600. His most esteemed work abroad was the portico of cardinal Bentivoglio's palace at Rome. He made several attempts at portrait painting, but with little success; his talent lying altogether in historical or mythological figures. After twelve years residence in England, he died in 1647, aged eighty-four; and was buried in the Queen's Chapel at Somerset House. His head was drawn by Vandyke.

GENTILESCHI (Artemisia), daughter of the preceding, was little inferior to her father in historical painting, and excelled him in portraits. She drew some of the royal family, and many of the nobility.

GENTLEMAN originally comprehended all above the rank of yeoman; whereby even noblemen are properly called gentlemen. See CoмMONALTY. A gentleman is usually defined among heralds, to be one who, without any title, bears a coat of arms, or whose ancestors have been freemen: and by the coat that a gentleman giveth, he is known to be, or not to be, descended from those of his name who flourished many hundred years before. The Gauls observing that, during the empire of the Romans, the scutarii and gentiles had the best appointments of all the soldiers, became insensibly accustomed to apply the same names, gentils-hommes and ecuyers, to such persons. Gentlemen and esquires are confounded together by Sir Edward Coke; who observes, that every esquire is a gentleman, and a gentleman is defined to be one who hears coat armour.' It is indeed a matter somewhat unsettled, what constitutes the distinction, or who is a real esquire; for it is not an estate, however large, that confers this rank upon its owner. As for gentlemen,' says Sir Thomas Smith, they be made good cheap in this kingdom: for whosoever studieth the laws of the realm, who studieth in the universities, who professeth liberal sciences, and who can live idly and without manual labor, and will bear charge and countenance of a gentleman, he shall be called master, and shall be taken for a gentle

man.'

GENTLEMAN USHER OF THE BLACK ROD. See USHER.

GENTLEMEN OF THE CHAPEL; officers whose duty and attendance is in the royal chapel, being in number thirty-two. Twelve of them are priests: the other twenty, commonly called clerks of the chapel, assist in the performance of divine service. One of the first twelve is chosen for confessor of the household servants, to visit the sick, examine and prepare communicants, and administer the sacrament. One of the twenty clerks, well versed in music, is chosen first organist, who is master of the children, to instruct them in music, and whatever else is necessary for the service of the chapel; a second is likewise an organist; a third a lutanist; and a fourth a violist. There are likewise three vergers, so called from the silver rods they carry in their hands; being a serjeant, a yeoman, and groom of the vestry: the first attends the dean and subdean, and finds surplices and other necessaries for the chapel; the second has the whole care of

the chapel, keeps the pews and seats of the nobility and gentry; the groom has his attendance within the chapel door, and looks after it.

GENTOOS, in modern history, according to the common acceptation of the term, denote the professors of the religion of the bramins or brachmans, who inhabit the country called Hindostan, or Indostan, in the East Indies, from the word stan, a region, and hind or hindoo: which Ferishteh, as we learn from colonel Dow's translation of his history, supposes to have been a son of Ham, the son of Noah. Hindoo, however, is not the name by which the inhabitants originally styled themselves; but, according to the idiom of the Sanscrit which they use, jumbodeep, from jumboo, a jackall, an animal com mon in their country: and deep, a large portion of land surrounded by the sea: or bhertekhunt, from khunt, i. e. a continent, and bherrhut, the name of one of the first Indian rajahs. They have assumed the name of Hindoos only since the era of the Tartar government, to distinguish themselves from their conquerors the Mussulmaus. The term gentoo or gent, in the Sanscrit dia lect, denotes animal in general, and, in its more confined sense, mankind, and is never appro priated particularly to such as follow the doctrines of Brhima. The Gentoos are divided into four great tribes, each of which has its ow separate appellation; but they have no commou or collective term that comprehends the whole nation, under the idea affixed by Europeans to the word Gentoo. Mr. Halhed, in the preface to his translation of the Code of Gentoo Laws, conjectures, that the Portuguese, on their first arrival in India, hearing the word frequently in the mouths of the natives, as applied to mankind in general, might adopt it for the domestic appellation of the Indians themselves; or perhaps their bigotry might figure from the word Gentoo a fanciful allusion to Gentile. The Hindoos, or Gentoos, vie with the Chinese as to the antiquity of their nation. They reckon the duration of the world by four jogues, or distinct ages: The first is the Suttee jogue, or age of purity, which is said to have lasted about 3,200,000 years; during which the life of man was 100,000 years, and his stature twenty-one cubits: The second, the Tirtah jogue, or the age in which one-third of mankind were reprobated; which consisted of 2,400,000 years, when men lived to the age of 10,000 years: The third, the Dwapar jogue, in which half of the human race became depraved; which endured to 600,000 years, when men's lives were reduced to 1000 years: and, fourth, the Collee jogue, in which all mankind were corrupted, or rather diminished, which the word collee imports. This is the present era, which they suppose will subsist for 400,000, of which nearly 5000 are already past; and man's life in this period is limited to 100 years. Many authors suppose that most of the Gentoo shasters, or scriptures, were composed about the beginning of the collee jogue: but an objection occurs against this supposition, viz. that the shasters take no notice of the deluge; to which the brahmins reply, that all their scriptures were written before the time of Noah, and the deluge never extended to Hindostan. Nevertheless, it ap

pears from the shasters themselves, that they claim a much higher antiquity than this; instances of which are recited by Mr. Halhed. The doctrine of transmigration is one of the distinguishing tenets of the Gentoos. It is their opinion, according to Mr. Holwell, that those souls which have attained to a certain degree of purity, either by the innocence of their manners or the severity of their mortifications, are removed to regions of happiness proportioned to their respective merits; but that those who cannot so far surmount the prevalence of bad examples, and the powerful degeneracy of the times, as to deserve such a promotion, are condemned to undergo continual punishment, in the animation of successive animal forms, until, at the stated period, another renovation of the four jogues shall commence, upon the dissolution of the present. They imagine six different spheres above this earth; the highest of which, called suttee, is the residence of Brhima or Brahma, and his particular favorites. This sphere is also the habitation of those men who never uttered a falsehood, and of those women who have voluntarily burned themselves with their husbands; which practice is expressly enjoined in the code of the Gentoo laws. This code, printed by the East India Company in 1776, is a very curious collection of Hindoo jurisprudence, which was selected from curious originals in the Sanscrit language, by the most experienced pundits, or lawyers; who were employed for this purpose from May 1773 to February 1775; afterwards translated into the Persian, and then into English, by Mr. Halhed. The institutes contained in this collection are interwoven with the religion of the Gentoos, and revered as of the highest authority. The curious reader will discover an astonishing similarity between the institutes of this code and many of the ordinances of the Jewish law; between the character of the brahmins or priests, and the Levites; and between the ceremony of the scape goat under the Mosaic dispensation, and a Gentoo ceremony called the ashummed jug, in which a horse answers the purpose of the goat. Many obsolete customs and usages, alluded to in many parts of the Old Testament, may also receive illustration from the institutes of this code. It appears from the code, that the brahmins, who are the priests and legislators of the country, have resigned all the secular and executive power into the hands of another cast or tribe; and no brahmin has been properly capable of the magistracy since the time of the suttee jogue. The only privilege of importance which they have appropriated to themselves, is an exemption from all capital punishment: they may be degraded, branded, imprisoned for life, or sent into perpetual exile; but it is every where expressly ordained, that a brahmin shall not be put to death on any account whatsoever. The four great and original tribes into which the Gentoos are divided, according to their theology, proceed from the four different members of Brahma, the supposed immediate agent of the creation under the spirit of the Almighty. These tribes are, 1. The Brahmins, which proceeded from the mouth, and whose office is to pray, read, and instruct: 2. The Chehteree, which proceeded from his arms,

whose office is to draw the bow, to fight, and to govern: 3. The Bice, which proceeded from his belly or thighs, who are to provide the necessaries of life by agriculture and traffic: and, 4, The sooder, from his feet, which are ordained to labor, serve, and travel. Few Christians, says the translator of the Gentoo code, have expressed themselves with a more becoming reverence of the grand and impartial designs of Providence, in all his works, or with a more extensive charity towards all their fellow creatures of every profession, than the Gentoos. It is indeed an article of faith among the brahmins, that God's all merciful power would not have permitted such a number of different religions, if he had not found a pleasure in beholding their varieties.

GENUFLECTION, n. s. Lat. genu, the knee, and flecto, to bend. The act of kneeling; adoration expressed thereby.

Here use all the rites of adoration, genuflections, wax-candles, incense, oblations, prayers only excepted. Stilling fleet.

GENUFLECTION, says the Jesuit Rosweyd in his Onomasticon, has been a very ancient custom in the church, even under the Old Testament dispensation; and was observed throughout the year, excepting on Sundays, and from Easter to Whitsuntide, when kneeling was forbidden by the council of Nice. Others have shown, that the custom of not kneeling on Sundays had obtained from the time of the Apostles, as appears from St. Irenæus, and Tertullian; and the Ethiopic church, scrupulously attached to the ancient ceremonies still retains that of kneeling at divine service. The Russians esteem it an indecent posture to worship God on the knees. The Jews usually prayed standing. Rosweyd gives Sundays, &c., from St. Basil, Anastasius, St. the reasons of the prohibition of genuflexion on Justin, &c.

.

GENUINE, adj.
GENUINELY, adv.
rated, impure, or mixed.
GENUINENESS, n.s.

Lat. genuinus. True; real; opposed to whatever is false, adulte

materials, and at another time with sophisticated ones. Experiments were at one time tried with genuine

Boyle.

There is another agent able to analize compound bodies less violently, more genuinely, and more universally than the fire.

Id.

A sudden darkness covers all;
True genuine night: night added to the groves.
Dryden.

The stream of puro and genuine love
Derives its current from above;
And earth a second Eden shows,
Where'er the healing water flows.

Cowper.

GENUS, n. s. Lat. A scientific term to designate a class of being which comprehends many species: thus quadruped is a genus including almost all terrestrial beasts.

If minerals are not convertible into another species, though of the same genus, much less can they be surmised reducible into a species of another genus.

it

Harvey on Consumptions.

A general idea is called by the schools genus, and is one common nature agreeing to several other common natures: so animal is a genus, because it agrees to horse, lion, whale, and butterfly. Watts.

GENUS is also used for a character or manner applicable to every thing of a certain nature or condition in which sense it serves to make divisions in divers sciences, as medicine, natural history, &c.

GENUS, in medicine. See MEDICINE.

GENUS, in metaphysics and logic, denotes a number of beings which agree in certain general properties common to them all; so that a genus is nothing else but an abstract idea, expressed by some general name or term. See LOGIC and METAPHYSICS.

GENUS, in natural history, a subdivision of any class or order of natural beings, whether of the animal, vegetable, or mineral kingdoms, all agreeing in certain common characters. See BOTANY and ZOOLOGY.

GENUS, in rhetoric. Authors distinguish the art of rhetoric, as well as orations or discourses produced thereby into three genera, demonstrative, deliberative, and judiciary. To the demonstrative kind belong panegyrics, genethliacons, epithalamiums, funeral harangues, &c. To the deliberative, persuasions, dissuasions, commendations, &c. To the judiciary, accusations and defences.

GEOCENTRICK, adj. Fr. geocentrique; Gr. yn the earth, and Kivrpov. Applied to a planet or crb having the earth for its centre, or the same centre with the earth.

GEODESIA, n. s. Į Gr. Yewdaiora. A term GEODETICAL, adj. Sthat has been sometimes applied to that part of geometry which contains the doctrine of measuring surfaces, and finding the contents of all plain figures.

GEOFFRÆA. See GEOFFROEA. GEOFFREY, of Monmouth, bishop of St. Asaph, called by our ancient biographers Gallofridus Monumetensis. Leland conjectures that he was educated in a Benedictine convent at Monmouth, where he was born; and that he became a monk of that order. Bale, and after him Pits, call him archdeacon of Monmouth; and it is generally asserted, that he was made bishop of St. Asaph, in 1151 or 1152 in the reign of king Stephen. His history was probably finished after 1138. It contains a

fabulous account of British kings, from Brutus the grandson of Æneas the Trojan to Cadwallader in 690. But Geoffrey, though we may blame his credulity, was not the inventor of the legendary history. It is a translation from a MS. written in the British language, and brought to England from Armorica by his friend Gualter, archdeacon of Oxford. But the achievements of king Arthur, Merlin's prophecies, and many speeches and letters, were chiefly his own additions.

GEOFFROY (Stephen Francis), M. D., a celebrated French physician, botanist, and chemist, born in Paris, in 1672. After having finished his studies he travelled into England, Holland, and Italy In 1704 he received the degree of M.D. at Paris; and at length became professor of chemistry, and physician of the Royal College.

He was F. R. S. of London, and of the Academy of Sciences. He wrote several very curious theses in Latin, which were afterwards translated into French; and a treatise entitled Tractatus de Materiâ Medicâ, sive de Medicamentorum Simplicium, Historiâ, Virtute, Delectu, et Usu. He died in Paris, in 1731.

GEOFFROEA, or GEOFFROYA, in botany, a genus of the decandria order, and diadelphia class of plants; natural order thirty-second, papilionacea: CAL. quinquefid, the fruit an oval plum, the kernel compressea. Species three, the principal is,

G. inermis, the cabbage-hark tree, a native of Brasil and Jamaica. The wood is used in building; but it is chiefly valued for its bark, which is administered as an anthelmintic medicine. From this medical property it is also called the worm-bark tree. This bark is of a gray color externally, but black and furrowed on the inside. It has a mucilaginous and sweetish taste, and a disagreeable smell. It is given in cases of worms, in form of powder, decoction, syrup, and extract. The decoction is preferred, and is made by slowly boiling an ounce of the fresh dried bark in a quart of water, till it assume the color of Madeira wine. This sweetness is the syrup; evaporated, it forms an

extract.

GEOGRAPHY.

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Minerva lets Ulysses into the knowledge of his country; she geographically describes it to him. Broome on the Odyssey.

GEOGRAPHY, as a science, embraces, together with a description of the earth itself, and its physical peculiarities, the consideration of all its great political and statistical divisions: the latter being sometimes detailed in systems; sometimes, as in gazetteers, alphabetically. It has its own history as a science, and it is intimately connected with all history.

As we regard society in its earlier stages, and the progenitors of ma kind gradually peopling

the earth, the materials of this science accumulate. The progress of the wanderers becomes bounded by this formidable mountain range, or that mighty ocean barrier: nations, and even races of men, are discriminated by the direction of the

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