for the secular priests, to be worn suspended from their necks, together with mitres like those of the archimandrites, and other marks of distinction in dress. These he bestowed on such of them as distinguished themselves in their holy calling.

This emperor, also, in order that the country clergy might have more time to attend to their spiritual duties, commanded that their fields should be cultivated by the peasants belonging to their respective parishes; a regulation, however, which has since been laid aside.

The whole Russian empire is divided into thirty-six dioceses or eparchies, which, in extent, are nearly the same with the divisions of the empire into provinces, or governments. In these there are 483 cathedrals, and 26,598 churches, which are, in general, magnificent buildings. Formerly many of them were of wood, but now they are mostly built of brick; and comparatively few of the wooden churches remain. A foreigner, in particular, is forcibly struck with the elegance of these fine edifices, raising their gilded spires amidst the humble izbas, or huts of the peasantry. Some of the churches are large square buildings, but the most of them are built in the form of a cross. In general, they have five domes, with crosses, which, in monasteries and cathedrals, and even in some parish churches, are gilded, and have a splendid appearance. Adjoining to the church, or near to it, there is always a steeple or belfry, commonly of great height, provided with large bells; and, like the churches, overloaded with decorations.

The church is divided into three parts; first, the sanctum sanctorum, called the altar, and into which females are not permitted to enter. In the middle of the altar stands the holy table, upon which a golden or silver cross, and a richly ornamented copy of the Gospels, are always laid, This part of the church is the east end, so that the congregation always worship with their faces towards the rising sun.

The altar is separated from the nave or body of the church, by a screen, upon which pictures of our Saviour, the Virgin, the Apostles, and Saints, are always painted. This screen is called the ikonostas, in the middle of which are the royal doors, which are opened at different times in the course of the service. Upon a platform before the ikonostas, raised several steps, the readers and singers stand behind a low rail, to separate them from the congregation; and, in the middle, before the royal doors most of the service is performed.

The second division is the nave or body of the church, which properly may be styled the inner court, where the congregation stand; for there are no seats in the Russian churches, neither do the congregation make any use of books. In some of the new churches in Petersburg and Moscow there are pulpits erected to elevate the speaker; but they are unknown in the churches in other parts of the empire, in which the preacher, while delivering his discourse, usually stands before the royal doors, behind a moveable

desk.

The third division is called the trapeza, which

is the west end of the church, and may properly be denominated the outer court. This part is usually as large as the inner court, where the congregation assembles; but, on holidays, both these divisions are generally filled with the worshippers.

The inner walls and domes of the churches are covered with scriptural paintings, which in general represent the most interesting scenes of our Saviour's history. The ikonostas is always richly gilded and ornamented, and the pictures of the saints adorned with gold and silver, pearls, and precious stones.

The service of the church is contained in upwards of twenty volumes folio, all in the Slavonian language, which, though the ancient language of the country, is not well understood by the greater part of the modern Russians. Twelve of these volumes, one for every month, contain the particular services and hymns for the festivals of the saints, who are so numerous in the Greek kalendar, that there are more of them than there are days in the year. These twelve volumes are called the Minoon. The Octoechos compose two volumes, and are divided into eight voices or tones, each of which contains hymns for the days of one week, that are mixed in the service according to the subjects to which the days of the week are appropriated. Thus, Sunday to the resurrection; Monday to the angels; Tuesday to John the Baptist; Wednesday to the Virgin; Thursday to the apostles; Friday to the passion of Christ; and Saturday to the saints and martyrs. To these two there is a supplementary volume, containing hymns, to supply the deficiency in the Minoon. The Psalter and the Hours take up another volume. The Book of Psalms is divided into twenty parts, one of which is read at a service; so that the whole is read through in the course of a week. The Book of Prayer contains the ordinary daily prayers and ectinias for the priest and deacon, in the vespers, matins, and communion service. The Fast Triods are two volumes, which contain particular services for the great fast before Easter, and for the days of Pentecost, when the hymns in the Octoechos are discontinued The four Gospels compose another volume, a portion of which is read at every service. The Book of Offices contains the rites of baptism, marriage, burial service, &c. And, lastly, the Book of Regulation, which contains directions how to use the rest

The lives of the saints are contained in several folio volumes, which are not now read in churches, but are sometimes read in monasteries, at the matins or morning service.

The Russians make no use of a complete copy of the Bible in their churches; they have only extracts from the Old Testament and the Epistles, interspersed throughout the Mincon and Octoechos; and even many of the clergy in the country do not possess an entire copy of the Scriptures. Both in monasteries and parish churches the service is performed three times a day. It begins in the evening of the preceding day, as among the Jews; the vespers at sunset; the matins between four and five in the morning; and the liturgy or communion service between

nine and ten. The greater part of the service consists of psalms and hymns, which, according to the regulation, ought to be sung, but are now mostly read. The length of the service, also, has given rise to the unintelligible manner in which most of it is now performed; for the priests and readers, in order to get the more quickly through it, have fallen into the practice of repeating and reading the hymns and prayers so quickly, and in such a tone of voice, as renders the greater part of them impossible to be understood by the congregation. The Gospel, however, is always read slowly, and in a distinct and audible voice; so that it is much more intelligible, from being thus read, than many other parts of the service.

Our limits forbid us to extract several able passages from Platon's Orthodox Doctrine,' which we had marked with that view. We can only take the following:

Of the death of Christ, he says, "The death of Christ is the true sacrifice. A sacrifice, because Christ offered up himself upon the altar of the cross, as an innocent lamb, slain by the justice of God, and consumed by the fire of love, with which he burned for the salvation of mankind; and his being thus consumed was a spectacle no less wonderful in itself, than acceptable to God, the Father.

'Christ was also the true sacrifice; for all the other sacrifices were nothing, but a kind of types or images of this; and it alone was capable of satisfying divine justice, meriting for us God's mercy, cleansing us from our sins, and of restoring us to our original state of blessedness. The word of God bears testimony to this; But Christ being come an high priest of good things to come, by a greater and more perfect tabernacle, not made with hands, that is to say, not of this building; neither by the blood of goats and calves, but by his own blood, he entered in once into the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption for us. For if the blood of bulls and of goats, and the ashes of an heifer, sprinkling the unclean, sanctifieth to the purifying of the flesh; how much more shall the blood of Christ, who, through the eternal Spirit, offered himself without spot to God, purge your conscience from dead works, to serve the living God!' Heb. ix. 11, 12, 13, 14.

This sacrifice put an end to the sacrifices of Aaron or of the Old Testament, and Christ became the only and eternal priest. The only priest, because another sacrifice is impossible; the eternal priest, for, according to the words of the apostle, 'He continueth ever, hath an unchangeable priesthood; wherefore he is able also to save them to the uttermost that come unto God by him, seeing he ever liveth to make intercession for them.' Heb. vii. 24, 25.

"This great high priest is called of God a priest not after the order of Aaron, but after the order of Melchisedec. Heb. v. 10. Now in this there is a great mystery; in which every one must be astonished to behold revealed three of God's excellencies, mercy, justice, and infinite wisdom. Mercy so great, that the only begotten Son of God, of the same essence with the Father, was delivered up unt: death for us the enemies of Voz. X.

God. Can there be a greater display of mercy? Justice so holy and inviolable, that, without a complete satisfaction, it could not clear us of guilt. Infinite wisdom, that devised such a wonderful plan, not only to satisfy justice, but to pour upon us the whole fountain of goodness. O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God! This most exalted mystery is to the Jews a stumbling block, and to the Greeks foolishness; but to us, who are thereby saved, it is the power of God and the wisdom of God: and we, with Paul, will declare, God forbid that we should glory, save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ;' Gal. vi. 14.

"Of faith in Christ.-Verily, Christ died for all.' 2 Cor. v. 15. And there is no one so great a sinner whom his grace alone is not able to save. But, in order that this grace may become effectual in us, faith is requisite, that is, we must heartily receive Jesus Christ as our Saviour, and without doubting rest assured, that only through him we can be made partakers of the mercy of God. Without the infinite merits of Christ all our attempts are in vain, and man can never be saved. This is clearly taught every where in the word of God, John iii. 15; ' For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life;' and verse 18,

He that believeth on him is not condemned, but he that believeth not is condemned already.' When we consider faith as essential to salvation, it is to be understood, that we mean faith unfeigned, sincere, and living, that is, 'faith which worketh by love,' Gal. v. 6.

"Of the true church.-From the beginning of the world to the present time, and to the very end of time, the church has been, and will be, always one and the same. One, because there is for ever one faith, one foundation of faith, and one head of the church, Christ; one way of salvation, and one hope for all. Thus it is written to the Ephesians, One body and one spirit, even as ye are called in one hope of your calling; one Lord, one faith.' 'Chap. iv. 4. Hence this church only cuts off all those who either do not receive the word of God, or mix their own improper opinions with it; therefore, the society of such people is not a church, but an assembly holding heterodox opinions, which is governed by the spirit of division, and not by the Spirit of God. Even at the present time, to the offence of Christians, we behold three chief sects or parties in Christianity: Papists, Lutherans, and Calvinists. They are mutually in opposition to one another. Popery, exclusive of its being filled with the most pernicious superstitions, and the edicts of Popes, in contradiction to the word of God, blindly holds the tenet in regard to the proceeding of the Holy Ghost above mentioned, and explains it in opposition to the clear testimony of Holy Scripture. It has also taken away from the common people the cup in the communion, and the reading of the Holy Scriptures. It has further devised some sort of a purgatory fire, has appropriated to itself a power unknown in the gospel, and undertakes to convert gainsayers by fire and sword.

"The Lutherans and Calvinists dissented not

2 U

Her mother hath intended That, quaint in green, she shall be loose enrobed. Id.

For this down trodden equity, we tread In warlike march these greens before your town. Id. Of fragility the cause is an impotency to be extended, and therefore stone is more fragil than metal, and so dry wood is more fragil than green. Bacon. For the greencloth law, take it in the largest sense, I have no opinion of it. Id. Advice to Villiers.

The general colour of plants is green, which is a colour that no flower is of: there is a greenish primrose, but it is pale and scarce a green. Bacon.

A man that studieth revenge keepeth his own wounds green, which otherwise would heal and do well. Id. Essays.

Among wild herbs under the greenwood shade. Fairfax. Being an olive tree Which late he felled; and being greene, must be Made lighter for his manage. Chapman. In a meadow, though the meer grass and greenness delights, yet the variety of flowers doth heighten and beautify. Ben Jonson.

My reason, which discourses on what it finds in my phantasy, can consider greenness by itself, or mellowness, or sweetness, or coldness, singly and alone by itself. Digby on Bodies.

O'er the smooth enamelled green,
Where no print of step hath been,
Follow me as I sing.

Milton.

Whose primitive tradition reaches As far as Adam's first green breeches. Butler. About it grew such sort of trees, as either excellency of fruit, stateliness of growth, continual greenness, or poetical fancies have made at any time famous.

Sidney.

This prince, while yet the errors in his nature were excused by the greenness of his youth, which took all the fault upon itself, loved a private man's wife. Id.

If you but consider a piece of green wood burning in a chimney, you will readily discern, in the disbanded parts of it, the four elements. Boyle.

With greens and flowers recruit their empty hives, And seek fresh forage to sustain their lives. Dryden. Every brow with cheerful green is crowned; The feasts are doubled, and the bowls go round.

The young Æmilia, fairer to be seen Than the fair lily on the flowery green. Id. The green do often heat the ripe, and the ripe, so heated, give fire to the green. Mortimer's Husbandry.

If you would fat green geese, shut them up when they are about a month old. Id.

The chaffinch, greenfinch, dormouse, and other small birds, are injurious to some fruits. Mortimer. If the season prove exceeding piercing, which you may know by the freezing of a moistened cloth set in your greenhouse, kindle some charcoal. Evelyn.

Stubble geese at Michaelmas are seen Upon the spit, next May produces green. King. Take the picture of a man in the greenness and vivacity of his youth, and in the latter date and declension of his drooping years, and you will scarce know it to belong to the same person. South.

Sometimes our road led us into several hollow apartments among the rocks and mountains, that look like so many natural greenhouses, as being always shaded with a great variety of trees and shrubs that never lose their verdure. Addison.

A kitchen-garden is a more pleasant sight than the finest orangery or artificial greenhouse. Spectator. Till the green-sickness and love's force betrayed To death's remorseless arms the unhappy maid.

Great Spring before

Greened all the year; and fruits and blossoms blushed

In social sweetness on the self-same bough.

Thomson.

But see the fading many-coloured woods Shade deep'ning over shade, the country round Imbrown; crowded umbrage dusk and dun, Of every hue, from wan declining green To sooty dark. Id. Seasons.-Autumn. Thus is Nature's vesture wrought To instruct our wandering thought;

GREEN (John), an English prelate, born in 1706, at Beverly, in Yorkshire, was admitted a sisar of St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. In 1744 he was appointed chaplain to the duke of Somerset, who gave him the living of Borough-green, near Newmarket. In 1748 he was elected regius professor of divivity; and two years after master of Benedict College, Cambridge. He became, in 1756, dean of Lincoln, and afterwards bishop of that see. In 1771 he obtained the deanery of St. Paul's. He died in 1779. He was one of the writers of the Athenian Letters; oesides which he published a tract on Enthusiasm, and some sermons,

&c.

GREEN (Matthew), a poet, of whom little is known, except that he was brought up among the dissenters of London, and had a situation in the custom-house. He died in 1737. His poem, entitled The Spleen, is an ingenious piece, and was printed, with others of this author, in Dodsley's collection.

GREEN (William), an English divine, fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge, and rector of Hardingham, in Norfolk, died in 1794. His works are-1. The Song of Deborah, reduced to metre; with a Translation and Commentary, 4to. 2. A Translation of the Prayer of Habakkuk, the Prayer of Moses, and the 139th psalm, with a Commentary, 4to. 3. A new translation of the Psalms, with notes, 8vo. 4. A new Translation of Isaiah, from the seventh to the fifty-third chapter, with notes, 4to. 5. Poetical parts of the Old Testament, translated from the Hebrew, with notes, 4to.

GREEN, a county of Kentucky, in the United States. Greensburgh is the chief town. Population in 1815, 6735.

GREEN, a county of the United States, in the state of Ohio. It has Clinton county on the south, Fayette and Maddison counties on the east, and Champaign and Montgomery counties on the west, and is about twenty-four miles square. The valleys are wide, rich, and productive; the more elevated grounds are generally of a second quality. It is watered by the Little Miami, Mud River, Cæsar's and Massie's Creeks, and several other inconsiderable streams. Zenia is the chief town. Population in 1815, 8000

GREEN, a river of Kentucky, United States, which has its source in Lincoln county, and, pursuing a western course, enters the Ohio 200 miles below Louisville, and fifty miles above the mouth of Cumberland River. It is 200 yards wide at its mouth, and is navigable for boats nearly 200 miles. In summer it may be forded at 150 miles above its confluence with the Ohio; but in winter it is frequently swelled, by sudden and violent floods.

GREEN BAY, a bay on the west side of Lake Michigan, about ninety miles in length, but varying in breadth from fifteen miles to thirty. The

channel by which it communicates with Lake Michigan is of sufficient depth for a vessel of sixty tons, and of proportionate width. Long. 87° 58′ W., lat. 45° N.

GREEN BRIAR COUNTY, a large and fertile county in Virginia, surrounded by Bath, Randolph, Harrison, Kanhaway, Botetourt, and Montgomery counties. The chief town is Lewisburg. Population in 1816, 5914.

GREEN-CLOTH, BOARD OF, is composed of the lord steward and officers under him, who sit daily. This court has power to maintain the peace of the verge, or jurisdiction of the courtroyal; which is every way about 200 yards from the last gate of the palace where his majesty resides. It takes its name from a green cloth spread over the board where they sit. Without a warrant first obtained from this court, none of the king's servants can be arrested for debt.

GREEN-CLOTH, CLERKS OF THE, were two of ficers of the board of green cloth, who appointed the diet of the king and his household; and kept all records, legers, and papers relating thereto; made up bills, parcels, and debentures for salaries, and provisions and necessaries for the officers of the buttery, pantry, cellar, &c. They also waited upon foreign princes when entertained by his majesty. But this was abolished in 1782.

GREEN EARTH. Color generally celandinegreen. Massive, and in globular and amygdaloidal shaped pieces, sometimes hollow, or as incrusting agate balls. Fracture earthy. Opaque. Rather greasy. Adheres slightly to the tongue. Sp. gr. 2.6. Before the blow-pipe it is converted into a black vesicular slag. Its constituents are, silica 53, oxide of iron 28, magnesia 2, potash 10, water 6. It is a frequent mineral in the amygdaloid of Scotland, England, Ireland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands. It occurs in Saxony, near Verona, the Tyrol, and Hungary. It is the mountain-green of artists in watercolors.

A GREEN-HOUSE, or CONSERVATORY, is a house in a garden, contrived for sheltering and pre-, serving the most curious and tender exotic plants, which in our climate will not bear to be exposed to the open air, especially during the winter season. These are generally large and beautiful structures, equally ornamental and useful. Their length must be proportioned to the number o plants intended to be preserved in them, and cannot therefore be reduced to rule: but their depth should never be greater than their height in the clear; which, in small or middling houses, may be sixteen or eighteen feet, but in large ones from twenty to twenty-four feet; and the length of the windows should reach from about one foot and a half above the pavement, and within the same distance of the ceiling, which will admit of a cornice round the building over the heads of the windows. Their breadth cannot be in proportion to their length; for if in the largest buildings they are more than seven or seven and a half feet broad, they will be extremely inconvenient. The piers between the windows must be as narrow as may be to support the building; for which reason they should either be of stone or of hard burnt bricks. If the piers are made