employed him for three years in embellishing his palace and the Louvre, by the order of Louis XIII. The troubles of the state, and the clamors raised against the cardinal, whose party he warmly espoused, placed him in so much danger, that his friends advised him to retire among the Jesuits. He did so, and painted a decoration for the exposition of the sacrament during the holy days, according to the custom of Rome. This piece was much admired at Paris, and the king commanded him to paint such another for his chapel at the Louvre. Grimaldi after that returned to Rome, and found his patron Innocent X. dead; but his successors Alexander VII. and Clement IX. honored him equally with their friendship, and found him variety of employment. The following instance of his benevolence may serve to characterise Grimaldi. A Sicilian gentleman, who had retired from Messina with his daughter during the troubles of that country, was reduced to the misery of wanting bread. As Grimaldi lived near him, he was soon informed of it; and in the dusk of the evening, knocking at the Sicilian's door, without making himself known, tossed in money, and retired. The thing happening more than once, raised the Sicilian's curiosity to know his benefactor. Discovering him at last, by hiding himself behind the door, he fell down on his knees to thank the hand that had relieved him. Grimaldi remained confused, offered him his house, and continued his friend till his death. He died of a dropsy at Rome in 1680, and left a considerable fortune among six children. The genius of Grimaldi directed him chiefly to landscape. His coloring is strong; his touch light and delicate; his situations are uncommonly pleasing; and the leaves of his trees are admirable. Sometimes, indeed, his coloring appears rather too green; but those landscapes which he painted in the manner of the Caracci, may serve as models for all those who admire the style of that school; and he designed his figures in elegant taste. The pictures of this master are very rare, especially those of his best time; and, when they are to be purchased, they obtain large prices. Of his children, the youngest, named Alexander, proved a good painter, in the same style and taste with his father, though far inferior to him: some of the pictures of Alexander, however, are either artfully or injudiciously ascribed to Francis. GRIMAʼLKIN, n. s. Fr. gris, gray, and malkin, or little Moll, says Dr. Johnson; (gray, and Teut. mal, of Lat. macula, a spot.-Mr. Thomson.) Gray little woman; the name of an old cat. Grimalkin, to domestick vermin sworn GRIMM (Frederick Melchior), baron de, counsellor of state of the Russian empire, was born in 1723 at Ratisbon, of humble parents, who bestowed on him however a superior education. His taste for literature manifested itself in a tragedy, which he wrote in his youth. He went early in life to Paris as governor to the children of the count de Schomberg, and was appointed reader to the duke of Saxe Gotha. At this period he became acquainted with Rousseau, Diderot, d'Alembert, d'Holbach, &c. The count de Friese at last made him his secretary, with lucrative appointments. He published in 1753 a pamphlet entitled Le petit Prophet de Bechmischbrode, in defence of the Italian opera. On the death of his patron, de Friese, he was nominated principal secretary to the duke of Orleans; soon after which we find him employed, in conjunction with Diderot, in transmitting to the duke of Saxe Gotha an account of the writings, friendships, quarrels, &c., of the authors of the day. In 1776 he became envoy from the duke of Saxe Gotha to the French court, and was honored with the title of baron, and several orders. On the revolution breaking out, he retired to the court of Gotha. In 1795 the empress of Russia appointed him her plenipotentiary to the states of Lower Saxony; and he was confirmed in that post by her successor Paul, but ill-health obliged him to relinquish it, and return to Gotha, where he died December 19th, 1807. His principal work was published in different portions, under the following titles :— Correspondance Literaire, Philosophique, et Critique, addressée à un Souverain d'Allemagne, depuis 1770, jusqu'en 1782, par le Baron de Grimm et par Diderot, Paris, 1812, 5 vols. 8vo.; Correspondance Literaire, &c. en 1775, 1776, 1782,-1790. Troisiéme et dern. part. 1813, 5 vols. 8vo.; and Correspondance Literaire, &c. depuis 1753 jusqu'en 1760. Prem. part. 6 vols. 8vo. A selection from this voluminous collection was published in 2 vols. 8vo. in French and English. GRIMM, or GRIMMA, a town of Upper Saxony, in the circle of Leipsic. It has a castle, three churches, and a college. Its chief trade is in linens, flannels, thread, beer, and wood. It is fifteen miles E. S. E. of Leipsic, and forty-two W. N.W. of Dresden. GRIMOARD (count de), a French diplomatist and general, was descended from the family of pope Urban V. Louis XVI. entrusted him with a negociation in Holland; and on his return he formed the plaus, offensive and defensive, of the campaign of 1792. The fall of the king interrupted his career, and he retired to private life, in which he wrote Essai Theorique et Pratique sur les Batailles, 1775, 4to.; Traité sur la constitution des Troupes legères, et sur leur emploi à la Guerre, 1782, 8vo.; Recherches sur la force de l'armée Française, &c., 1806, 8vo; Tableau Historique de la Guerre de la Revolution de France, 1808, in conjunction with general Servan, of which work only three volumes were published, when Buonaparte suppressed it. He died in 1815. GRIMSBY, a sea-port town of Lincolnshire, 168 miles from London,, and one of the most ancient corporations in England. It was a mayoralty in the reign of king John; and has returned two members to parliament ever since the reign of Edward I.: the right of election is in the resident free burgesses paying scot and lot. All the sons of freemen born in the town are entitled to their freedom, as well as every person marrying a freeman's daughter or widow. It had anciently three convents and a castle. It is governed by a mayor, high steward, recorder, twelve aldermen, twelve commoncouncil-men, two bailiffs, two coroners, and a town-clerk. It has several streets of good houses, and a handsome church. Its harbour was formerly choked up, but a fine dock has been constructed, and the harbour deepened and improved, and the road before it is a good station for ships that wait for a wind to get out to sea. Its chief trade is in coals and salt to the Baltic, which are brought by the Humber. GRIN, v. n. & n. s., Sax. gɲennian; GRIN'NER, n. s. · Dut. grinnen, grinGRIN'NINGLY, adv. den, undoubtedly of the same origin with to grind, as we now say, to grind the teeth; Fr. grincer.-Johnson. To fix the teeth as in wrath, or anguish, or mirth. And grinning for dispitous rage; Her nose ysnorted up for tene Ful hidous was she for to sene. Chaucer. Romaunt of the Rose. What valour were it when a cur doth grin, For one to trust his hand between his teeth, When he might spurn him with his foot away. Shakspeare. I like not such grinning honour as Sir Walter hath : give me life, which if I can save, so; if not, honour comes unlooked for, and there's an end. Id. Henry IV. Death, death! oh, amiable, lovely death! Come grin on me, and I will think thou smilest. Shakspeare. I asked which way was the wind, It was no unpleasant entertainment to me to see the various methods with which they have attacked me; some with piteous moans and outcries, others grinning, and only showing their teeth. Stilling fleet. He laughs at him: in's face too. you mistake him; 'twas an humble grin, The fawning joy of courtiers and of dogs. Young. What lords are those saluting with a grin? One is just out, and one is lately in. Fools grin on fools, and Stoicklike support, Without one sigh, the pleasures of a court. Id. Care to our coffin adds a nail no doubt, And every grin, so merry, draws one out. Dr. Walcot. GRIN, n. s. Sax. gryn, zynene. A snare ; a trap. The grin shall take him by the heel, and the robber shall prevail against him. Job, xviii. 9. Like a bride that hasteneth to his gryn, Not knowing the perile. Chaucer. GRIND, v. a. & v. n. GRINDER, n. s. Preter. I ground; part. pass. ground. GRIN'DLESTONE, n. s. • Saxon 3nda GRIND'STONE, n. s. grunden. To reduce to powder by friction; to sharpen any instrument by rubbing on something hard; and figuratively to harass or oppress. Grinder is one that works in a mill; also the name of the double teeth. A grind-stone is that stone on which knives, &c., are sharpened. To grind our corn and carry it hame agein; I pray you spede us. Chaucer. The Reves Tale. Whoso first cometh to the mill firste grint. Id. Prologue to the Wif of Bathes Take. But in helle, hir sight shall be full of darknesse and of smoke; and her eyen full of teres, and hir hering full of waimenting and grinting of teeth. Id. The Persones Tale. He the raging lioness confounds, The roaring lion with his javelin wounds Scatters their whelps, their grinders breaks; so they With the old hunters starve for want of prey. Sandys. His heart a solid rock, to fear unknown, And harder than the grinder's nether stone. Id. So up he let him rise; who with grim look, And countenance stern, upstanding, 'gan to grind His grated teeth for great disdain. Spenser. He that will have a cake out of the wheat, must needs tarry the grinding. Shakspeare. Troilus and Cressida. Some merchants and tradesmen, under colour of furnishing the colony with necessaries, may not grind them so as shall always keep them in poverty. Bacon's Advice to Villiers. The teeth are in men of three kinds; sharp as the foreteeth; broad as the back-teeth, which we call the molar-teeth, or grinders; and pointed teeth or canine, which are between both. Bacon. Harsh sounds, as of a saw, when it is sharpened, and grinding of one stone against another, make a shivering or horror in the body, and set the teeth on edge. Id. Natural History. Such a light and metalled dance Ben Jonson. GRINDING is also used for rubbing or wear ing off the irregular parts of the surface of a body, and reducing it to the destined figure, whether that be flat, concave, or the like. The grinding and polishing of glass is a considerable art; for which see GLASS-MAKING; and for grinding of optical glasses, see OPTICS. rotation produced by the lathe was so great as to turn the apparatus about five revolutions in a second. Yet the stone operated but slowly, and the trough was quickly exhausted; so that the workman was obliged to slacken the velocity on account of the heat. The emery cylinder cut rather faster. But, although the friction was made to operate successively and by frequent changes on the whole surface of the file, it soon became too hot to be held; and, when a cloth was used to defend the workman's hand, the work not only went on awkwardly, but the heat increased to such a degree, that the oil was decomposed, and emitted an empyreumatic smell. The stone was then allowed to dry, and the file tried upon its face. It almost instantly became blue, and very soon after red-hot. Both the cylinders were then covered with tallow, by holding the end of a candle to each while turning round, and emery was sprinkled on the wooden one. The file was then applied to the grind-stone while in rapid motion. At first the friction was hardly observable, but very soon afterwards, the zone of tallow pressed by the file became melted, and the stone cut very rapidly. Yet the file was for a long time hardly heated at all; and, when at last it began to feel warm, its temperature was instantly lowered by removing it to another zone of the cylinder. The same effects were produced on the wooden cylinder. This is easily explained upon the modern theory of heat. When oil was used. on the wooden cylinder, the heat produced by the friction was employed in raising the temperature of the file and the oil; but when tallow was used, instead of the oil, the greatest part of the heat was exhausted in melting this substance. From the increased capacity of the tallow when fused, the heat was absorbed and became latent, instead of raising the temperature: and when the melted tallow began to grow hot, together with the file, the temperature was easily reduced by employing the heat on another zone of tallow. Mr. Nicholson used these two cylinders in a considerable quantity of work with great satisfaction. This discovery bids fair to be of great utility. GRINDING, in cutlery, the operation of sharpening edge-tools. This operation, as usually practised, is attended with no small inconvenience, from the production of heat by friction. The heat produced is so great, that hard tools are often softened and spoiled by the steel becoming ignited during the grinding. To prevent this effect, the grind-stone is partly immersed in a trough of water; but in this case the rotation of the stone must be moderate, and the work, of course, slow, else the water will be thrown off by the centrifugal force. When the GRINSTED, EAST, a market town of Sus water is applied from above by a cock, the quan- sex, twenty-nine miles from London, seated tity is too small to counteract the heat, and pre- on a hill near the borders of Surrey. It has a serve the necessary low temperature. It has handsome church, which was rebuilt after haveven been found, that the edge or point of a ing been burnt down in 1683. On the 12th of hard tool ground under water will be softened, November, 1785, the beautiful tower, having if it be not held so as to meet the stream, sparks fallen to decay, fell down, and partly lighting on being often produced even under water. To the church, very considerably damaged it. An remedy this inconvenience, Mr. Nicholson made hospital in the reign of king James I., for thirtythe following experiments:-He procured a one poor people of this town, was built and Newcastle grind-stone of a fine grit, ten inches endowed with £330 a year. It is a borough in diameter, and a mahogany block, to be used by prescription, governed by a warden and with emery on it; both mounted on an axis, to two gentlemen-assistants; has sent burgesses to be applied between the centres of a strong lathe. parliament ever since the first of Edward II., Both were of the same diameter, and turned who are elected by about thirty-five burgagetruly cylindrical. The face of the mahogany holders: and had a charter for a monthly market block was grooved obliquely in opposite direc- from Henry VII. The returning officer here tions, to afford a lodgment for the emery: the is the bailiff, who is chosen by a jury of burface of the stone was smooth, and a trough with gage-holders. Its market is on Thursday. At water was placed below it. The wooden cylinder was faced with oil and emery. The tool to be ground was a file, from which it was intend ed to grind off all the teeth. The velocity of the the east end of the town is a large handsome building in the form of a square, called Sackville College, founded by Sackville, duke of Dorset, about the year 1616, for twenty-four aged persons of both sexes, where each has a comfortable room, and a yearly allowance of £8. GRIP, n. s. A small ditch.-Ainsworth. GRIPE, v. a., v. n., & n. s. GRI PER, n. s. GRIPINGLY, adv. GRI PLE, n. s. Saxon gripan; Gothic greipan; Dut.grijpen; Scot. To grasp; gripp. to hold hard; to catch; to press, or squeeze; a seizure of the hand or paw. Gripes, a name given to the colic or pain in the bowels: hence, figuratively, oppression or affliction. A griper is an extortioner; a usurer.. Griple is a griping or covetous miser. If I maie gripe a riche man, Lese all his markes and his poundes. He over him did hold his cruel claws, Threatening with greedy gripe to do him dy. Id. They put a barren sceptre in my gripe, Thence to be wrenched with an unlineal hand. Should I Shakspeare. Slaver with lips, as common as the stairs He gave me his hand, Id. And, with a feeble gripe, says, dear, my lord, I take my cause You took occasion to be quickly woo'd, Id. King John. Clysters help, lest the medicine stop in the guts, and work gripingly. Bacon's Natural History. Others pretend zeal, and yet are professed usurpers, gripers, monsters of men, and harpies. Burton. It is mean revenue, by being scattered, in the worst of times growing upon him, when others that had great ones, by griping, made them less, and grew stark beggars. Fell. Adam, at the news GRISA'MBER, n. s. ambergrise. Beast of chase, or fowl of game, In pastry built, or from the spit, or boiled, Grisamber steamed. Milton's Paradise Regained. GRISE, n. s. See GREECE, as it should be written. A step, or scale of steps. Let me speak like ourself; and lay a sentence, Which as a grise or step, may help these lovers Into your favour. Shakspeare. Othello. GRISGRIS, a superstition greatly in vogue among the negroes in the interior parts of Africa. The grisgris, according to Le Maire, are certain Arabic characters, mixed with magical figures drawn by the Marabuts or priests upon paper. Labat affirms, that they are nothing else than scraps of the Alcoran in Arabic; but the words are probably of the Mandingo language, though the characters are an attempt to imitate the Arabic. The poorest negro never goes to war without his grisgris, as a charm against wounds; and, if it proves ineffectual, the priest transfers the blame on the immorality of his conduct. These priests invent grisgris against all kinds of tites; by virtue of which the possessors may dangers, and in favor of all desires and appeobtain or avoid whatever they like or dislike. No priests in the world are more honored and revered by the people than these impostors are by the negroes; nor are any people in the world more impoverished by their priests than these negroes are, a grisgris being frequently sold at three slaves and four or five oxen. The grisgris intended for the head is made in the form of a cross, reaching from the forehead to the neck behind, and from ear to ear; nor are the arms and shoulders neglected. Sometimes they are planted in their bonnets in the form of horns; at other times they are made like serpents, lizards, or some other animals, out of a kind of pasteboard, &c. GRI'SKIN, n. s. Irish grisgin, roast meat. The vertebræ of a hog broiled. GRISLEA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and octandria class of plants: natural order seventeenth, calycanthemæ: CAL. each incisure of it. The filaments are very quadrifid; and there are four petals, one from long, ascending or running upwards: CAPS. globose, superior, unilocuiar, and polyspermous. Species two; one an East Indian shrub with a fine red flower; the other, G. secunda, a South American tree, with leaves like the bay-tree. GRI'SLY, adj. Sax. grlu. Dreadful; hor- hogs and wild fowl; but there is a scarcity of rible; hideous; frightful; terrible. Emong all this-to romblen gan the heven; The thonder rored with a grisly steven. Chaucer. Legende of Good Women. All peinted was the wall, in length and brede, Like to the estres of that grisly place That hight the gret temple of Mars in Trace. Id. The Knightes Tale. Full black and griesly did his face appeare, Besmeared with smoke that nigh his eye sight blent; With rugged beard, and hoarie shagged heare The which he never wont to combe or comely sheare. Spenser. His grisly locks, long growen and unbound, Disordered hung about his shoulders round. Id. Where I was wont to seek the honey bee, The grisly toadstool grown there might I see. Id. My grisly countenance made others fly; None durst come near, for fear of sudden death. Shakspeare. Henry VI. Back stepped those two fair angels half amazed, So sudden to behold the grisly king; Yet thus, unmoved with fear, accost him soon. It is still divided into three leagues, viz. the Grison or Gray League, the League of the house of God, and the ten Jurisdictions; which united formed one republic. The two first lie toward the south, and the third towards the north. The inhabitants are said to have been named Grisons, from the gray coats they wore in former times. This country, lying among the Alps, is very mountainous, yielding good pasture for the cattle, sheep, and goats, with some rye and barley in the valleys there is plenty of grain, pulse, fruits, and wine. It abounds also with fish and salt, and their horses are mostly purchased of foreigners. The principal rivers åre the Rhine, the Inn, and the Adda. It has also several lakes, most of which lie on the tops of the hills. The culture of potatoes was introduced here so lately as 1772, and has been carried to a considerable extent. Some parts are covered with valuable timber. The valley of the Inn; and the northern districts have opened the Engadin exports large quantities to Tyrol by a trade in that article with Holland, through the medium of the Rhine. This country is also rich in minerals: there are no manufactures however except a few cotton works at Coire. Their exports are cattle, wood, and minerals. From Suabia and the Tyrol they import corn; salt from the Tyrol and Bavaria; and from different parts of Switzerland, linen, and English and French cloths. This country was anciently a part of Rhætia. After the extinction of the Roman empire in the west, it was some time subject to its own dukes, or those of Swabia. Then the bishop of Coire, and other petty princes, dependent on the emperors of Germany, became masters of great part of it: at last, by the extinction of some, purchase, voluntary grants, and force, it got rid of all its lords, and was erected into three distinct republics. This country, as well as the whole of Switzerland, suffered much during the late wars, having been repeatedly and successively overrun by the French and Austrians. In France, and in the following year 'the Grisons 1797 these republics were acknowledged by with its dependencies was formed into one of the Swiss cantons. The leagues are divided into communes. GRISSAUNT (William), an eminent English physician, astronomer, and mathematician of the fourteenth century. Being, from the ignorance and superstition of the times, suspected of magic, he retired to France, gave up mathematics, and applied solely to medicine. His son was elected pope, and took the name of Urban V. GRIST, n. s. Sax. gnirt. A corruption of grindst. Corn; supply; provision: Grist to the mill-is profit or gain. Get grist to the mill to have plenty in store, Lest miller lack water. Tusser's Husbandry. The computation of degrees, in all matrimonial causes, is wont to be made according to the rules of that law, because it brings grist to the mill. Ayliffe. A mighty trade this lusty miller drove; Much grist from Cambridge to his lot did fall, And all the corn they used at scholar's hall. Miller of Tromp. Swift. Matter, as wise logicians say, Cannot without a form subsist; And form, say I, as well as they, Must fail, if matter brings no grist. GRI'STLE, n. s. Į Saxon girtle; Teuton. GRI'STLY, adj. croestel. A cartilage; a part of the body next in hardness to the bone. No living creatures, that have shells very hard, as oysters, crabs, lobsters, and especially the tortoise, have boxes within them, but only little gristles. Bacon's Natural History. |