him that he should not be removed from it. This prudent precaution he took, foreseeing, that the Arminian controversy, which had already given rise to many factions in the state, would occasion revolutions in the chief cities. The same year he was sent to England, on account of the divisions that reigned between the traders of the two nations, on the right of fishing in the northern seas; but he could obtain no satisfaction. He was afterwards sent to England, to persuade the king and the principal divines to favor the Arminans; and he had several conferences with king James I, on that subject. On his return to Holland his attachment to Barnevelt involved him in great trouble; for he was seized, and sentenced, in 1619, to perpetual imprisonment, and to forfeit all his goods and chattels. But after having been treated with great rigor for above a year and a half in his confinement, he was delivered by the advice and artifice of his wife, who having observed that his keepers, who had often fatigued themselves with searching and examining a great trunk of foul linen, which used to be washed at Gorkum, now let it pass without opening it, advised him to bore holes in it to prevent his being stifled, and then to get into it. He complied with this advice, and was carried to a friend's house in Gorkum; where dressing himself like a mason, and taking a rule and trowel, he passed through the market-place, and stepping into a boat went to Valvet in Brabant. Here he made himself known to some Arminians, and hired a carriage to Antwerp. At first there was a design of prosecuting his wife, who staid in the prison; and some judges were of opinion that she ought to be kept there in her husband's stead; however she was released by a plurality of voices, and universally applauded for her behaviour. He now retired into France, where he met with a gracious reception from that court, and Louis XIII. settled a pension upon him. Having resided there eleven years, he returned to Holland, on his receiving an invitation from Frederic Henry prince of Orange; but, his enemies renewing their persecution, he went to Hamburgh; where, in 1634, queen Christina of Sweden made him her counsellor and sent him ambassador into France. After having discharged the duties of this office above eleven years, he returned to give an account to queen Christina of his embassy, and in his journey visited Amsterdam. He was introduced to the queen at Stockholm; and there begged that she would grant him a dismissal, that he might return to Holland. This he obtained with difficulty. As he was returning, the ship in which he embarked was cast away on the coast of Pomerania; and, being sick, he continued his journey by land; but he was forced to stop at Rostock, where he died on the 28th of August, 1645. His body was carried to Delft, to be interred in the sepulchre of his ancestors. Notwithstanding the embassies in which he was employed, he composed a great number of works; the principal of which are, 1. De Jure Belli et Pacis, which is esteemed a master-piece. 2. A Treatise on the Truth of the Christian Religion. 3. Commentaries on the Holy Scriptures. 4. The History and Annals of Holland; and a great number of letters, all written in Latin. GROTIUS (William), brother to Hugh, was an eminent lawyer, and wrote several books on ju risprudence. He died in 1662. GROTON, a township of Connecticut in New London county, bounded on the west by the Thames, and on the south by Fisher's Island. It contains two parishes, and had 3946 citizens in 1795. It comprehends Fort Griswold, which defends the harbour of New London. GROTON, a town in the above township, opposite to New London city. It was burned by general Arnold, on the 6th of September, 1781, and suffered loss to the amount of £23,217. GROTTO, OF GROTTA, in natural history, a large deep cavern or den in a mountain or rock. ELDEN HOLE, OKEY HOLE, PEAKE'S HOLE, and Poor's HOLE, are famous among the natural caverns or grottos of England. See these articles. In grottos are frequently found crystals of the rock, stalactites, and other natural conglaciations, and those of an amazing beauty. See ANTIPAROS. At Foligno in Italy is another grotto, consisting of pillars and orders of architecture of marble, with their ornaments, &c., scarcely inferior to those of art. GROTTO is also used for a little artificial edifice made in a garden, in imitation of a natural grotto. The outsides of these grottos are usually adorned with rustic architecture, and their inside with shell-work, fossils, &c., finished likewise with jets d'eau or fountains, &c. A cement for artificial grottos may be made thus :-Take two parts of white rosin, melt it clear, and add to it four parts of bees' wax; when melted together, add two or three parts of the powder of the stone you design to cement, or so much as will give the cement the color of the stone; to this add one part of the flower of sulphur: incorporate all together over a gentle fire, and afterwards knead them with your hands in warm water. With this cement the stones, shells, &c., after being well dried before the fire, may be cemented. Artificial red coral branches, for the embellishment of grottos, may be made in the following manner:-Take clear rosin, dissolve it in a brass-pan; to every ounce of which add two drams of the finest vermilion: when you have stirred them well together, and have chosen your twigs and branches, peeled and dried, take a pencil and paint the branches all over, whilst the composition is warm; afterwards shape them in imitation of natural coral. This done, hold the branches over a gentle coal fire, till all is smooth and even as if polished. In the same manner white coral may be prepared with white-lead, and black coral with lamp-black. A grotto may be built with little expense, of glass, cinders, pebbles, pieces of large flint, shells, moss, stones, counterfeit coral, pieces of chalk, &c., all bound or cemented together with the above-described cement. GROVE, n. s. From grave. Sax. gɲafan. A walk covered by trees meeting above. And in the grove, at time and place ysette, Chaucer. The Knightes Tale. I more delight then larke in sommer dayes, I looked toward Birnam, and anon methought Within this three mile may you see it coming; Milton. Pope. GROVE, in gardening, a small wood of trees. Groves are not only great ornaments to gardens, but also afford great relief against the violent heats of the sun, affording shade to walk under in the hottest parts of the day, when the other parts of the garden are useless; so that every garden is defective which has not shade. Groves are of two sorts, viz. either open or close. Open groves are such as have large shady trees, which stand at such distances as that their branches approach so near each other as to prevent the rays of the sun from penetrating through them. Close groves have frequently large trees standing in them; but the ground under these is filled with shrubs of underwood: so that the walks which are in them are private, and screened from winds; by which means they are rendered agreeable for walking at those times when the air is either too hot or too cold in other parts of the garden. These are often contrived so as to bound the open groves, and frequently to hide the walls or other enclosures of the garden: and when they are properly laid out, with dry walks winding through them, and on the sides of these sweet-smelling shrubs and flowers irregularly planted, they have a charming effect. Groves have been in all ages held in great veneration. The proseuchæ, and high places of the Jews, whither they resorted for the purposes of devotion, were probably situated in groves. See Joshua xxiv. 26. The proseuchæ in Alexandria, mentioned by Philo, had groves about them, because ne complains that the Alexandrians, in a tumult against the Jews, cut down the trees of their proseuchæ. The ancient Romans had a sort of groves near several of their temples, which were consecrated to some god, and called luci, by antiphrasis, a non lucendo, as being shady and dark. The veneration which the ancient Druids had for. groves is well known. GROVE (Henry), a learned and ingenious presbyterian divine, born at Taunton in Somersetshire in 1683. Having obtained a classical education, he went through a course of academical learning under the Rev. Mr. Warren of Taunton. He then removed to London, and GROVEL, v. n. Goth. grufla; Isl. grufde, GROV'ELING, adj. flat on the face. It may perhaps come by gradual corruption from ground fell,' says Johnson; but this seems a curious guess. To lie prone; to creep low on the ground; to be mean or without dignity. The steel-head passage wrought, What see'st thou there? king Henry's diadem, Chapman. Id. Now they lie 1 must disclaim whate'er he can express; Beattie. GROUND, n. s. Sax. grund, Belg. grond : Dan. grondt; Teut. grund. The earth considered as superficially extended, and therefore related to tillage, travel, habitation, or almost any action. The main mass of terrene matter is never called the ground. We never distinguish the terraqueous globe into ground and water, but into earth, or land, and water; again, we never say under earth, but under ground. Israel shall go on dry ground through the sea. None was, and from the earth a dewy mist To their fixed station, all in bright array, A black bituminous gurge Id. Id. Hyde stamps, and straight upon the ground the And yet so nimbly he would bound, As if he scorned to touch the ground. Hudibras. The earth as distinguished from air and water. And, as my blessed hap And gode aventure was, right sone I founde A tabernacle reised from the grounde Where Venus sat and Cupide by her side. Chaucer. The Court of Love. I have made man and beast upon the ground. Jeremiah. There was a dew upon all the ground. Juulges vi. 40. They summed their wings, and soaring the' air sublime, With clang despised the ground. Milton. Dregs; lees; fæces; that which settles at the bottom of liquors. Set by them cyder, verjuice, sour drink, or grounds. Mortimer. Some insist upon having had particular success in stopping gangrenes, from the use of the grounds of strong beer, mixed up with bread or oatmeal. Sharp's Surgery. The first stratum of paint upon which the figures are afterwards painted. We see the limner to begin with a rude draught," and the painter to lay his grounds with darksome colours. Hakewill. When solid bodies, sensible to the feeling and dark, are placed on light and transparent grounds, as, for example, the heavens, the clouds and waters, and every other thing which is in motion, and void of different objects; they should be more rough, and more distinguishable, than that with which they are encompassed. Dryden's Dufresnoy. The fundamental substance; that by which the additional or accidental parts are supported. Young. Then wrought into the soul, let virtues shine, The ground eternal as the work divine. The plain song; the tune on which descants are raised. Get a prayer-book in your hand, And stand between two churchmen, good my lord; For on that ground I'll build a holy descant. Shakspeare. First hint; first traces of an invention; that which gives occasion to the rest. Though jealousy of state the' invention found, Yet love refined upon the former ground; That way the tyrant had reserved to fly, Pursuing hate, now served to bring two lovers nigh. Dryden. The first principles of knowledge. The concords will easily be known, if the foregrounds be thoroughly beaten in. Preface to Accidence. Here statesmen, or of them they which can read, May of their occupation find the grounds. Donne. The grounds are already laid whereby that is unquestionably resolved; for having granted that God gives sufficient grace, yet when he co-operates most Hammond. effectually, he doth it not irresistibly. After evening repasts, 'till bed-time, their thoughts will be best taken up in the easy grounds of religion, Milton. and the story of scripture. The fundamental cause; the true reason; original principle. And al the grounde of this his woful chaunce. Chaucer. Complaint of the Blacke Knight. The use and benefit of good laws all that live under them may enjoy with delight and comfort, albeit the He desired the steward to tell him particularly the ground and event of this accident. Sidney. Sound judgment is the ground of writing well. Roscommon. If it be natural, ought we not to conclude that there is some ground and reason for these fears, and that nature hath not planted them in us to no purpose. Tillotson. Thus it appears, that suits at law are not sinful in themselves, but may lawfully be used, if there is no unlawfulness in the ground and way of management. Kettlewell. Love once given from her, and placed in you, Would leave no ground I ever would be true. Dryden. Risen from a river, o'er the marish glides, And gathers ground fast at the labourer's heels, Homeward returning. Milton's Paradise Lost. Superiors think it a detraction from their merit to see another get ground upon them, and overtake them in the pursuits of glory. Addison's Spectator Even whilst we speak our conqueror comes on, And gathers ground upon us every moment. Addison. To found, as upon cause, reason, or principle. Wisdom groundeth her laws upon an infallible rule of comparison. Hooker. The church of England, walking in the good and old way of the orthodoxical primitive fathers, groundeth the religious observation of the Lord's day, and of other Christian holidays, upon the natural equity, and not upon the letter of the fourth commandment, White. It may serve us to ground conjectures more approaching to the truth than we have hitherto met with. Boyle. If your own actions on your will you ground, Mine shall hereafter know no other bound. Dryden. Some eminent spirit having signalized his valour, becomes to have influence on the people, to grow their leader in warlike expeditions; and this is grounded upon the principles of nature and common reason, which, where prudence and courage are required, rather incite us to fly to a single person than a multitude. Swift. To settle in first principles or rudiments of knowledge. Being rooted and grounded in love. Eph. iii. 17. GROUND, the preterite and part. pass. of grind. Now dull and rugged ere 'tis ground And polished, looks a diamond. Hudibras. Ground is much used in composition for that which is next the ground, or near the ground. GROUND-ASH, n. s. A sapling of ash taken from the ground; not a branch cut from a tree. A lance of tough ground-ash the Trojan threw, Rough in the rind, and knotted as it grew. Dryden. Æneid. Some cut the young ashes off about an inch above the ground, which causes them to make very large straight shoots, which they call ground-ash. Mortimer's Husbandry. GROUND-BAIT, N. S. From ground and bait. A bait made of barley or malt boiled; which, The state in which one is with respect to op- being thrown into the place where you design to angle, sinks to the bottom, and draws the fish to it. ponents or competitors. Had'st thou swayed as kings should do, Giving no ground unto the house of York, They never then had sprung. Shakspeare. Henry VI. Take the depth of the place where you mean after to cast your ground-bait, and to fish. Walton's Angler. GROUND-FLOOR, n. s. Ground and floor. The lower story of a house. The groundwork thereof is nevertheless true and certain, however they through ignorance disguise the GROUND-IVY, n. s. Lat. hedera terrestris. same, or through vanity. Spenser. State of Ireland. Alehoof, or tunhoof. Alehoof or ground-ivy is, in my opinion, of the most excellent use and virtue of any plants among us. Temple. If the planting of oaks were more in use for underwoods, it would spoil the cooper's trade for the making of hoops, either of hasel or ash; because one hoop made of the young shoots of a ground-oak, would outlast six of the best ash. Mortimer. GROUND-PINE, n. s. Lat. chamapitys. plant. A The whole plant has a very singular smell, resembling that of resin; whence its name ground-pine. It grows on dry and barren hills, and in some places on Hill. the ditch banks by road sides. GROUND-PLATE, n. s. In architecture. The outermost pieces of timber lying on or near the ground, and framed into one another with mortises and tennons. In these also are mortises made to receive the tennons of the joists, the summer and girders; and sometimes the trimmers for the stair-case and chimney-way, and the binding joist.— Harris. In the orthographical schemes there should be a true delineation, if it be a timber building, of the several sizes of the ground-plates, breast summers, and Mortimer. beams. GROUND-PLOT, n. s. The ground on which any building is placed. Wretched Gynecia, where canst thou find any small ground-plot for hope to dwell upon? Sidney. A ground-plot square five hives of bees contains; Emblems of industry and virtuous gains. GROUND-RENT, n. s. Harte. Rent paid for the privilege of building on another man's ground. A foot in front, and thirty-three five-sevenths deep, would bring in a ground-rent of five pounds. Arbuthnot on Coins. The site was neither granted him, nor given; 'Twas nature's, and the ground-rent due to heaven. Harte. GROUND-ROOM, n. s. A room on the level with the ground. I beseeched him hereafter to meditate in a groundroom; for that otherwise it would be impossible for an artist of any other kind to live near him. Tatler. These words GROUND'EDLY, adv. GROUND'LESS, adj. (compounds from GROUNDLESSLY, adv. ground) signify GROUND LESSNESS, n. s. >firmness either in GROUND LING, n. s. principles or subGROUND'LY, adv. stance, and are opGROUND WORK, n. s. posed to whatever is fictitious, causeless, or superficial. A groundling is a fish which keeps at the bottom of the water, and hence a name applied to the vulgar. A groundwork is the first part of an undertaking; the foundation; the outline; the first principle of a science; or the original reason of a thing. A man, groundly learned already, may take much profit himself, in using by epitome to draw other men's works, or his own memory sake, into shorter room. Ascham. The main skill and groundwork will be to temper them such lectures and explanations, upon every opportunity, as may lead and draw them in willing Milton. obedience. He hath given the first hint of speaking groundedly, and to the purpose upon this subject. Glanville. Divers persons have produced the like by spirit of vitriol, or juice of lemons; but have groundlessly ascribed the effect to some peculiar quality of those two liquors. Boyle on Colours. He durst not cite the words either of my book' or sermons, lest the readers should have discovered the notorious falsehood and groundlessness of his calumny. Tillotson. A way there is in heaven's expanded plain, Dryden's Fables. GROUNDSEL, n. s. Sax. grund and rile, the basis, perhaps from Lat. sella. The timber or raised pavement next the ground. The window-frame hath every one of its lights rab. betted on its outside about half an inch into the frame; and all these rabbets, but that on the groundsel, are grooved square; but the rabbet on the groundsel is levelled downwards, that rain or snow may the Moxon. freelier fall off. GROUNDSEL, n. s. Lat. senecio. A plant. GROUP, n. s. & v. a. Fr. groupe; Ital. groppo, a bunch or knot. See GRAPE. A crowd; a cluster; a hurdle; a number thronged together. In a picture, besides the principal figures which compose it, and are placed in the midst of it, there are less groups or knots of figures disposed at proper distances, which are parts of the piece, and seem to carry on the same design in a more inferior manner. Dryden's Dufresnoy. The difficulty lies in drawing and disposing, or, as the painters term it, in grouping such a multitude of different objects, preserving still the justice and conformity of stile and colouring. |