GROUPS, THE, a name given by captain Cook to several islands in the South Pacific Ocean, in 1769; and extending from north-west by north, to south-east by south, about nine leagues. The two largest are separated from each other by a channel about half a mile broad, and surrounded by small islands, to which they are joined by reefs. These islands are supposed to have been first discovered by Roggewein. The southernmost lies in long. 142° 42′ W., lat. 18° 12′ S. GROUPUS, a handsome sea-port on the coast of Brasil, South America. It has a fine and capacious harbour, with good anchorage. The climate is good; and the soil yields 100 fold for whatever is planted in it. It is particularly noted for its delicious fruits. Lat. 26° 26′ S. GROUSE, n. s. Lat. ericeus. A kind of fowl; a heath-cock.

GROUTHEAD, or GREATHEAD (Robert), a learned bishop of Lincoln, born at Stow in Lincolnshire, or Stradbrook in Suffolk, in the end of the twelfth century. His parents were so poor, that when a boy he was obliged to do the meanest offices, and even to beg his bread; till the mayor of Lincoln, struck with his appearance, took him into his family, and put him to school. Here his ardent love of learning soon appeared, and procured him many patrons, who enabled him to prosecute his studies, first at Cambridge, afterwards at Oxford, and at last at Paris. In these three famous seats of learning he spent many years in the most indefatigable pursuit of knowledge, and became one of the most universal scholars of the age. He was master not only of the French and Latin, but also of the Greek and Hebrew languages, a very rare accomplishment in those times. Roger Bacon, who was intimately acquainted with him, says that he spent much of his time for almost forty years in the study of geometry, astronomy, optics, and other branches of mathematical learning, in all which he very much excelled. Theology was his favorite study, in which he read lectures at Oxford with great applause. In the mean time he obtained several preferments in the church, and was at length elected and consecrated bishop of Lincoln, A. D. 1235. In this station he soon became celebrated for the purity of his manners, the popularity of his preaching, the vigor of his discipline, and the boldness with which he reproved the vices, and opposed the arbitrary mandates of the court of Rome; of this last we shall give one example. Pope Innocent IV. had granted to one of his own nephews, named Frederick, who was but a child, a provision to the

first canon's place in the church of Lincoln that should become vacant; and sent a bull to the archbishop of Canterbury, and Innocent, then papal legate in England, commanding them to see the provision made effectual; which they transmitted to the bishop of Lincoln. But that brave and virtuous prelate boldly refused to obey this unreasonable mandate, and sent an answer to the papal bull, containing a severe reproach against his holiness for abusing his power: 'If we except,' said he, "the sins of Lucifer and Antichrist, there neither is nor can be a greater crime, nor any thing more contrary to the doctrine of the gospel, or more odious and abominable in the sight of Jesus Christ, than to ruin and destroy the souls of men, by depriving them of the spiritual aid and ministry of their pastors. This crime is committed by those who command the benefices intended for the support of able pastors, to be bestowed on those who are incapable of performing the duties of the pastoral office. It is impossible, therefore, that the holy apostolic see, which received its authority from the Lord Jesus Christ, for edification, and not for destruction, can be guilty of such a crime, or any thing approaching to such a crime, so hateful to God, and so hurtful to men. For this would be a most manifest corruption and abuse of its authority, which would forfeit all its glory, and plunge it into the pains of hell.' Upon reading this letter, his holiness became frantic with rage, and threatened to make the bishop an object of terror and astonishment to the whole world. 'How dare,' said he, this old, deaf, doating fool, disobey my commands? Is not his master the king of England my subject? Cannot he cast him into prison, and crush him in a moment?' But the cardinals induced the pope to think more calmly, and to take no notice of this letter. The bishop did not long survive this noble stand against the gross corruptions and tyranny of the church of Rome. He fell sick at his castle of Bugden that same year; and, sensible that his death was drawing near, he called his clergy into his apartment, and made a long discourse to them, to prove that the reigning pope Innocent IV. was Antichrist. With this exertion, his strength was so much exhausted, that he expired soon after, October 9th, 1253. A contemporary historian says, 'He was a free and bold reprimander of the pope and the king; an admonisher of the prelates; a corrector of the monks; an instructor of the clergy; a supporter of the studious; a censurer of the incontinent; a scourge and terror to the court of Rome; a diligent searcher of the scriptures; and a frequent preacher to the people. At his table he was hospitable, polite, and cheerful. In the church he was contrite, devout, and solemn; and in performing all the duties of his office he was venerable, active, and indefatigable.' The illustrious Roger Bacon has given this honorable testimony in his favor:-Robert Grouthead, bishop of Lincoln, and his friend friar Adam de Marisco, are the two most learned men in the world, and excel all the rest of mankind both in divine and human knowledge.' This excellent prelate was a very voluminous writer, and composed a prodigious number of treatises on a

Waller.

In colder regions men compose
Poison with art; but here it grows.
Those towers of oak o'er fertile plains might go,
And visit mountains where they once did grow. Id.
To shoot in any particular form.

Children, like tender osiers, take the bow;
And, as they first are fashioned, always grow.
Dryden's Juvenal.

To increase in stature. The poor man had nothing, save one little ewe-lamb, which he had bought and reared up; and it grew up together with him aud with his children.

2 Sam. xii. 3. I long with all my heart to see the prince; I hope he is much grown since last I saw him. Shakspeare. Richard III. To come to manhood from infancy; commonly followed by up.

To mischief trained, e'en from his mother's womb, Grown old in fraud, though yet in manhood's bloom, Adopting arts, by which gay villains rise, And reach the heights which honest men despise. Churchill.

Cowley.

Oft am I by the women told, Poor Anacreon! thou growest old. Now the prince groweth up fast to be a man, and is of a sweet and excellent disposition.

Bacon's Advice to Villiers.

The main thing to be considered, in every action of a child, is how it will become him when he is bigger, and whither it will lead him when he is grown up.

Locke. We are brought into the world children, ignorant and impotent; and we grow up in vanity and folly. Wake.

But who can view the ripened rose, nor seek To wear it? who can curiously behold

The smoothness and the sheen of beauty's cheek, Nor feel the heart can never all grow old. Byron. Childe Harold.

To issue, as plants from a soil, or as branches from the main trunk.

They will seem not struck into him, but growing out of hun. Dryden's Eneid, Dedication.

To come by degrees; to reach any state gradually.

After they grew to rest upon number, rather competent than vast, they grew to advantages of place, cunning diversions, and the like; and they grew more skilful in the ordering of their battles.

Bacon's Essays.

The royal evil so malignant grows, Nothing the dire contagion can oppose.

Marvell.

Verse, or the other harmony of prose, I have so long studied and practised, that they are grown into a habit, and become familiar to me. Dryden.

The trespasses of people are grown up to heaven, and their sins are got beyond all restraints of law and authority. Rogers.

To come forward; to gather ground. Some seeing the end of their government nigh, and troublous practice growing up, which may work trouble to the next governour, will not attempt redress. Spenser on Ireland.

It was now the beginning of October, and Winter began to grow fast on: great rain, with terrible thunder and lightning, and mighty tempests, then fell abundantly. Knolles.

To be changed from one state to another; to become either better or worse; to turn.

A good man's fortune may grow out at heels. Shakspeare.

Scipio Nasica feared lest, if the dread of that enemy were taken away, the Romans would grow either to idleness or civil dissension. Abbot.

Tell me of liberty, the story's fine,
Until you all grow consuls in your wine.

You will grow a thing contemptible, unless you can supply the loss of beauty with more durable qualities. Swift. Some for renown, on scraps of learning doat, And think they grow immortal as they quote. Young. By degrees the vain, deluded elf, Grew out of humour with his former self. Harte. To proceed as from a cause or reason. Take heed now that ye fail not to do this: why should damage grow to the hurt of the king?

Ex. iv. 22. What will grow out of such errours, as masked under the cloak of divine authority, impossible it is that ever the wit of man should imagine, 'till time have brought forth the fruits of them. Hooker.

Shall we set light by that custom of reading, from whence so precious a benefit hath grown?

Id.

Hence grows that necessary distinction of the saints on earth and the saints in heaven; the first belonging to the militant, the second to the triumphant church. Pearson.

The want of trade in Ireland proceeds from the want of people; and this is not grown from any ill qualities of the climate or air, but chiefly from so many wars.

To accrue; to be forthcoming.

Even just the sum that I do owe to you, Is growing to me by Antipholis.

To adhere; to stick together.

I' the' war do grow together.

Temple.

Shakspeare.

Honour and policy, like unsevered friends,
Id. Coriolanus.

The frog's mouth grows up, and he continues so for at least six months without eating.

Walton.

In burnings and scaldings the fingers would many times grow together; the chin would grow to the breast, and the arms to the sides, were they not hindered. Wiseman's Surgery.

To swell: a sea term. Mariners are used to the tumbling and rolling of ships from side to side, when the sea is never so little grown. Raleigh. GROWN, adj. Advanced in growth: GROWTH, n. s. covered or filled by the growth of any thing.

I went by the field of the slothful, and by the vineyard of the man void of understanding; and lo, it was all grown over with thorns, and nettles had covered the face thereof. Proverbs.

Arrived at full growth or stature.

I saw lately a pair of China shoes, which I was told were for a grown woman, that would scarce have been big enough for one of our little girls. Vegetation; vegetable life; increase of vegeta

tion.

Locke.

I had thought, for the honour of our nation, that the knight's tale was of English growth, and Chaucer's Dryden.

own.

Our little world, the image of the great, Of her own growth hath all that nature craves, And all that's rare, as tribute from the waves. Waller. Increase in number, bulk, or frequency. What I have tried, or thought, or heard upon this subject, may go a great way in preventing the growth of this disease, where it is but new. Temple. Increase of stature; advance to maturity. They say my son of York

Has almost overtaken him in his growth. Shakspeare. The stag, now conscious of his fatal growth, To some dark covert his retreat had made.

They roam amid the fury of their heart, And growl their horrid loves. Thomson's Spring. Dogs in this country are of the size of common mastiffs, and by nature never bark, but growl when they are provoked. Ellis.

GROWTHEAD, n. s. Į
GRO'WTNOL, n. S.

Lat. capito. From gross or greathead. A kind of fish.-Ainsworth. An idle lazy fellow. Obsolete.

Though sleeping one hour refresheth his song, Yet trust not Hob growthead for sleeping too long.

Tusser.

Goth. graban, preter,

GRUB, v. a.&n.s. Į GRUB'BLE, v.n. grôb, to dig. To dig up; root out of the ground; eradicate. A grub is a small worm that eats holes in bodies; a dwarf: to grubble, to feel in the dark.

There is a difference between a grub and a butterfly, and yet your butterfly was a grub. Shakspeare. John Romane, a short clownish grub, would bear the whole carcase of an ox, yet never tugged with

him.

Carew.

Thou hast a colour; Now let me rowl and grubble thee: Blind men say white feels smooth, and black feels rough:

Thou hast a rugged skin; I do not like thee.

Dryden.

As for the thick woods, which not only Virgil but Homer mentions, they are most of them grubbed up, since the promontory has been cultivated and inbabited. Addison on Italy.

GRUB, in zoology, is the English name of the hexapode worms, produced from the eggs of beetles, &c., and which at length are transformed into winged insects of the same species with their parents. See ERUCA.

GRUBENHAGEN, a principality of the kingdom of Hanover. It is fertile, but the greater part is mountainous, and, besides feeding a great number of sheep and black cattle, abounds with mines of silver, copper, lead, iron, sulphur, calamine, and zinc; quarries of marble, slates, limestones, alabaster, and jasper of different kinds. It has also some mines of gold, but these are not rich. The forests abound with oak, beech, firs, elms, &c. The inhabitants are Lutherans, and carry on linen manufactures. Eimbeck is the capital. Population about

60,000.

GRUBSTREET, n. s. The name of a street, near Moorfields, London, much inhabited at one time by writers of small histories, dictionaries, and temporary poems; whence any mean production is called Grubstreet.

Χαίρ Ιθάκη μετ ̓ ἄεθλα, μετ ̓ ἄλγεα πικρα
Ασπασίως τέον εδας ἱκάνομαι.

The first part, though calculated only for the meridian of Grubstreet, was yet taken notice of by the better scrt. Arbuthnot.

I'd sooner ballads write, and Grubstreet lays. Gay. GRUCIUS (Nicolas), a French author of the sixteenth century, born at Rouen. He is said to have been the first who lectured on Aristotle in Greek. He wrote several works: the chief of which are, 1. A Treatise De Comitiis Romanorum: 2. Tracts against Sigonius: and A Translation of Castanedo's History of the Indies. He died at Rochelle, in 1572.

Sax. gewɲæc, from Fr.gruger,

GRUDGE, v. a., v.n. & n. s. GRUDG'INGLY, adv. GRUTCH, v. n. & n. s. Saccording to Skinner, to grind or eat. In this sense we say of one who resents any thing secretly he chews it. Grugnach, in Welsh, is to murmur; to grumble. Grunigh, in Scotland, denotes a grumbling morose countenance. To envy; repine; to give unwillingly; to murmur: an old quarrel; malevolence; sullenness; anger; remorse; reluctance

Grudge not one against another, brethren, lest ye be condemned. James v. 9.

He gan to grutch, and blamen it a lete.

Chaucer. Prologue to the Reves Tale.
For where a lover thinking promote,
Envie wil grutche, repining at his wele.
Id. The Court of Love.

The poor at the enclosure doth grutch, Because of abuses that fall, Lest some men should have but too much, And some again nothing at all. Tusser's Husbandry. They knew the force of that dreadful curse, whereunto idolatry maketh subject; nor is there cause why the guilty sustaining the same should grudge or comHooker. plain of injustice.

"Tis not in thee

To grudge my pleasures, to cut off my train.
Shakspeare.

Two households, both alike in dignity,
From ancient grudge break to new mutiny,
Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. Id.
Let me go in to see the generals :
There is some grudge between 'em; 'tis not meet
They be alone.
Id. Julius Cæsar.
Many times they go with as great grudging to serve
in his majesty's ships, as if it were to be slaves in the
gallies.
Raleigh.

Those to whom you have

With grudge preferred me. Ben Jonson. But what we're born for we must besi, Our frail condition it is such,

That what to all may happen here,
If't chance to me I must not grutch.

In it he melted leaden bullets
To shoot at foes, and sometimes pullets;
To whom he bore so fell a grutch,

Id.

He ne'er gave quarter to' any such. Hudibras. What means this banishing me from your counsels ? Do you love your sorrow so well, as to grudge me part of it? Sidney.

Many countries about her were full of wars, which, for old grudges to Corinth, were thought still would conclude there. Id.

He struggles into birth, and cries for aid; Then helpless in his mother's lap is laid: He creeps, he walks; and, issuing into man, Grudges their life from whence his own began. Dryden.

These clamours with disdain he heard,
Much grudged the praise, but more the robbed
reward.
Id.

My Dolabella,
Hast thou not still some grudgings of thy fever?

Id.

Make the gruel thick and slab.

Shakspeare. Macbeth. Was ever Tartar fierce or cruel Upon the strength of water gruel? Prior. Gruel made of grain, broths, malt drink not much hopped, posset-drinks, and in general whatever relaxeth. Arbuthnot.

But keen Xantippe scorning borrowed flame, Can vent her thunders and her lightnings play O'er cooling gruel and composing tea. Young. GRUFF, adj. Belg. groff; Swed. grof. GRUFF LY, adv. Sour of aspect; harsh of GRUFFNESS, n. s. manners; rugged; rough. Hoarse as applied to sounds.

The form of Mars high on a chariot stood, All sheathed in arms, and gruffly looked the god. Dryden

The appellation of honour was such an one the gruff, such an one the stocky.

Addison.

Around the fiend, in hideous order, sat Foul bawling infamy and bold debate, Gruff discontent through ignorance misled.

Thou grumbling thunder join thy voice. Motless. Like a storm

That gathers black upon the frowning sky,

And grumbles in the wind.

Rowe's Royal Convert. L'Avare, not using half his store,

Still grumbles that he has no more. Prior. Nic looked sour and grum, and would not open his mouth.

Arbuthnot.

The half-pence are good half-pence, and I will stand by it; if I made them of silver, it would be the same thing to the grumbler. Swift.

Vapours foul

Dash on the mountain's brow, and shake the woods That grumbling wave below. Thomson's Winter. Right,' cry'd his lordship in a grumbling tone, Much like a mastiff jealous of a bone. Dr. Walcot. GRUME, n. s. GRU'MOUS, adj. GRU'MOUSNESS, n. s.

Fr. grumeau; Lat. grumus. A thick viscid consistence of a fluid:

as the white of an egg, or clotted like cold blood. -Quincy.

The cause may be referred either to the coagulation of the serum, or grumousness of the blood. Wiseman's Surgery.•

The blood, when let, was black, grumous, the red part without a due consistence, the serum saline, and of a yellowish green. Arbuthnot.

GRUNBERG, a considerable manufacturing town of Silesia, the chief place of a district in the principality of Glogau. The inhabitants are employed chiefly in manufacturing cloth. The environs of the town are fertile, and partly under the culture of the vine. Fullers' earth is also found here. Twenty miles north of Sagau, and thirty north-west of Gros Glogau. Population

Who mourned in earnest, when the captive ark Maimed his brute image, heads and hands lopped off In his own temple, on the grunsel edge, Where he fell flat, and shamed his worshippers.

GRUNT, v. n. & n. s. GRUNTLE, V. n. GRUNTER, n. s.

GRUNTLING, N. S.

Milton

And neigh, and bark, and grunt, and roar and burn, Like horse, hound, hog, bear, fire, at every turn. Shakspeare. Swine's snouts, swine's bodies, took they, bristles, grunts. Chapman.

Ran cow and calf, and family of hogs, In panick horrour of pursuing dogs; With many a deadly grunt and doleful squeak, Poor swine, as if their pretty hearts would break. Dryden.

From hence were heard

The grunts of bristled boars, and groans of bears, And herds of howling wolves. Id. Encid. Lament, ye swine! in gruntings spend your grief, For you, like me, have lost your sole relief. Gay. Thy brinded boars may slumber undismayed, Or grunt secure beneath the chestnut shade. Tickei. The scolding quean to louder notes doth rise, To her full pipes the grunting hog replies; The grunting hogs alarm the neighbours round.

Swift.