GRUTER (James), a learned philologer, and one of the most laborious writers of his time, was born at Antwerp in 1560. When a child, his father and mother, being persecuted for the Protestant religion by the duchess of Parma, carried him into England. He imbibed the elements of learning from his mother, who was one of the most learned women of the age, and besides French, Italian, and English, was a complete mistress of Latin, and well skilled in Greek. He studied at Cambridge, afterwards at Leyden, and at last applied himself wholly to polite literature. After travelling much he became professor in the University of Heidelburgh; near which city he died in 1627. He wrote many works; the principal are, 1. A large collection of Ancient Inscriptions. 2. Thesaurus Criticus. 3. Delicia Poetarum Gallorum, Italorum, et Belgarum, &c. GRUTLIN, a plain of Switzerland, near the lake of the Four Cantons, in the canton of Uri, famous for being the scene of the association of the three first cantons, in defence of their liberty, A. D. 1307.

GRUYERES, GRUYERS, or GRUYIRES, a town, and formerly county and bailiwic of Switzerland, in the canton of Friburg, famous for cheese; which is exported to a considerable amount to France, Germany, and Italy. A dangerous insurrection broke out here in 1781, which threatened the destruction of the city of Friburg, before it was quelled by the assistance of troops from Berne. It lies fifteen miles south of Friburg. Long. 7° 23′ E., lat. 46° 35' N.

GRYLLUS, the son of Xenophon, who slew the celebrated Theban general Epaminondas, and was also killed himself at the battle of Mantinea, A. A. C. 363. Xenophon, who was sacrificing when he heard of his death, instantly threw off his garland, but, upon being farther informed that his son had slain the enemy's generai, immediately replaced it.

GRYLLUS, in entomology, a genus of insects, belonging to the order of hemiptera, comprehending the crickets, locusts, and grasshoppers. The general characters are these: the head is inflected, armed with jaws, and furnished with palpi: the antennæ filiform; the wings are deflected towards and wrapped round the sides of the body; the under ones are folded up, so as to be concealed under the elytra: the thorax is flat and marginated. All the feet are armed with two nails; and the hind ones are formed for leaping.

Under our article ENTOMOLOGY we have in some measure described the habits of this destructive genus of insects, and their depredations on particular occasions. We shall here, therefore, only enumerate the different species, with an account of some of their haunts, habits,

&c.

G. campestris, the field cricket, and the domestic cricket, are varieties of the same species, differing only in color and habits; the

latter being paler colored, and having more of a yellow cast, and the former more of a brown. The antennæ are as slender as a thread, and nearly equal to the body in length. The head is large, and round, with two large eyes, and three smaller ones of a light yellow color, placed higher on the edge of the depression, from the centre of which originate the antennæ; the thorax is broad and short. In the males the elytra are longer than the body, veined, as it were rumpled on the upper part, crossed one over the other, and enfolding part of the abdomen, with a projecting angle on the sides; they have also at their base a pale-colored band. In the females the elytra leave one-third of the abdomen uncovered, and scarcely cross each other; and they are all over of one color, veined and not rumpled: nor do they wrap round so much of the abdomen underneath. The female, moreover, carries at the extremity of its body a hard spine, almost as long as the abdomen, thicker at the end, composed of two sheaths, which encompass two lamine: this implement serves the insect to sink and deposit its eggs in the ground. Both the male and female have two pointed soft appendices at the extremity of the abdomen. Their hinder feet are much larger and longer than the rest, and serve them for leaping. They are very shy and cautious, and, feeling a person's footsteps as he advances, they stop short in the midst of their song, and retire backward nimbly into their burrows, where they lurk till all suspicion of danger is over.

G. domesticus, the domestic or hearth cricket, does not require to be sought after for examination: it resides altogether within our dwellings, intruding itself upon our notice, whether we wish for it or not.

G. gryllotalpa, the mole cricket, is of a very unpleasant form. Its head, in proportion to the size of its body, is small and oblong, with four long thick palpi, and two long antennæ as slender as threads. Behind the antennæ are situated the eyes, and between those two eyes are seen three stemmata or less eyes, amounting to five in all, set in one line transversely The thorax forms a kind of cuirass, oblong, almost cylindrical, which appears as it were velvtty. The elytra, which are short, reach but to the middle of the abdomen, are crossed one over the other, and have large black or brown nervous fibres. The wings terminate in a point, longer not only than the elytra, but even than the abdomen. This latter is soft, and ends in two points or appendices of some length. But the chief singularity of this insect is in its fore feet, which are very large and flat, with broad legs, ending outwardly in four large serrated claws, and inwardly in two only; between which claws the tarsus is situated. The whole animal is of a brown dusky color. It haunts moist meadows, and frequents the sides of ponds and banks of streams, performing all its functions in a swampy wet soil. With a pair of fore-feet, curiously adapted to the purpose, it burrows and works under ground like the mole, raising a ridge as it proceeds, but seldom throwing up hillocks. As mole crickets often infest gardens by the sides of canals, they are un

welcome guests to the gardener, raising up ridges in their subterraneous progress, and rendering the walks unsightly. If they take to the kitchen quarters, they occasion great damage among the plants and roots, by destroying whole beds of cabbages, young legumes and flowers. When dug out, they seem very slow and helpless, and make no use of their wings by day; but at night they come abroad, and make long excursions. In fine weather about the middle of April, at the close of day, they begin to solace themselves with a low, dull, jarring note, continued for a long time without interruption, and not unlike the chattering of the fern owl, or goat-sucker, but more inward. About the beginning of May they lay their eggs, as Mr. White informs us, who was once an eye-witness: for a gardener, at a house where he was on a visit, happening to be mowing on the 6th of that month, by the side of a canal, his scythe struck too deep, pared off a large piece of turf, and laid open to view a curious scene of domestic economy. There were many caverns and winding passages leading to a kind of chamber neatly smoothed and rounded, and about the size of a moderate snuff-box. Within this secret nursery were deposited near 100 eggs of a dirty yellow color, and enveloped in a tough skin, but too lately excluded to contain any rudiments of young, being full of a viscous substance. The eggs lay but shallow, and within the influence of the sun, just under a little heap of fresh mowed mould, like that which is raised by ants. When mole crickets fly, they move cursu undoso,' rising and falling in curves, like the other species mentioned before. In different parts of this kingdom people call them Fencrickets, churr-worms and evechurrs, all very apposite names.

G. locustæ (the grylli of Fabricius), or locusts unarmed at the tail. This family is distinguished by having the tail purple: their antennæ are filiform or cylindrical, and half shorter than the abdomen; they have three stemmata, and three joints to the tarsi. According to the observation of the abbé Pouet, those which have their abdomen furnished with the tube or dart, above mentioned, lay their eggs in a stiff sort of earth which that instrument perforates. During the operation the dart opens; and, being hollow and grooved on each side within, the egg slides down along the grooves, and is deposited in the hole. Of those which have the tails simple, i. e. which have no dart, some have long wings, and some very short. The long winged sort lay their eggs on the bare ground, and have no use for a perforating instrument; but they cover them with a glutinous substance, which fixes them to the soil, and prevents their being injured either by wind or wetness. Those, again, which have short wings, deposit their eggs in the sand; and, to make the holes for this purpose, they have the power of elongating and retracting their abdominal rings, and can turn their body as on a pivot; in which operation long wings would have been a material impediment. The annals of most warm countries are filled with accounts of the devastations produced by locusts,

which sometimes appear in clouds of vast

extent.

G. tettigoniæ, grasshoppers, or locusts armed at the tail. The females of this family are distinguished by a tubular dart at the extremity of their abdomen: in both sexes the antennæ are setaceous, and longer than the abdomen; and the tarsi composed of four articulations. They leap by the help of their hinder legs, which are strong and much longer than the fore ones. Their walk is heavy, but they fly tolerably well. Their females deposit their eggs in the ground, by means of the appendices which they carry in their tail, which consist of two lamine, and penetrate the ground. They lay a great number of eggs at a time; and those eggs, united in a thin membrane, form a kind of group. The little larvæ that spring from them are wholly like the perfect msects, excepting in size, and their having neither wings nor elytra, but only a kind of knobs, four in number, which contain both, but undisplayed. The unfolding of them only takes place at time of the metamorphosis, when the insect has attained its full growth. In these insects, when examined internally, besides the gullet, we discover a small stomach; and, behind that, a very large one, wrinkled and furrowed within side. Lower down there is still a third; so that it is thought, and with some probability, that all the animals of this genus chew the cud, as they so much resemble ruminant animals in their internal conformation.

G. verrucivorus, the wart-eating grasshopper, has green wings, spotted with brown, and is caught by the common people in Sweden to destroy warts, which they are said to do by biting off the excrescence and discharging a corrosive liquor on the wound.

GRYNAUS (Simon), a learned German, the son of a peasant of Suabia, born at Veringen, in Hohenzollern, in 1493. He was Greek professor at Vienna, and afterwards at Heidelberg, in 1523. Being a Protestant he was exposed to much persecution, and in 1531 took refuge in England; where he was received with great kindness by Sir Thomas More, to whom Erasmus had recommended him. He was the first who published the Almagest of Ptolemy in Greek. He also published a Greek Euclid, and Plato's works, with some commentaries of Proclus. He died at Basil in 1541.

GRYPHITES, in natural history, or crow'sstone, an oblong fossil shell, very narrow at the head, and becoming gradually wider to the extremity, where it ends in a circular limb; the head or beak of this is very hooked or bent inward. They are frequently found in our gravel or clay pits in many counties. There are three or four distinct species; some extremely round and convex on the back, others less so; and the plates of which they are composed are in some smaller and thinner, in others thicker and larger, in specimens of the same bigness.

GRYPHIUS (Sebastian), a celebrated printer of Lyons in France, was born in Suabia near Augsburg, in 1494. He restored the art of printing at Lyons, which was before exceedingly corrupted; and the books printed by him

are still valued by connoisseurs. He printed many books in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, with new and very beautiful types; and his editions are no less accurate than elegant. Thus a certain epigrammatist has observed, that Robert Stephens was a very good corrector, Colinæus a very good printer, but that Gryphius was both an able printer and corrector. He died in 1556, in his sixty-third year; and his business was carried on with reputation by his son Anthony Gryphius. One of the most beautiful books of Sebastian Gryphius is a Latin bible: it was printed in 1550, with the largest types that had then been seen, in 2 vols. folio.

GRYPHUS. See GRIFFON. GUADAGNI (Gaetono), in biography, a native of Vicenza, one of the most celebrated opera singers of the last century, and also greatly admired for his dignity, grace, and intelligence, as an actor. He first came into England with a company of burletta singers, brought hither by Croza, an adventurous impresario, in 1748. The music he sung was the most simple imaginable; a few notes with frequent pauses, and opportunities of being liberated from the composer and the band, were all he wanted. And, in these seemingly extemporaneous effusions, he proved the in herent power of melody totally divorced from harmony, and unassisted even by unisonous accompaniment. Surprised at such great effects, from causes apparently small, musical critics frequently tried to analyse the pleasure he communicated to the audience, and found it chiefly arose from his artful manner of diminishing the tones of his voice, like the dying notes of the Æolian harp. Most other singers captivate by a swell, or messa di voce; but Guadagni, after beginning a note or passage with all the force he could safely exert, fined it off to a thread, and gave it all the effect of extreme distance, though neither his voice nor execution contributed much to charm or excite admiration. He finally quitted England in the summer of 1771; in 1772 he performed at Verona, and afterwards accompanied the electress dowager of Saxony to Munich, where he continued till 1776, when he appeared on the stage, for the last time, at Venice. After which he settled at Padua in the service of Sant' Antonio, where he lost his sight in 1786, by a paralytic stroke, and soon after his life.

GUADALAVIAR, a river of Spain, which rises on the confines of Arragon and New Castile, and running by Turvel, in Arragon, crosses the kingdom of Valencia, passes the town of that name, and soon after falls into the Mediterranean Sea a little below Valencia.

GUADALAXARA, a province and town of Spain, in New Castile; the town is seated on the Herares, and contains nine churches, fourteen convents, and about 10,000 inhabitants. Here is a palace of the duke del Infantado, and a cathedral church of some eminence; also a large manufacture of cloth, carried on by the public authorities. It is fifty-six miles north-east of Madrid.

The province contains a territorial extent of 1050 square miles, and 122,000 inhabitants. It is very elevated land, intersected by mountains, and traversed by the Tagus and other streams.

The pasturage of sheep is the principal agricultural object. It is divided into three partidas and three tierras.

GUADALAXARA, a province or intendancy of Mexico, part of the former kingdom of New Gallicia, almost twice the extent of Portugal. It is bounded on the north by the intendancies of Sonora and Durango, on the east by the intendancies of Zucatecas and Guanaxuato, on the south by the province of Valladolid, and on the west, for a length of 369 miles, by the Pacific Ocean. Its greatest breadth is 300 miles, and its greatest length (from south to north) 350 miles. It is crossed from east to west by the Rio de Santiago, which communicates with the lake of Chapala. All the eastern part of this province is the Table Land, and western declivity of the Cordilleras of Anahuac. The maritime regions, which stretch towards the great bay of. Bayonne, are covered with forests, and abound in shipbuilding wood. But the climate is considered unhealthy. The interior is much better in this respect.

The Volcan de Colima of this province is the most western of the volcanoes of New Spain. The province contains two cities, six towns, and 322 villages. The most celebrated mines are at Arientos de Oburra, Bolanos, Hostiotipaquillo, Copala, and Guichichila. The population in 1803 was 630,500. The extent of surface 9612 square leagues.

GUADALAXARA, an episcopal city of Mexico, capital of the above intendancy, is both large and handsome, containing eight squares, many convents, and two colleges for education. It was built anno 1531, and is situated in a delightful and fertile plain, watered with several streams and fountains. It boasts a handsome aqueduct, and spacious gardens, replenished with excellent fruits. Here is a manufactory of cigars, and the natives make a sort of jars of a fine scented earth, in much request. Guadalaxara is about 280 miles north-west of Mexico, and contains 19,500 inhabitants.

GUADALOUPE, one of the Caribbee or Leeward Islands, lying about mid-way between Antigua and Martinico. It is forty-five miles long, thirty-eight broad, and, being of an irregular figure, is about 240 miles in circumference. It is divided into two parts by a small arm of the sea, which is not above six miles long, and from fifteen to forty fathoms broad. This canal, named the Salt River, is navigable, but only carries vessels of fifty tons burden. That part of the island which gives its name to the whole is, towards the centre, full of craggy rocks, where the cold is so intense, that nothing will grow upon them but fern and some useless shrubs covered with moss. On the top of these rocks a mountain called la Souffriere, or the Brimstone Mountain, rises to an immense height. It exhales, through various openings, a thick black smoke, intermixed with sparks that are visible by night. From all these hills flow numberless springs, which fertilise the plains below, and moderate the burning heat of the climate by a refreshing stream, so celebrated, that the galleons which formerly used to touch at the Windward Islands, had orders to renew their provision with

his pure and salubrious water. Such is that part of the island properly called Guadaloupe. That which is commonly called Grande Terre has not been so much favored by nature. It is indeed less rugged, but it wants springs and rivers. The soil is not so fertile nor the climate so wholesome. No European nation had taken possession of this island when 550 Frenchmen arrived there from Dieppe on the 28th of June, 1635. Their provisions were so ill-chosen, that they were spoiled in the passage, and. were all exhausted in two months. St. Christopher's refused to spare them any: and their first attempts in husbandry could not as yet afford any thing. No resource was left but from the savages; but the superfluities of a people, who cultivate little, and never laid up stores, could not be great. The new-comers came to a resolution to plunder them; and hostilities commenced on the 16th of January, 1636. The Caribs, not thinking themselves in a condition openly to resist' an enemy, who had so much the advantage from the superiority of their arms, destroyed their own provisions and plantations, and retired to Grande Terre, and the neighbouring islands.

From

thence the most desperate came over to Guadaloupe, and, concealing themselves in the forests, they attacked with their poisoned arrows all the Frenchmen who were hunting or fishing. During night, they burned the houses and destroyed the plantations. A dreadful famine was the consequence. The colonists were reduced to graze in the fields, and even to dig up dead bodies for their subsistence. At last the government of Aubert brought about a peace with the savages at the end of 1640. The remembrance of the hardships they had suffered proved a powerful incitement to cultivate all articles of immediate necessity; and afterwards induced an attention to those of luxury consumed in the mother country. Such as had escaped the calamities they had drawn upon themselves, were soon joined by some colonists from St. Christopher's, and from Europe. But still the prosperity of Guadaloupe was impeded by obstacles arising from its situation. The facility with which the pirates from the neighbouring islands could carry off their cattle, their slaves, and their crops, distressed them greatly. Intestine broils, arising from jealousies of authority, often disturbed the quiet of the planters. And the adventurers, who went over to the Windward Islands, disdaining a land that was fitter for agriculture than for naval expeditions, were easily drawn to Martinico by its convenient roads. In 1700 the number of inhabitants amounted only to 3825 white people, 325 savages, free negroes, and mulattoes; and 6725 slaves. There were only sixty small plantations of sugar, and sixty-six of indigo, cocoa, and cotton. But at the end of 1755 the colony was peopled with 9643 whites, and 41,140 slaves. Such was the state of Guadaloupe when it was conquered by the British, in April 1759. It was restored to France by the peace of 1763. By the survey in 1767, this island, including those of Deseada, St. Bartholomew, Marigalante, and Saints, contained 11,863 white people; 752 free blacks and mulattoes; 72,761 slaves; in all 85,376 souls. The

number of cattle was 5060 horses, 4854 mules, 111 asses, 17,378 horned cattle, 14,895 sheep and goats, and 2669 hogs; the number of plantations was 1983. The sugar works employed 414 mills. The annual produce of Guadaloupe and the adjacent islands was estimated many years ago at 46,000,000lbs. of sugar, 21,000,000 of coffee, 320,000 of cotton, and 8000 of cocoa; besides logwood, ginger, rum, skins, &c. This island was again taken by the British in April 1794; retaken by the French, under Victor Hughes, in 1795; and, lastly, by the British in February, 1810. In 1812, according to a return to the house of commons, it contained, 12,747 whites, 94,328 slaves, and 7764 free blacks. Its exports in 1810 were

12,700,437 lbs. of brown and other sugars. 1,334,387 gallons of liquor. 2,661,726 lbs. coffee. 112,208 do. cotton. 2,162 do. cacao.

In 1811.

8,216,249 lbs. of brown and other sugars 1,380,816 gallons of liquor.

1,601,686 lbs. coffee.

219,009 do. cotton.

963 do. cacao.

Long. from 43° 24′ to 44° 15′ W. of Ferro, lat. from 15° 55′ to 16° 37' N.

GUADALQUIVER, one of the most famous

rivers of Spain, rises in Andalusia, near the confines of Granada, and running quite through Andalusia, by the towns of Baiza, Andaxar, Cordova, Seville, falls at last into the Bay of Cadiz.

GUADIANA, the ancient Anas, a large river of Spain, which rises in New Castile, and, passing across the high mountains, falls down to the lakes called Ojos of Guadiana; from whence it runs to Calatrava, Medelin, Mersda, and Badatraversed Alentejo in Portugal, separates Algarve joz, in Estremadura of Spain; and, after having from Andalusia, and falls into the bay of Cadiz, between Castro Marino and Agramonte.

GUADIX, a town of Spain, in Granada, with a bishop's see It was taken from the Moors in 1253, who afterwards retook it, but the Spaniards again got possession of it in 1489. It is situated between the Sierra Nevada and the Alpuxaras Mountains, so that, from the elevation and the consequent cold, the inhabitants are precluded from cultivating olives and oranges. The country is adapted, however, to pasture, corn, and various fruits. The town has five churches and seven convents, with 8300 inhabitants. Here silk. Twenty-eight miles E. N. E. of Grenada. are a few manufactures of hemp and flax, also of

GUAIACUM, n. s. A physical wood.

Guaiacum is attenuant and aperient. It is excellent in many chronick cases, and was once famous for curing the venereal disease, which it still does

singly in warmer climates, but with us we find it insufficient. We have a resin of it, improperly called gum guaiacum.

Hill.

GUAIACUM, in botany, lignum vitæ, or pockwood; a genus of the monogynia order, and decandria class of plants; natural order fourteenth,

gruinales: CAL. quinquefid and unequal; the petals five, and inserted into the calyx: CAPS. angulated, and trilocular or quinquelocular.

1. G. Afrum, with many blunt-pointed leaves, is a native of the Cape of Good Hope. The plants retain their leaves all the year, but have never yet flowered in this country. This species is to be propagated by layers, and will live all the winter in a good green-house.

2. G. officinale, the common lignum vitæ used in medicine, is a native of the West India Islands, and the warmer parts of America. There it becomes a large tree, having a hard, brittle, brownish bark, not very thick. The wood is firm, solid, ponderous, very resinous, of a blackish yellow color in the middle, and of a hot aromatic taste. The smaller branches have an ashcolored bark, and are garnished with leaves divided by pairs of a bright green color. The flowers are produced in clusters at the end of the branches, and are composed of oval concave petals of a fine blue color. This species can only be propagated by seeds, which must be procured from the countries where it generally grows. They must be sown fresh in pots, and plunged into a good hot-bed, where they will come up in six or eight weeks. While young they may be kept in a hot-bed of tan bark under a frame during summer; but in autumn they must be removed into the bark stove, where they should constantly remain. The wood of this species is of great use both in medicine and in the mechanical arts. It is so compact and heavy as to sink in water. The outer part is often of a pale yellowish color; but the heart is blacker, or of a deep brown. Sometimes it is marbled with different colors. It is so hard as to break the tools used in felling it; and is therefore seldom used as fire wood, but is of great use to the sugar planters for making wheels and cogs to the mills. It is also often made into bowls, mortars, and other utensils. It is brought over to Britain in large pieces of 4 cwt. or 5 cwt. each; and, from its hardness and beauty, is in great demand for various articles of turnery ware. The wood, gum, bark, fruit, and even the flowers of this tree, possess medicinal virtues; but only the first three, particularly the wood and resin, are now in general use in Europe. The wood has little or no smell, except when heated, or while rasping, and then a slight aromatic one is perceived. When chewed it impresses a mild acrimony, biting the palate and fauces. Its pungency resides in its resinous matter, which it gives out in some degree to water by boiling, but spirit extracts it wholly, Of the bark there are two kinds; one smooth, the other unequal on the surface: they are both weaker than the wood; though, in a recent state, they are strongly cathartic. The gum, or resin, is obtained by wounding the bark in different parts of the tree, or by what has been called jagging. It exudes copiously from the wounds, though gradually; and when a quantity is found accumulated upon the several wounded trees, hardened by exposure to the sun, it is gathered and packed in small kegs for exportation. This substance is of a friable texture, of a deep greenish color, and sometimes of a reddish hue; it has a pungent acrid taste, but little or no smell uniess VOL. X.

heated. It differs from resins in its habitudes with nitric acid, as Mr. Hatchett first showed. Its specific gravity is 1.229. It is transparent, and breaks with a resinous fracture. Its odor is not disagreeable, but when a very little of its powder, mixed with water, is swallowed, it excites a very unpleasant burning sensation in the fauces and stomach. Heat fuses it, with the exhalation of a somewhat fragrant smell.

Water dissolves a certain portion of it, acquiring a brownish tinge, and sweetish taste. The soluble matter is left when the water is evaporated. It constitutes nine per cent. of the whole, and resembles what some chemists call extractive. Guaiacum is very soluble in alcohol. This solution, which is brown colored, is decomposed by water. Aqueous chlorine throws down a pale blue precipitate from it. Guaiacum dissolves readily in alkaline lies, and in sulphuric acid; and in the nitric with effervescence. From the solution in the last liquid, oxalic acid may be procured by evaporation, but no artificial tannin can be obtained, as from the action of nitric acid

on the other resins.

The tree also yields a spontaneous exudation from the bark, which is called the native gum, and is brought to us in small irregular pieces of a bright semipellucid appearance; it differs from the former in being much purer. In the choice of the wood, that which is the freshest, inost ponderous, and darkest colored, is the best; the largest pieces are to be preferred; and the best method is to rasp them as wanted, for the finer parts are apt to exhale when the raspings or chips are kept. In choosing the resin prefer those pieces which have slips of the bark adhering to them, and that easily separate therefrom by a quick blow. The resin is sometimes mixed with the gum of the manchineal tree; but this is easily detected by dissolving a little in spirit of wine or rum. The true gum imparts a whitish or milky tinge, but the manchineal gives a greenish cast. Mouch advises a few drops of spirit, nitri dulc. to be added to the spirituous solution, and then to be diluted with water, by which the gum will be precipitated in a blue powder; but the adulteration will appear floating in white striæ, &c. Guaiacum was first introduced into Europe as a remedy for the venereal disease in 1508. It was attended with great success in slight affections, but failed where the disease was deep rooted; and was at length superseded by mercury, to which it now only serves occasionally as an adjuvant in the decoctum lignorum, of which guaiacum is the chief ingredient. It is esteemed a warm stimulating medicine; strengthening the stomach and other viscera, and remarkably promoting the urinary and cuticular discharges; hence, in cutaneous defedations, and other disorders proceeding from obstructions of the excretory glands, and where sluggish serous humors abound, it is useful; rheumatic and other pains have often been relieved by it. It is also laxative. The watery extract, kept in the shops, proves considerably weaker than that made with spirit. This last extract is of the same quality with the native resin, and differs from that brought to us only in being purer. The gum or extracts are given from a few grains to a scruple 2 Z