or half a drachm, which last dose proves for the most part considerably purgative. The officinal preparations of guaiacum are an extract of the wood, a solution of the gum in rectified spirit of wine, a solution of volatile spirit, and an empyreumatic oil distilled from the wood. The resin dissolved in rum, or combined with water, by mucilage or the yolk of an egg, or in form of the volatile tincture or elixir, is employed in gout and chronic rheumatism. The tincture or elixir has been given to the extent of half an ounce twice a day, and is sometimes usefully combined with laudanum.

3. G. sanctum, with many pairs of obtuse lobes, has many small lobes placed along the mid rib by pairs of a darker green color than those of the foregoing sort. The flowers are produced in loose bunches towards the end of the branches, and are of a fine blue color, with petals fringed on the edges. This species is also a native of the West India Islands, where it is called bastard lignum vitæ. It may be propagated like the last.

GUAILAS, or HUAILAS, a province of Peru, South America, bounded north-east and east by the province of Conchucos, south-east and south by that of Caxatambo, and west by that of Santa. It is forty-five miles long from north to south, and sixteen wide. In the middie the temperature is mild, and at either side cold, especially towards the east or mountainous_part. It is watered by several streamlets. These, being connected, form the Santa Fe. This province is fertile in wheat and other grain: the whole year round there are crops of wheat, and they are putting the grain into the ground at one place, while it is ripe and ready to cut at another. It is the same with the various fruits. The province contains mines of silver, alum, and copper, and some gold.

GUAIRA, a town of South America, in the government of the Caraccas, and province of Venezuela, founded in 1588. It has a port, and is defended by a castle. Here a heavy surge generally rolls in from the ocean, which contributes greatly to augment its inconveniences, and the sand, being raised from the bottom, is carried along by the current, and deposited upon the anchors, so that in about a month's time it becomes impossible to hoist them. The worm also, which is common in all the ports of this part of South America, and which, in the course of a few months, eats into the ships' bottoms, so as to render them unfit for use, is peculiarly fatal here. The town of Guaira is defended by batteries, and so surrounded with mountains, that there is no visible horizon but that formed by the sea to the south; and the inhabitants frequently receive injury from the falling stones. The situation of the place accounts also for the intense heat: the thermometer of Reaumur constantly rising to 25° and 28°. The whole place was laid in ruins by an earthquake, 26th March 1812, which only lasted two minutes. The rocks and mountains were rent asunder, and hundreds of the inhabilants were seen mixed with the heaps of rubbish, and imploring assistance from their fellow citizens, who were all the while prostrating them selves before images. Guaira was attacked by

the English, without success, in 1739, and 1743 It is seven miles north of the city of Caraccas, and contains 6000 inhabitants. Long. 67° 2' W., lat. 10° 48′ N.

GUALIOR, or GUALEOR, a celebrated fortress of Hindostan, in the province of Agra. By the nearest route it is upwards of 800 miles from Calcutta. In the ancient division of the empire it is classed in the Soubah of Agra, and is often mentioned in history. In the year 1008, and during the two following centuries, it was thrice reduced by famine. It must, in all ages, have been deemed a military post of consequence, both from its situation in respect to the capital, and from the peculiarity of its site. It stands on the principal road from Agra to Malwa, Guzerat, and the Deccan; near the place where it enters the hilly tract which advances from Bundelcund Malwa, and Agimere, along the banks of the Jumnah. Its palace was used as a state prison as early as 1317, and continued to be such until the downfal of the empire. Gualeor then appears to have fallen to the lot of a rajah of the Jat tribe; who assumed the government of the district in which it is situated, under the title of rana of Gohud. Since that period it has changed masters more than once; the Mahrattas having sometimes possessed it, and at other times the rana: but the means of transfer were always either famine or treachery. Gualeor was in the possession of Madajee Scindia, a Mahratta chief, in 1779, when the Bengal government undertook to siege it for the rana of Gohud. Captain Scott, then Persian interpreter to major Popham, in a letter to his brother, major John Scott, thus describes the fort and the occasion of its capture:-The fortress of Gualeor stands on a vast rock of about four miles in length, but narrow, and of unequal breadth, and nearly flat at the top. The sides are so steep as to appear almost perpendicular in every part; for, where it was not naturally so, it had been scraped away; and the height from the plain below is from 200 to 300 feet. The rampart conforms to the edge of the precipice all round; and the only entrance to it is by steps running up the side of the rock, defended on the side next the country by a wall and bastions, and farther guarded by seven stone gateways, at certain distances from each other. The area within is full of noble buildings, reservoirs of water, wells, and cultivated lands; so that it is really a little district of itself. At the north-west foot of the mountain is the town, pretty large, and well built; the houses all of stone. To have besieged this place would be vain, for nothing but a surprise or blockade could have carried it. A tribe of banditti from the district of the rana had been accustomed to rob about this town, and once in the dead of night had climbed up the rock and got into the fort. This intelligence they had communicated to the rana, who often thought of availing himself of it, but was fearful of undertaking an enterprise of such moment with his own troops. At length he informed major Popham of it; who sent a party of the robbers to conduct some of his own spies to the spot. They accordingly climbed up in the night of the 3d of August, found the guards asleep, and thus, meeting with little re

sistance, in the space of two hours this important and astonishing fortress was completely reduced, with the loss of only one man killed, and twenty wounded. On the side of the enemy Bapojee, the governor, was killed, and most of the principal officers wounded. Thus fell, on the 4th of August 1780, the strongest fortress in Hindostan, garrisoned by a chosen body of 1200 men; and which, before the capture of it by the British, was pronounced impregnable. In 1783 Madajee Scindia besieged this fortress, then possessed by the rana of Gohud, with an army of 70,000 men, and effected the reduction by the treachery of one of the rana's officers, who formed the plan of admission of a party of Scindia's troops: these were immediately supported by another party, who attacked an opposite quarter, and got admission also. It was retaken by the British in 1805, but afterwards ceded to the Mahrattas. Long. 78° 26' E., lat. 26° 14' N. GUAM, or GUAHAN, the largest of the Ladrone Islands. It is about 120 miles in circumference; and has a town built in the European style, with a regular fort and church. The air is excellent, the water good, and the garden stuffs and fruits, the flocks of buffaloes, goats, hogs, and all kinds of poultry innumerable. When first discovered by Magellan in 1521, with the other eight principal islands that lie north of it, they were all crowded with inhabitants, but afforded no refreshment to navigators, except fisn, bananas, cocoa-nuts, and bread fruit; and even these could not be procured but by force, amidst the showers of arrows and lances of the natives. The Spaniards carried thither from America the first stock of cattle, fowls, plants, seeds, fruits, and garden stuffs, which are all now found in such abundance. See LADRONE. Guam alone contained at this time upon its coasts more than 20,000 people. These fierce islanders, after having long defended, by cruel wars, the right of living like wild beasts, being at last obliged to yield to the Spanish arms, took the resolution of administering potions to their women to procure abortions. This desperate resolution was persisted in with so much obstinacy in the nine Ladrone islands, that their population, which at the time of the discovery consisted of more than 60,000 souls, did not lately exceed 900. About fifty years ago the remains of the original natives were collected and established in the island of Guam. The principal town and settlement, Agana, is situated about twelve miles north-east of the landing place, on the shore, at the foot of some hills, in a beautiful well-watered country. There are smaller settlements of Indians round the island, on the shore. The centre is uncleared. The trees are fit for building houses and boats, and the forests very thick. Among the indigenous trees, the most remarkable are the cocoa-nut and breadfruit. The woods also abound with guavas, bananas, plantains, citrons, lemons, oranges, the small dwarf thorny china orange with red fruit, and caper bush. As many of these trees are constantly in flower, they perfume the air with the most agreeable smells, and delight the eye with the richest colors. The rivers of Guam,

which are either rivulets or torrents, abound in excellent fish: turtle grow here as large as in the island of Ascension, but are not eaten either by the Indians or Spaniards. The crops cultivated are rice, maize, indigo, cotton, cocoa, and sugarcanes. The maize is of astonishing fertility. The gardens are stored with mangoes and pineapples. The former is one of the finest fruits imaginable. Horses have been brought to Guam from Manilla, and asses and mules from Acapulco. The land rises gradually from the shore towards the centre by a gentle acclivity, but is not very mountainous. The indigenous inhabitants are such as they were described by Magellan; of short stature, rather ugly, black, and in general dirty, though much in the water. The women are handsome, well made, and of a reddish color. Both sexes have long hair. They have become gentle, honest, and hospitable. The men drink freely of the wine of the cocoa-nut. They are fond of music, dancing, and cockfighting.

GUAMA, a large river of the province of Para, Brasil, which enters an arm of the Amazons at the town of Para. There is a river of the same name to the north of Lima.

GUAMACHUCO, a province of Peru, bounded east by the province of Caxamarquilla, northeast by that of Chochapoyas, north by Caxamarca, north-west and west by Truxillo, and south by Conchucos. It is thirty leagues long, and ten wide, and for the most part cold; but is fruitful in maize, wheat, barley, &c. Here are also all sorts of cattle, particularly sheep, from the wool of which cloth is manufactured. Population 11,000. The capital is of the same name.

GUAMALIES, or HUAMALIES, a province of Peru, bounded north by the province of Pataz, east by the Andes, south-east by the province of Guanuco, south by that of Tarma, south-west by Caxatambo, and north-west by Conchucos. It is an extensive valley about 250 miles long from north to south, and from forty to ninety broad, through which runs the Amazon, rising about eighteen miles beyond its southern boundary. Towards the south the temperature is cold; but to the north the heat is intense. Several mines of quicksilver have been discovered in this province.

GUAMANGA, or HUAMANGA, a province and town of Peru, bounded north and north-east by the province of Guanta, south by that of Vilcas Huaman, and west by that of CastroVireina. It is high, and of cold temperature; yet it abounds in pasture and wheat. There are also some rich silver mines, which are, however, overflowed. The town was founded by Pizarro in an extensive and beautiful plain, watered by a river rising in the mountains. Its buildings are all of stone, and have gardens and orchards annexed. The public places and squares are magnificent, and the entrances are adorned with rows of trees. There is a university and a seminary enjoying a good revenue. Besides its present name, it has also the name of San Juan de la Victoria, in memory of the retreat of Manco, the inca, after he had well nigh conquered the Spaniards; also that of San Juan de la Frontera; but its most common name is Gua

manga: 188 miles south-east of Lima, and 176 north-west from Cuzco.

GUANARE, a town of the Caraccas, in the province of Varinas, situated on a river of the same name. The streets are straight and wide, and the houses neat. There is an hospital, with a moderate revenue, and a large handsome parish church. It owes a part of its splendor to possessing an image of our lady of Comorato, to whose shrine numerous pilgrimages are made. Guanare has, towards the west, the most fertile lands, possessing immense herds of oxen and mules. They were formerly in the habit of raising tobacco of a very good quality. Population 12,300: 193 miles S. S. W. of Caraccas, and sixty-four miles south-east of Truxillo. Long. 66° 55′ 15′′ W., lat. 8° 14′ N. The river runs into the Apure.

GUANAXUATO, one of the intendancies of Mexico, wholly situated on the ridge of the Cordillera of Anahuac. Its capital, founded in 1554, is of the same name, and stands 6836 feet above the level of the sea. The ports and mines of the neighbourhood contain 70,000 inhabitants. The length of the intendancy, from the lake of Chapala to the north-east of San Felipe, is fifty-two leagues; and its breadth from the Villa de Leon to Celaya thirty-one leagues. The most elevated point of this mountainous country was found, by Humboldt, to be 9235 feet above the level of the sea. The cultivation of this fine province is almost wholly to be ascribed to the Europeans, who arrived there in the fifteenth century. The mines are very productive. From 1796 to 1803 they yielded nearly 40,000,000 of dollars, or £6,000,000 sterling annually. Humboldt estimates the surface of this province at 911 square leagues, and the population at 517,300 persons.

GUANCABELICA, or GUANCAVELICA, a town of Peru, the capital of the province of Angaraez. It is situated in a broken glen, formed by the Andes, and is so elevated, that the temperature is extremely cold, and the weather always changing. The mountains in the vicinity are rich in gold and silver ores. But it is chiefly remarkable for a mine of quicksilver. This mine yielded an immense produce; but, not being worked in a proper and regular manner, the pit fell in; and they are compelled now to dig in places less abundant in ore.

GUANO is a yellowish-brown eartny substance of a peculiar kind, without taste and of a smell resembling that of Castoreum. This substance, which for centuries has been used by the Peruvians as a manure, is the production of some neighbouring rocky islands in the South Sea, from whence large quantities are annually brought to the continent of America. The guano, says M. Humboldt, is found not only in the Chiche Islands, near Piseo, but it exists also on the parts of the coast, and its isles situated more to the south, at Ilo, Iza, and Arica.

The strata in which the guano is disposed are from fifty to sixty feet in thickness, and they are worked in the same manner as the iron ochre mines. It is an excellent manure for the Indian corn or maize; but, if too much of it be applied, the root is bnt and destroyed by it.

When exposed to the fire, the brownish-yellow color of the guano is converted into black; it gives out white fumes, and the smell of empyreumatic ammonia. Water dissolves part of “it, becomes thereby of a reddish color, and acquires an acid taste. Potassa dissolves much more of it than water; the solution is of a deep brown color, and is produced under an abundant development of ammonia. The result of the che‐ mical analysis made by Fourcroy and Vauquelin is, that the principal constituent part is concrete uric acid.

Klaproth obtained nearly the same results as the French chemists; his experiments prove that the essential component parts of the guano, exclusive of the admixed sand, are ammoniacal uric acid, phosphate of lime, oxalate of lime, and a residuum of animal colla, or similar animal inflammable component part. The oxalic acid, however, Klaproth supposes not to be an original constituent part of the guano, but the product of a long continued action of the atmospheric oxygen of the uric acid; an opinion founded on his own experience respecting the easy conversion of uric into oxalic acid, by the application of nitric and oxygenated muriatic acid. The proportion of the constituent parts is as follows:-ammoniacal uric acid 16; phosphate of lime 10; oxalate of lime 12.75; silica 4; muriate of soda 0-50; sandy admixture 28; water, inflammable animal remains, and loss, 28.75.

GUANTA, a province of Peru, bounded north and north-west by the province of Xauxa, north-east and east by the Andes, south and south-west by the provinces of Anganaes, Guamanga, and Castro Vireyna; on the south-east it touches upon the provinces of Anduhnailas and Vilcas-huaman. It extends in length sixty leagues from north-west to south-east, and is forty leagues broad; consisting chiefly of high lands and hot valleys, which yield fruits of all kinds, sugar, and cocoa. Population 10,000. Its capital is of the same name. The gold, silver, copper, and lead mines, which abound in this country, are neglected, the pits not being sunk to a sufficient depth. Some of the ores yield from nine to ten marks, and others twentytwo marks of silver of eight ounces in every 50 cwt. Fifty-three miles west from Guamanga, and 140 south-east from Lima. Long. 74° 51′ W., lat. 12° 56′ S.

GUANUCO, or HUANUCO, a town and province of Peru, bounded north and east by the desert, south-east and south by the province of Tarma, and west by the south part of the province of Guamalies. The town stands in the royal road of the incas; and every where are to be seen the ruins of some of their superb edifices. Long. 75° 36′ W., lat. 10° 6' S.

GUAPORE, a large river of Brasil, which, according to Mr. Mawe, has its rise in the province of Matto Grosso, in lat. 14° 42′ S. Sixty miles north-east of Villa Bella; and, running north 360 miles, flows into the Arinos, and their conjunct streams form the great river Tapayos.

GUARANTEE, n. s. Į Fr. garant, garanGUARANTY, n. s. Stir. A power who undertakes to see stipulations performed.

God, the great guarantee for the peace of mankind, where laws cannot secure it, may think it the South. concern of his providence.

A prince distinguished by being a patron of Protestants, and guarantee of the Westphalian treaty. Addison on the War.

An oath is a promise made to God, and God is our superior, superior to kings. And he is also the guarantee and avenger of all breach of faith and injustice. Lesley. GUARAPICHE, a river of South America, in Cumana, which rises in the eastern declivity of mount Brigantin, and running in a winding course through mountains and unknown countries, enters the gulf of Paria, between the point of Paria and the mouth of the Orinoco, in lat. 10° 8' N. It receives the waters of numerous and considerable streams.

GUARD', v. a., v. n. & n. s.
GUARD'AGE, n. s.

GUARD'ER, n. s.
GUARDIAN, n. s. & adj.
GUARDIANSHIP, N. S.
GUARDLESS, adj.

Ital. guardia; Fr. garder, from our word ward, the w being changed by the French into g; as Galles for

GUARD'SHIP, n. s. Wales. See WARD. To watch over and protect; to defend; to preserve; to provide against objections; to adorn; to be in a state of caution. A guard is a limited number of men whose business it is to watch by way of prevention; a part of the hilt of a sword. Guardage is a state of wardship. Guardian is one that has the care of an orphan; a repository or storehouse. Guardship is a king's ship to guard the coast.

The guard bare them, and brought them back into 1 Kings xiv. 28. the guard chamber.

Give him a livery
More guarded than his fellows.

Shakspeare.

Id.

They, usurping arbitrary power, had their guards and spies, after the practice of tyrants.

Swift.

Theseus was the first who established the popular state in Athens, assigning to himself the guardianship of the laws, and chief commands in war.

Id.

I

Made

Id. Much Ado About Nothing. gave you all, you my guardians, my depositaries;

How blessed am I, by such a man led! Under whose wise and careful guardship I now despise fatigue and hardship. To guard against such mistakes, it is necessary to acquaint ourselves a little with words.

Id.

Watts.

Id. King Lear.

But kept a reservation to be followed
With such a number.

The great alteration which he made in the state ecclesiastical, caused him to stand upon his guard at home.

And since love ne'er will from me flee,
A mistress moderately fair,

And good as guardian angels are, Only beloved, and loving me!

Davies.

Cowley.

Marvell.

Naked the graces guarded you from all Dangers abroad, and now your thunder shall. Waller.

Unless corruption first deject the pride And guardian vigour of the freeborn soul, All crude attempts of violence are in vain.

Thomson.

Man's caution often into danger turns,
And his guard falling crushes him to death.
Young's Night Thoughts.
If, ye powers divine!
Ye mark the movements of this nether world,
And bring them to account, crush, crush those vipers.
Who, singled out by a community

To guard their rights, shall for a gnash of air
Or paltry office sell 'em to the foe.

Miller's Mahomet. The lost in all things differing from the other, Fall from an hill, and close together go, Embracing as they run; each with his brother Guarded with double trenches sure they flow. Fletcher's Purple Island: The guards mechanically formed in ranks, Playing at beat of drum thei martial pranks,

Shouldering and standing as if struck to stone,
While condescending majesty looks on. Cowper.
A gordly sinecure no doubt! but made
More easy by the absence of all men
Except his majesty, who with her aid,
And guards, and bolts, and now and then
A slight example, just to cast a shade

Along the rest, contrived to keep his den
Of beauties, cool as an Italian convent,
Where all the passions have alas but one vent.

Byron.

Secure in guarded coldness, he had mixed Again in fancied safety with his kind, And deemed his spirit now so firmly fixed And sheathed with an invulnerable mind, That if no joy, no sorrow lurked behind.

Byron. Childe Harold.

GUARD, in the military art, is a duty performed by a body of men, to secure an army or place from being surprised by an enemy. In garrison the guards are relieved every day: hence every soldier mounts guard once every day in time of peace, and much oftener in time of war. See HONORS.

GUARD, ADVANCED, or van-guard. See AD

VANCE-GUARD.

Artillery GUARD is a detachment from the army to secure the artillery when in the field. Their corps de garde is in the front of the park of artillery, and their sentries are dispersed round the same. This is generally a forty-eight hours guard; and upon a march this guard marches in the front and rear of artillery, and must be sure to leave nothing behind. If a gun or waggon breaks down, the officer that commands the guard is to leave a sufficient number of men to assist the gunners and matrosses in raising it.

Artillery quarter GUARD is frequently a noncommissioned officer's guard from the royal regiment of artillery, whose corps de garde is always in the front of their encampment.

Baggage GUARD is always an officer's guard, who has the care of the baggage on a march. The waggons should be numbered by companies, and follow one another regularly, vigilance and attention in the passage of hollow ways, woods, and thickets, must be strictly observed by this guard.

Forage GUARD, a detachment sent out to secure the foragers, and who are posted at all places, where either the enemy's party may come to disturb the foragers, or where they may spread too near the enemy, so as to be in danger of being taken. It consists both of horse and foot, who must remain on their posts till the foragers are all come off the ground.

Grand GUARD, three or four squadrons of horse, commanded by a field officer, posted at about a mile or a mile and a half from the camp, on the right and left wings, towards the enemy, for the better security of the camp.

Main GUARD is that from which all other guards are detached. Those who are mounting guard assemble at their respective captain's quarters, and march from thence to the parade in good order; where, after the whole guard is drawn up, the small guards are detached to their respective posts: then the subalterns throw lots for their guards, who are all under the command of the captain of the main guard. This guard

mounts in garrison at different hours, according to the pleasure of the governor.

Piquet GUARD, a number of horse and foot, always in readiness in case of an alarm: the horses are generally saddled, and the riders booted. The foot draw up at the head of the battalion, frequently at the beating of the tat-too; but afterwards return to their tents, where they hold themselves in readiness to march. This guard is to resist in case of an attack, until the army get ready.

Quarter GUARD is a small guard commanded by a subaltern officer, posted in the front of each battalion, 222 feet before the front of the regiment.

Rear GUARD, that part of the army which brings up the rear on a march, generally composed of all the old grand guards of the camp. The rear-guard of a party is often eight or ten horse, about 500 paces behind. Hence the advance-guard, going out upon a party, form the rear-guard in their retreat. Rear-guard is also a corporal's guard placed in the rear of a regiment, to keep good order.

Standard GUARD, a small guard under a corporal, out of each regiment of horse, who mount on foot in the front of each regiment, at the distance of twenty feet from the streets, opposite the main street.

Trench GUARD only mounts in the time of a siege, and sometimes consists of three, four, or six battalions, according to the importance of the siege. This guard must oppose the besieged when they sally out, protect the workmen, &c.

GUARDS also imply the troops kept to guard the king's person,and consist both of horse andfoot.

Foot GUARDS are regiments of foot appointed for the guard of his majesty and his palace. There are three regiments of them, numerically titled. They were raised in 1660; and the command of the first given to colonel Russel, that of the second to general Monk, and the third to the earl of Linlithgow. The second is always called the Coldstream, from a place named Coldstream, a small market town in Berwickshire, where the men were first raised. This regiment in point of standing is older than the first, having been raised sooner, and commanded by general Monk, from whom it originally was called Monk's regiment or corps; and in compliment to whom it was made one of the three royal regiments by Charles II.

Horse-grenadier GUARDS were divided into two troops, called the first and second troops of horse-grenadier guards. The first troop was raised in the year 1693, and the command given to lieutenant-general Cholmondeley: the second in 1702 and the command given to lord Forbes. This corps was reduced in 1788, and the officers, &c., were allowed to retire upon full pay.

Horse GUARDS, in Britain, are gentlemen chosen for their bravery, to be entrusted with the guard of the king's person; and were formerly divided into four troops named numerically. But the four troops are now turned into two regiments of life-guards. Although the lifeguards generally do duty about the metropolis, it must be recollected, that they were not raised for that specific purpose only.