They are enlisted for general service, like the men of the line or foot-guards, and no stipulation of any sort is made with them. With respect to rank, in addition to what has already been said on that subject, it is necessary to state, that the majors in the life-guards rank as lieutenant-colonels, and, by his majesty's order, they can only exchange with lieutenant-colonels. The lieutenant-colonels rank as full colonels, and cannot exchange with any one under that rank. For the like reason that rank would not be obtained by an exchange; a major of the life-guards cannot exchange with a major in the line, nor a lieutenant-colonel with one of the same rank. This corps distinguished itself at the memorable battle of Waterloo in 1815. They are now made cuirassiers. Yeomen of the GUARD were first raised by Henry VII. in 1485. They were a kind of pompous foot-guards to the king's person; and are generally called the Beef-Eaters. They were anciently 250 men of the first rank under gentry; and of larger stature than ordinary, each being required to be six feet high. At present there are but 100 in constant duty, and seventy more not on duty; and when any one of the 100 dies his place is supplied out of the seventy. They go dressed after the manner of king Henry VIII.'s time. Their first commander or captain was the earl of Oxford, and their pay is 2s. 6d. per day. The Scots GUARDs, a celebrated band, which once formed the first company of the ancient gardes du corps of France. GUARD, in fencing and the broad sword exercise. See FENCING and SWORD EXERCISE. GUARD-BOAT, a boat appointed to row the rounds amongst the ships of war which are laid up in any harbour, &c., to observe that their officers keep a good looking-out, calling to the guard-boat as she passes, and not suffering her crew to come on board without having previously communicated the watch-word of the night. GUARDIAN, in law, signifies one who has the custody and education of such persons as have not sufficient discretion to take care of themselves and their own affairs, as children and ideots. The guardian's business is to take the profits of the minor's lands to his use, and to account for the same; to sell all moveables within a reasonable time, and to convert them into land or money, unless the minor is near of age, and may want such things himself; and to pay interest for the money in his hands, that might have been so placed out; in which case it will be presumed that the guardian made use of it himself. He is to sustain the lands of the heir, without making destruction of any thing thereon, and to keep them safely for him: if he commits waste on the lands, it is a forfeiture of the guardianship; 3 Edward I. And where persons, as guardians, hold over any land, without the consent of the person who is next entitled, they shall be adjudged trespassers, and shall be accountable: 6 Ann. cap. xviii. GUARDIAN OF THE CINQUE PORTS. See WARDEN and CINQUE PORTS. GUARDIAN OF THE SPIRITUALITIES, he to whom the spiritual jurisdiction of any diocese is He committed, during the vacancy of the see. may be either guardian in law, or jure magis tratûs, as the archbishop is of any diocese within his province; or guardian by delegation, as he whom the archbishop or vicar general doth for the time depute. GUARDIARA, a river of Spain which rises in New Castile, runs through the provinces of La Mancha and Estremadura; then enters Portugal a few miles west of Badajoz, and, after running through the province of Alentejo, falls into the Atlantic between Ayamonte and Castro marin. A GUARD-SHIP is a vessel of war appointed to superintend the marine in a harbour or river, and to see that the ships which are not commissioned have their proper watchward kept duly, by sending her guard-boats around them every night. She is also to receive seamen who are impressed in the time of war. GUAREA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and octandria class of plants: CAL. quadrifid: the petals four; the nectarium cylin- · dric, having the antheræ in its mouth: CAPS. quadrilocular and quadrivalvular: SEEDS Solitary. Species one only, a West Indian tree with a strong musky odor. GUARINI (Guarino), a native of Verona, descended of an illustrious family, celebrated as having been the first who taught Greek after the restoration of letters. He had acquired their language at Constantinople. He died in 1460. GUARINI (John Baptist), a celebrated Italian poet, grandson to the preceding, born at Ferrara, in 1537. He was secretary to Alphonso duke of Ferrara, who entrusted him with several important commissions. After the death of that prince he was successively secretary to Vincent de Gonzaga, to Ferdinand de Medicis, grand duke of Tuscany, and to Francis Maria de Feltri duke of Urbino. He was well acquainted with polite literature; and acquired lasting reputation by his Italian poems, especially by his Pastor Fido, the most admired of all his works, and of which there have been innumerable editions and translations. He died in 1612. GUATIMALA, one of the governments into which the Spanish possessions in America were formerly divided. It extended on the narrow part of the continent of America, from the provinces of Oaraca and Vera Cruz, in Mexico, southward to Veragua, on the isthmus of Darien, and includes various districts but little known. According to another division of this country, the following are the provinces of which it is composed, namely, Tabasco, Chiapa, Guatimala, Yucatan, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Vera Paz. Guatimala is extremely fertile, and well peopled, and so much the better cultivated, as the soil, convulsed with volcanoes, contains almost no metallic mines. Its general appearance is fertile in the extreme; and it produces abundantly corn, cochineal, honey, wax, cotton, the sugar-cane, indigo, maize, pimento, and chocolate. farming districts produce cattle and sheep. The whole country is mountainous; but of the particular ridges little is known. On the western shore, from Oaxaca and Veragua, the country is dreadfully subject to the most tremendous earthquakes, The No which have at times involved whole cities in ruins, and exterminated complete tribes. fewer than twenty volcanoes are known to exist here which are in constant activity. The western coast is in general, as in most other parts of America, the healthiest. In some parts the temperature is exceedingly hot and moist. The rains last from April to September, when violent storms are frequent. GUATIMALA PROPER, a province of the above government, extends about 130 leagues along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, and is in some places from thirty to forty in breadth. It is bounded on the north-east by Vera Paz and Chiapa, on the east by Honduras, on the southwest by the Pacific Ocean, on the south-east by Nicaragua, and on the north and west by Oaxaca. The country is for the most part mountainous, and covered with forests of fine wood. The valleys are fertile, and produce the most delicate fruits. It also abounds in corn, cattle, indigo, and cochineal. GUATIMALA, SANTIAGO DE, the capital of the above province, was founded in 1524. At first it was founded on the declivity of a mountain, at whose summit was a volcano, in a valley of three miles in breadth, and was then called St Jago. It contained about 7000 families: in this situation the unfortunate city was, in the year 1751, overwhelmed by an earthquake, and by the matter from the volcano. Another and a more tremendous convulsion again destroyed this place in 1775, the greater part of the inhabitants being buried in the ruins. The city was again rebuilt on the spot where it now stands, which is twentyfive miles to the south of the old town. It is a magnificent place. Population 19,000. GUAVA, in botany. See PSIDIUM. GUAYAQUIL, is the largest and most important district of Quito, Colombia: it begins at Cape Passado, 21' S. of the equinoctial line, and, stretching south, includes the island of Puna; being terminated by Piura in Peru, and mostly a continued plain. The river Guayaquil is not only the largest but the most important of all the streams in the jurisdiction. It rises in the Andes, and, pursuing a serpentine course, flows into the Pacific in the Bay of Puna. The torrents, which flow in all directions from the mountains, contribute to swell this river, and it inundates the country to a great extent. Its mouth is about three miles wide at Isla Verde; and at Guayaquil still broader. The distance on it from this city to the custom-house of Babahoyo is twentyfour leagues and a half, and it is navigable four leagues further. The tides reach as far as the custom-house in summer, but in winter the current is so strong, that the tides are often imperceptible. The mouth of the river is so full of shifting sands, that the passage of large vessels is rendered very dangerous. Its banks are decorated with country-seats, and cottages inhabited by fishermen. The other large rivers are those called Yaguache, Baba, and Daule, along the banks of which most of the Indians have formed their habitations. During the winter months this district is infested by insects and vermin, and is subject to dreadful storms and inundations, which oblige the farmers to send their cattle to the Andes. In the rainy season, fevers, dysenteries, diarrhoeas, the black vomit or yellow fever, and other disorders, are common, and carry off great numbers of people. At this period, also, snakes, scorpions, vipers, and scolopendras, find their way into the houses, and are sometimes even found in the beds. The boba, a serpent of immense size, is also common. These, with swarms of musquitoes, and other venomous insects, render the towns very unpleasant during this season; and alligators, of an enormous size, cause the rivers and flooded places to be very dangerous. The inundations spread to such an extent, in some parts, that Babahoyo, one of the departments, is converted into a large lake, and the villages, which are always on heights, can be approached only with boats. These floods add, however, very greatly to the fertility of the country, as the cacao plantations and meadows thrive exceedingly when the water subsides. In the summer, the heat being moderated by the sea and land breezes, the number and activity of all these creatures is much decreased; and this season, which is the coldest, renovates the inhabitants, who have been rendered listless and indolent by the suffocating heat which prevails during the rains. Guayaquil grows cacao, tobacco, wax, cotton, timber for naval and architectural purposes, sugar, maize, and plantains; and rears great quantities of cattle. The quantity of cacao gathered annually in Guayaquil, for exportation and home consumption, amounts to 50,000 loads, at £81 the load. The rivers furnish fish in great plenty, but the city is scantily supplied, owing to the putridity which so soon takes place in transporting fresh fish. The coasts abound with lobsters, oysters, and most kinds of salt-water fish. All the rivers in the vicinity of Guayaquil abound with large alligators, some of which are five yards in length. They destroy vast quantities of the fish, and are usually seen basking on the marshy shores, or employed in catching their food: they feed also on flies, musquitoes, &c., which they catch by keeping their huge mouths open until filled with these insects, which soon happens in a country where the air swarms with them. Calves and colts in the meadows, as well as dogs and other small animals, often fall a prey to these amphibious creatures, who approach the pastures in which they feed in the night, and carry them off. Many of the small rivers on the coasts of Spanish America are said to contract a musky smell and taste, from the vast numbers of alligators with which they abound; and it is even asserted that seamen are aware of the presence of these animals, by the peculiar white color of the water which they frequent, but, nevertheless, do not refrain from supplying their ships with that article from such streams, as it has never been discovered that the change in taste, smell, and color, imparts any noxious quality to the fluid. Guayaquil exports the produce of its departments to Peru, Panama, and Quito, receiving European goods from Tierra Firme; from New Spain and Guatimala, naphtha, tar, cordage, and indigo. In the annual domestic and foreign trade of Guayaquil, the exportations, of which the principal article is cacao, are valued in good seasons at £119,170, whilst the importations in a like period arise to £260,000 sterling. Guayaquil is divided into seven departments, Puerto Viejo, Punta de Santa Elena, the island of Puna, Yaguache, Babahoyo, Baba, and Daule. The capital of the whole district is Guayaquil, a city of considerable importance at the bottom of the gulf of Guayaquil, and at the mouth of the river of the same name, in 2° 12′ S. lat., and 79° 6′ W. long. In 1693 great additions were made to it, on the other side of a branch of the river, which now divides the city into two parts, known by the names of the New and Old towns, communicating with each other by a long bridge. The houses are constructed mostly of wood or whitened earth. It has suffered repeatedly by conflagration, and was reduced to ashes in 1764; since which the government have forbid the inhabitants to thatch their houses with straw. The streets of the New Town are straight, wide, and well paved. Arcades run along before all the houses, so that the people can walk protected from the rain and sun. It is now one of the handsomest towns of South America. It has a handsome church, college, convents, and an hospital. There is also a treasury and revenue office, for the receipt of the Indian capitation tax, the duties on imports and exports, and other taxes. The number of inhabitants is 10,000. The women are proverbially handsome, which causes many Europeans to marry and settle here. Guayaquil was named a royal dock-yard in 1767, and the abundance of excellent timber produced in its neighbourhood renders it very fit for this purpose. The balsam tree, and several others, yield excellent knees, and are celebrated for resisting worms and rot. Notwithstanding these advantages, the building of vessels is neglected, and the river and coasting trade is carried on in balsas, which receive the cargoes of the vessels arriving from Europe, Lima, or Panama. These balsas or rafts are peculiar to the coast of the provinces of Cundinamarca. They are made of five, seven, or nine trunks of an exceedingly light tree called balsa; and are made larger or smaller, according as they are wanted for fishing, for the coasting trade, or for the rivers. The city is defended by three forts; two on the borders of the river, and the other inland. GUBEN, a handsome town of the Prussian States in Lower Lusatia, seated on the Neisse, and seventy miles north-east of Dresden, It has a manufacture of cloth, and a good trade in flax and linen. Inhabitants about 6000. GUBERNATION, n. s. Latin gubernatio. Government; superintendency; superior direc tion. But fish not with this melancholy bait, Shakspeare. This he did to draw you in, like so many gudgeons, to swallow his false arguments. Swift. 'Tis true, no turbots dignify my boards; But gudgeons, flounders, what my Thames affords. Pope. GUDGEON, in ichthylogy, a species of cyprinus. See CYPRINUS. These fish, though small, are of a pleasant taste, very little inferior to smelt. They spawn twice in summer; and their feeding is much like the barbels in streams and on gravel, slighting all kinds of flies: but they are easily taken with a small red worm, fishing near the ground; and, being a leather-mouthed fish, will not easily get off the hook when struck. They may be fished for with float, the hook lying on the ground; or by hand, with a running line on the ground, without cork or float. But, although the small red worm is the best bait for these fish, yet wasps, gentles, and cadbaits do very well. They may also be fished for with two or three hooks at once, and afford pleasant sport, where they rise any thing large. When angling for them, stir up the sand or gravel with a long pole; this will make them gather faster to that place, and bite faster and more eagerly. GUELDERLAND, a province of the Netherlands, bounded on its respective frontier lines by Overyssel, Westphalia, North Brabant, Holland, and Utrecht. Its extent is about 2020 square miles; its population 243,000. The surface is level, but not so flat as part of the Netherlands. The soil is in some parts heavy and turfy, in others light, and, on the whole, not very fertile. The province is watered by the Rhine, the Waal, the Yssel, the Leck, and the Maese, and several large canals. The principal productions are buck-wheat, potatoes, fruit, tobacco, and hops; The pasturage is very good. The inhabitants are employed chiefly in agriculture, but also in manufactures; linen being made in this province, also paper and leather. Guelderland is the seat of many old Dutch families, who are unconnected with trade. The chief branch of commerce is the transit of goods from the coast to the interior of Germany. The duties are nominally only 3 per cent. ad valorem, but considerably exceed this limit on wine and other articles, of which the bulk is large in proportion to the value. The greater part of the inhabitants are Protestants. The province sends six members to the states-general, and in point of jurisdiction is under the high court at the Hague. The provincial states consist of ninety members. Guelderland is divided into four districts, viz. Arnheim, with 74,000 inhabitants; Nimeguen, with 49,000; Zutphen, with 79,000; and Thiel, with 46,200. These, however, do not comprise the whole extent of the ancient duchy of Gueldres. After the declaration of independence, made by the maritime provinces of the Netherlands, three of the quarters, viz. Nimeguen, Zutphen, and Arnheim (constituting Lower Gueldres), joined the league of Utrecht in 1579, and formed the Dutch province of Guelderland. The fourth (of Ruremonde), then called Upper Gueldres, remained subject to Spain until the peace of Utrecht, when it was made over to the king of Prussia. Part of it was afterwards ceded by Prussia to the United Provinces, and the whole in 1795 to France. This lasted till 1814, when the whole once more changed masters: a part of Upper Gueldres is included in the Prussian province of the Rhine; but the greater part belongs to the Netherlands, and is included in the province now described. GUELDERS, or GELDERS, a small town of the Prussian states, in the goverment of Cleves: it was the chief town of Prussian Guelderland, and originally gave name to the whole province. It now has only 1550 inhabitants, who are employed in manufactures. The castle, one of the strongest fortresses in the Netherlands, was deinolished in 1764. Twenty miles S. S.E. of Cleves, and thirty N. N.W. of Dusseldorff. GUELPH, the surname of the royal family of Great Britain. GUELPHS, OF GUELFS, a celebrated faction in Italy, antagonists of the Gibelins. The Guelphs and Gibelins kept Germany and Italy in perpetual agitation during the greater part of three centuries. The former supported the pretensions of the popes, the latter those of the emperor. Their rise is referred by some to the time of Corrad III., A. D. 1139; by others to that of Frederic I.; and by others to that of his successor Frederic II., A. D. 1240, upon his being excommunicated by pope Gregory IX. But the most probable opinion is that of Maimbourg, who says, that the two factions arose from a quarrel between two ancient and illustrious houses on the confines of Germany, viz. the Henries of Gibelling, and the Guelphs of Adorf. The name Guelph is said to have been formed from Welfe, or Welfo, on the following occasion:-The emperor Conrad III. having taken the duchy of Bavaria from Welfe VI., brother of Henry, duke of Bavaria, Welfe, assisted by the king of Sicily, made war on Conrad, and thus gave birth to the faction of the Guelfs. Others derive the name from the German Wolf, on account of the grievous evils committed by that cruel faction: others deduce the denomination from that of a German called Guelfe, who lived at Pistoye; adding, that his brother, named Gibel, gave his name to the Gibelins. It is said by some, that the Gibelins, when driven out of Italy long after the year 1229, at which period the contest between them and the Guelphs ran very high, and settled at Amsterdam, were the inventors of the mercantile practice of re-change, or re-exchange, on bills of exchange, on account of the damages and charges they were put to, and the interest of the money of their bills protested, which had been given to them for the effects they had been obliged to leave behind them. GUEMENE'E, a neat town of Brittany, situated in the department of the Loire Inferieure. Nine miles north of Blain. Population 3600. GUERANDE, a large town of Brittany, in the department of the Loire Inferieure, between the mouth of the Vilaine and the Loire. It contains 7200 inhabitants, and has extensive manufactures of salt. Thirty-six miles west of Nantes, and thirteen south of Roche Bernard. GUERDON, n. s. Fr. guerdon, gardon. A reward; a recompense, in a good and bad sense. A word now no longer in use. The sixte thing that shuld move a man to contrition is the hope of three thinges,-that is to say, forgevenesse of sinne; and the yeft of grace for to do wel; and the gloree of heven with whiche God shal guerdon man for his good dedes. To Chaucer. The Persones Tale. I love as well as ye; And lenger have served hire in my degre; And if she should have loved for long lovyng, To me, alone, had be the guerdonyng. Id. Assemble of Foules. But Love, alas! quite him so ill his wage, With cruel daunger, plainly at the laste That with the dethè guerdonlesse he paste. Id. Complaint of the Blacke Knight. But to the virgin comes, who all this while Amazed stands herself so mocked to see, By him who has the guerdon of his guile, For so misfeigning her true knight to be. Spenser. Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise scorn delights, and live laborious days; But the fair guerdon when we hope to find, And think to burst out into sudden blaze, Comes the blind fury with the abhorred sheers, And slits the thin-spun life. Milton, So Fame is the thirst of youth,-but I am not young as to regard men's frown or smile As loss or guerdon of a glorious lot; I stood and stand alone, remembered or forgot. Byron. GUERICHE, or GUERICKE (Otho), a native of Prussia, the most celebrated mathematician of his time, was born in 1602. He is said to have been the inventor of the air-pump; and was author of several works in natural philosophy, the chief of which is his Experimenta Magdeburgica. He died in 1686. GUERNSEY, one of the most considerable of a group of islands on the French coast, once a dependency of the duchy of Normandy, and the only remains of the ancient sovereignty of England over France. They are situated in the gulf of St. Malo, from three to six leagues from the French coast. Guernsey, the largest, (the Sarnia of Antoninus), is thirteen miles long and eight broad. On the south and south-west the shores are high, precipitous, and broken by deep ravines. On the north and east they are low, indented by bays separated by rocky head-lands, and lined with sunken rocks, which with the strength of the currents are a strong natural defence to the island. The climate is humid, and the winters stormy. The face of the island is diversified by moderate hills, and watered by numerous streams, serving to turn mills and fertilising the valleys, every inch of which is cultivated with the greatest care, affording the pleasing appearance of industry and its attendant comfort, which is conspicuous in the neat seats of the gentry surrounded by orchards and gardens, and the clean habitations of the peasantry. The chief produce of the island is corn and apples, and the principal manufacture that of worsted jackets, caps, and stockings, of the first of which there is a great consumption by seamen. Guernsey sends vessels to the Newfound land fishery, and in war fits out many privateers; in peace smuggling with the coast of England is an organised business, the objects being French brandies and lace, &c. Some emery store is also exported, there being a rock of this substance on the island. The Norman feudal laws are still in use in these islands, but meliorated by time, which has worn down their oppression; they are collected The in a book called 'le grand Costumier.' king's writs from Westminster cannot be executed in these islands, and consequently they offer an asylum for insolvent debtors; neither are they bound by any act of the British legislature unless specifically named, nor can these acts be put in force until sanctioned by the civil government of the islands. The Norman French is the language most generally spoken, and many Norman customs are observed. An appeal lies from the courts of the island to the king in council. The population is about 15,000. St. PIERRE is the chief town; which see. Among the marine productions found on the shores are the sea aure, delicate shell-fish, the sea mouse, aphrodita aculeator, and the sea anemone. Among the curiosities of the coast is La Cave Mahie, on a level with the sea near Prevolet Point on the south; from an entrance of nine feet wide and six high, it expands to fifty feet in height and breadth and 200 feet in length, ending in granite points. The base of the island is entirely of this substance, and several of its heights consist of conical ascents of this grand substratum, raised apparently by a power acting vertically. GUESS, v. a. & n. s. Germ. gissen; Goth. GUESS'ER, n. s. giesa; Isl. giska; Swed. GUESS'INGLY, adv. gissa. Any thing put together without design; to judge without certain principles; to conjecture either on probabilities or by accident. A guesser is one who judges without certain knowledge. Ye sawe the lettir that she wrote I gesse, Let not your ears despise my tongue for ever, Id. Macbeth. The enemy's in view; draw up your powers: Hard is the guess of their true strength and forces. Shakspeare. Id. I have a letter guessingly set down. He that, by reason of his swift motions, can inform himself of all places and preparations, should he not very often guess rightly of things to come, where God pleaseth not to give impediment? Raleigh's History. Longer I durst not stay, but soon I guessed Quoth she, there are no bargains driven, Hudibras. His guesse was usually as near to prophecy as any man's. One may guess by Plato's writings, that his meaning, as to the inferiour deities, was, that they who would have them might, and they who would not might let them alone; but that himself had a right opinion conStillingfleet. cerning the true God. There issue swarming bands 1 A poet must confess His art's like physick, but a happy guess. Id. It is a wrong way of proceeding to venture a greater good for a less, upon uncertain guesses, before a due examination, Locke. We may make some guess at the distinction of things, into those that are according to, above, and contrary to reason. Id. If Xerxes was able to call every common soldier by his name in his army, it may be guessed he got not this wonderful ability by learning his lessons by heart. Id. Where is the guestchamber, where I shall eat the passover with my disciples? Mark xiv. 14. They all murmured, saying, that he was gone to be Luke xix. 7. guest with a man that is a sinner. Whilom, ther was dwelling in Oxenforde, A riche gnof, that gestes held to borde. Chaucer. The Milleres Tale. No wonder is though that she be astoned Id. The Clerkes Tale. Is, at the nuptial of his son, a guest Those happiest smiles Shakspeare. That played on her ripe lip, seemed not to know What guests were in her eyes; which parted thence As pearls from diamonds dropt. Id. |