the Amazon in 6° 30′ N. lat., being agreed on as the limit by France and Portugal in 1801. The French first established themselves on this coast in 1625, and gave it the name of equinoctial France; but in 1654 they again abandoned their only establishment at Cayenne, and the Dutch sought to fix themselves on it, but the French, returning in 1664, drove them out, and, though the island was again taken by the Dutch in 1676 they were obliged to restore it the following year. GUETTARDA, in botany, a genus of the heptandria order, and monœcia class of plants: natural order thirty-eighth, tricoccæ: MALE CAL. cylindrical: COR. cleft into seven parts, and funnel-shaped: FEMALE CAL. cylindrical: COR. cleft into seven parts; one pistil, and the fruit a dry plum. Species four; natives of the West Indies. GUG'GLE, v. n. Ital. gorgoliare. To sound as water running with intermissions out of a narrow-mouthed vessel. GUIANA, an extensive country of South America, bounded on the east and north-east by the Atlantic Ocean and the Oronoco; on the south by the Amazon; and on the west by Grenada and New Andalusia, in Terra Firma, from which it is separated on the west and north by the Oronoco. It extends above 1200 miles in length, from north-east to south-west; i. e. from the mouth of the Oronoco to that of the Amazon, and from 300 to 600 in breadth. The Portuguese, French, and Dutch, all formed settlements along the coast. Dutch Guiana, as we have stated in our article AMERICA, SOUTH, is now wholly ceded to Great Britain. GUIANA, FRENCH, occupies 160 leagues of coast from the Maroni on the north to the Carapona on the south; this latter, which falls into In 1809 the colony was captured by the English and Portuguese forces combined, but it was restored to France by the peace of 1814. The whole coast of French Guiana is lined by drowned mangrove islands and mud banks, which bar the mouths of the numerous rivers, and the navigation of which is also generally impeded by ledges of rock. The rains which prevail from January to July, form stagnant ponds and marshes, that render the climate exceedingly unhealthy. The currents are very strong and irregular along this coast. The colony has never been of any considerable advantage to France, as will appear from the following statements of its population and exports. Population of the colony, exclusive of Cayenne Island. The only place worthy of mention, north of Cayenne, is Sinamari, a miserable post containing in 1798 only fifteen or sixteen huts, the remains of a settlement founded in 1763. Cayenne Island lies in the mouth of the Oyak River, forming two branches. The northernmost, named Cayenne River, has but thirteen feet soft mud; the southern branch is called the Mahuri. The island is sixteen leagues in circuit, and is extremely unhealthy; for, the interior being lower than the shores, the rain water stagnates and forms putrid marshes. The town is built on the north-west point of the island, and is a wretched place, the streets steep and narrow, and paved with sharp stones. Among the numerous islands off Cayenne, the only ones deserving mention are the Two Constables, or Gunners, barren conical rocks whitened with birds' dung. The Malingre Islands, three leagues south-east of Cayenne, are almost inaccessible; on one of them is an hospi tal for lepers, this malady being very common at Cayenne. South of Cayenne the principal rivers are the Approuak, which has twelve feet depth at its entrance; the Oyapok, which empties itself west of Cape Orange; the Cassipour, Coanwine, &c. GUIANA, PORTUGUESE, Occupies the left bank of the Amazons. See AMAZONS. The two principal mouths are here separated by the swampy alluvion island Caviana; besides which, many similar islands are formed by its mud. The only places in Portuguese Guiana, of which any thing is known, are the little fort of Macapa, and the fortified village of Paru, both on the Amazons. GUICCIARDINI (Francis), a celebrated historian, born at Florence in 1482. He professed the civil law with reputation, and was employed in several embassies. Leo X. gave him the government of Modena and Reggio, and Clement VII., that of Romagna and Bologna. Guicciardini was also lieutenant-general of the pope's army, and distinguished himself by his bravery on several occasions; but, Paul III. having taken from him the government of Bologna, he retired to Florence, where he was inade counsellor of state, and was of great service to the house of Medicis. He at length retired into the country to write his history of Italy, which he composed in Italian, and which extends from 1194 to 1532. This history is greatly esteemed, and was continued by John Baptist Adriani, his friend. He died in 1540. GUICCIARDINI (Lewis), nephew of the preceding, wrote a history of the Low Countries and Memoirs of the Affairs of Europe, from 1530 to 1560. He wrote with great spirit against the persecution of the duke d'Alva, for which he imprisoned him. He died in 1583. GUIDE, n. s. & v. a. Fr. guide; Ital. guidu; GUIDAGE, n. s. Span. and Port. guia; GUIDANCE, n. s. ab 171, to lead a troop GUIDE LESS adj. or army. - Minsheu. GUIDER, n. s. To direct, lead, influence, or govern; to regulate and superintend. A guide is one who directs the way or conduct of another guidage, an old word which signifies the reward given to a guide: guideless, having no superintendent or governor. : Who the guide of nature, but only the God of nature? In him we live, move, and are. Those things which nature is said to do, are by divine art performed, using nature as an instrument: nor is there any such knowledge divine in nature herself working, but in the guide of nature's work. Hooker. Our guider come! to the Roman camp conduct us. Can knowledge have no bound, but must advance They have all the same pastoral guides appointed, authorised, sanctified, and set apart by the appoint ment of God, by the direction of the Spirit, to direct and lead the people of God in the same way of eternal salvation. Pearson. Waller. While yet his father died, but young And left him to an happy guide. Upon these, or such like secular maxims, when nothing but the interest of this world guides men, they many times conclude that the slightest wrongs are not to be put up. Kettlewell. There fierce winds o'er dusky valleys blow, Whose every puff bears empty shades away, Which guideless in those dark dominions stray. Dryden. The' ambitious Swede, like restless billows tost, Though in his life he blood and ruin breathed, To his now guideless kingdom peace bequeathed. Id. Some truths are not by reason to be tried, But we have sure experience for our guide. Id. That person, that being provoked by excessive pain, thrust his dagger into his body, and thereby, instead of reaching his vitals, opened an imposthume, the unknown cause of all his pain, and so stabbed himself into perfect health and case, surely had great reason to acknowledge chance for his chirurgeon, and Providence for the guider of his hand. South. Whosoever has a faithful friend to guide him in the dark passages of life, may carry his eyes in another man's head, and yet see never the worse. Id. Particular application must be left to Christian prudence, under the guidance of God's Holy Spirit, who knows our necessity before we ask, and our ignorance in asking. Rogers. As to those who lived under the guidance of reason alone, without the assistance of supernatural light, it is highly probable that miracles, or a message from Atterbury. the dead, would persuade them. A prince ought not to be under the guidance or influence of either faction, because he declines from his office of presiding over the whole, to be the head of a party. Swift. Women neglect that which St. Paul assigns them as their proper business, the guiding of the house. Decay of Piety. The new light served to guide them to their neighbours' coffers. Id. This to the young-but thy experienced age Wants not the guidance of a former sage. Sewell. How empty learning, and how vain is art, But as it mends the life and guides the heart Young. Once more upon the waters! yet once more, And the waves bound beneath me as a steed That knows his rider. Welcome to their roar, Swift be their guidance whereso'er they lead. Byron. Childe Harold. GUIDI (Alexander), an eminent Italian poet, born at Pavia in 1650. At Rome he attracted the notice of queen Christina, of Sweden, who retained him at her court; he also obtained a considerable benefice from Pope Innocent XI. and a pension from the duke of Parma. For an important political service he rendered the state of Milan, with prince Eugene, he was enrolled among the nobles and decurions of that town; he died in 1712. His exterior form was unfavorable; he was short and crooked, his head was large, and he was blind of his right eye. His works were published at Verona in 1726. GUIDO ARETIN. See ARETIN. The GUIDON is a flag borne by the king's lifeguard, broad at one extreme, and almost pointed at the other, and divided into two. It is the ensign or flag of a troop of horse guards. GUIDON, the officer who bears the guidon, is that in the horse-guards which the ensign is in the foot; and takes place next below the cornet. GUIDONS, guidones, or schola guidonum, were a company of priests established by Charlemagne, at Rome, to conduct and guide pilgrims to Jerusalem, to visit the holy places: they were also to assist them in case they fell sick, and to perform the last offices to them in case they died. GUIENNE, a province in the south-west of France, to the north of Gascony, and separated from it by the river Garonne: the other principal rivers are the Dordogne, the Lot, the Yarn, and Aveyron. The modern division of this extensive district is into the five departments of the Gironde, the Lot and Garonne; the Dordogne, the Lot, and the Aveyron. The soil is various, being in many places sandy, in others fertile, but in general well adapted to the culture of the vine; and the collective population is about 1,900,000. In the fourteenth century this part of France was long the scene of war between the French and English, under Edward III. and the Black Prince. GUJERAT, or GUJRAT, a large province of Hindostan, chiefly situated between the twentyfirst and twenty-fourth degrees of northern lati tude. It is bounded on the north by the province of Ajmeer, on the east by Malwah and Khandeish, on the south by Aurungabad and the sea, and on the west by a sandy desert, the gulf of Cutch, and the sea; and has been computed to be 320 miles long, by about 180 broad. Parts of this country are fertile in cotton, tobacco, indigo, gum, and sugar; but other portions are very barren. This province is intersected by the Puddar, the Myhic, the Nerbudda, the Taptee, and other rivers, which, being navigable from the sea to a considerable distance, afford much facility both to trade and piracy. On the north-west, along the bank of the Puddar or Bunass, there is a fenny tract, in which they breed excellent horses and camels, and the cattle are superior to those of any other part of India. Some of their bullocks, which are in general white, with large humps, are sixteen hands high, and will trot in a carriage as fast as good horses. Agriculture is impeded in many places by a want of water, the peasants being obliged to dig wells 100 feet deep; and their crops and flocks being frequently carried off by robbers. The cultivators of the soil are the lower classes of Hindoos, called Coolies, Bheels, and Grassias; the Rajpoot, or military tribe, form a second class; Brahmins the third; Jains the fourth; Mahommedans and their descendants a fifth; genuine Mahommedans and their descendants a sixth; and Parsees (fire worshippers) a seventh; all of whom, except the last, are subdivided into innumerable sects. The one most deserving of notice is that called Angrea, whose profession is to convey money, jewels, bills of exchange, &c., from one part of the country to the other. They have been frequently known to die in defence of the property confided to them. In this province they have hospitals for old or deceased animals. The Gujeraty language nearly resembles the old Hindy, and is written in the Dewanagari character; but in the large towns a mixed language is generally spoken. Infanticide and self-immolation were till lately very common. It was in Gujerat that the Parsees, or followers of the Magi, were first received by a Hindoo chief, possessor of the town and district of Seyjan, who granted them his protection, on condition of their changing their mode of dress, and laying aside their arms. They are now numerous, and a very inoffensive and industrious race, following the religion of Zoroaster. They have a great aversion to extinguish a fire, and boast that they still possess the sacred flame brought by their ancestors from Persia, nearly 1200 years ago. The ancient capital of the province was Neherwalla or Puttun (the city). Its present capital is Ahmedabad; but it possesses also the following towns or cities, viz. Surat, Broach, Cambay, Gogo, and Champaneer. Before the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, there were few countries in the world that carried on a more extensive commerce, or that exhibited a greater progress in the arts. This country was first subjected by the Mussulman arms, A. D. 1022, when Mahmoud, sultan of Ghizne, on his way to plunder the temple of Somnath, took the capital, and, the Rajpoot prince Byram Deo having fled, Mahmoud placed a Brahmin on the throne. The Rajpoots, however, soon recovered their authority; and, in the year 1179, one of them, named Bim Deo, defeated the Mahommedans with great slaughIt was again overrun by Cuttub, the Afghan king of Delhi, in 1202; and a third time in 1297, by the troops of Alla I., who brought away with him Cumladi, the beautiful wife of the rajah, who became his spouse. ter. In 1390 the emperor Mohammed the IVth. appointed one of his father's slaves, by birth a Bramin, to the government of Gujerat, who, upon the death of the emperor in the year 1396, assumed the royal dignity and title of Muzuffer Shah. His family retained possession of Gujerat for nearly a century and a half. His grandson, sultan Ahmed, founded the city of Ahmedabad. In the year 1535 the emperor Homayon invaded Gujerat, and possessed himself of all its principal holds; but, when he was obliged to abandon his throne, a nephew of the last sultan got possession of the province; and it continued to be ruled by that dynasty in a very divided state, till the year 1572, when, the emperor Akbar having advanced against it, Sultan Muzuffer surrendered himself and kingdom into the imperial hands. From that period Gujerat again became one of the provinces of the empire, and so continued till the death of Aurungzebe. It was shortly after that event invaded by the Mahrattas. Surat and some other towns were, however, defended by their governors, who retained their allegiance to the court of Delhi. During the war of 1780 the British got possession of a portion of it; and at present the best parts of it belong to them, to the Guicowar, and to the Peshwa. The British territory consists of a considerable tract on both sides of the gulf of Cambay, and includes the populous cities of Surat, Broach, Cambay, Kaira, and Gogo. The sea coast between the gulf of Cambay and Cutch is occupied by different independent chiefs. The northern and western borders are also possessed by a number of barbarous plunderers. GUILANDINA, the nickar tree, a genus of the monogynia order, decandria class of plants; natural order thirty-third, lomentaceæ: CAL monophyllous and salver-shaped; the petals, inserted into the neck of the calyx, nearly equal; the seed-vessel a legumen. There are, species 1. G. bonduca, the yellow nickar. 2. G. bonducella, the gray nickar. These are climbing plants, natives of the West Indies, where they rise to twelve or fourteen feet: the flowers come out at the wings of the stalks; and are composed of five concave yellow petals. They are succeeded by pods about three inches long and two broad, closely armed with slender spines, opening with two valves, each enclosing two hard seeds, about the size of pistol bullets, of a yellowish color. 3. G. moringa, the morunga nickar, is a native of Ceylon, and some places on the Malabar coast. It rises to twenty-five or thirty feet, having flowers produced in loose bunches from the sides of the branches, and composed of an unequal number of petals. These plants, being natives of warm climates, require to be kept through the winter in a stove in this country. They are propagated by seeds; but those of the bonduca are so hard, that unless they are soaked some days in water before they are put into the ground, or placed under the pots in the tan-bed to soften their covers, they will remain for years without vegetating. The roots of the moringa are scraped when young, and used by the inhabitants of Ceylon and Malabar as those of horseradish are in Europe. The wood dyes a beautiful blue color. It is the lignum nephriticum, or nephritic wood of the dispensatories; and is brought over in large, compact, ponderous pieces, without knots, of a whitish or pale yellow color on the outside, and dark-colored or reddish within the bark is usually rejected. This wood imparts to water or rectified spirit a deep tincture; appearing, when placed between the eye and the light, of a golden color; in other situations blue pieces of another wood are sometimes mixed with it, which give only a yellow color to water. It has scarcely any smell, and very little taste. It has been recommended in difficulty of urine, nephritic complaints, and all disorders of the kidneys and urinary passages. GUILD, n. s. Sax. gild; Goth. gield; Belg. and Swed. gild; Teut. gilde. A society; a corporation; a fraternity or company, combined together by orders and laws made among themselves. Hence the common word gild or guildhall proceeds, being a fraternity or commonalty of men gathered into one combination, supporting their common charge by mutual contribution: and Belg. gild is also a contribution. Wel semed eche of hem a fayre burgeis, Chaucer. Prologue to Cant. Tales. Towards three or four o'clock Look for the news that the guild hall affords. Shakspeare. Richard III. In woollen cloth it appears, by those ancient guilds that were settled in England for this manufacture, that this kingdom greatly flourished in that art. Hale's Origin of Mankind. As when the long-eared milky mothers wait At some sick miser's triple-bolted gate, For their defrauded absent foals they make A moan so loud, that all the guild awake. Pope. GUILD, DEAN OF. Every royal borough in Scotland has a dean of guild, who is the next magistrate below the bailie. He judges of controversies among men concerning trade; disputes between inhabitants touching buildings, lights, water-courses, and other nuisances; calls courts, at which his brethren of the guild are bound to attend; manages the common stock of the guild; and amerces and collects fines. GUILDFORD, or GULDEFORD, a borough town of Surrey, on the Wye, near the ruins of an old castle. In the Saxon times it was a royal villa, where many of the Anglo-Saxon kings used to pass their festivals. It is a corporation consisting of a mayor, recorder, aldermen, &c.; and has sent two members to parliament ever since parliaments commenced. The great road from London to Chichester and Portsmouth lies through this town; and the assizes are held here. Here were formerly two monasteries, the remains of one of which afford accommodation for the judges during the assizes; and part is converted into a boarding-school. The structure is Gothic. Its manufactory formerly was cloth, of which there are still some small remains. Here is a school founded by king Edward VI.; an almshouse endowed with lands, worth £300 a-year; and two charity schools for thirty boys and twenty girls. There are three fine churches. There is a fine circular course for horse races near the town, which begin when the Newmarket races are ended. King William III. founded a plate of 100 guineas to be run for here every May, and used to honor the race with his presence; there are also three subscription plates run for, exclusive of private matches; these are often very brilliantly attended, and the town is crowded with the numerous visitants. The ancient cockpit is now converted to a butter and poultry market. The Wye is made navigable to the town, and by it a great quantity of timber is carried to London, not only from this neighbourhood, but from Sussex and Hampshire woods, thirty miles off. Guildford is thirty miles south-west of London. GUILD-HALL, or GILD-HALL, the great court of judicature for London. In it are kept the mayor's court, the sheriff's court, the court o hustings, court of conscience, court of common council, chamberlain's court, &c. Here also the judges sit upon nisi prius, &c. See LONDON. GUILE, n. s. GUILE'FUL, adj. GUILE FULLY, adv. GUILE FULNESS, n. s. GUILELESS, adj. GUILER, n. s. plies the opposite of simply honest; open; sincere. Old Fr. guille, gille; the same with wile. Deceit; cunning; trea(chery; secretly mischievous, or artful; insidious: guileless imsuch characteristics, or Of all this worlde is emperour Chaucer, Romaunt of the Rose. A gilour shal himself begiled be. Id. To whom the tempter guile fully replied. The guileful phantom now forsook the shrowd, And flew sublime, and vanished in a cloud. Dryden's Æneid. GUILLIM (John), of Welsh extraction, was born in Herefordshire, about 1565 Having completed his education at Brazen Nose College, Oxford, he became a member of the College of Arms in London; and was made rouge croix pursuivant, in which post he died in 1621. He published, in 1610, a celebrated work, entitled the Display of Heraldry, in folio, which has gone through many editions. GUILLOTINE, an engine of decapitation, decreed by the French National Assembly to be the sole punishment of persons condemned to death, on the 20th of March, 1792; so named from Dr. Guillot, a member of the assembly, who proposed it as an instrument of mercy, by giving the criminal a more expeditious death than any other means can afford. Its effect, it must be allowed, is instantaneous. This machine consists of two upright posts, ten feet high, joined at the top by an horizontal piece of timber. At four feet from the bottom is a cross bar, on which the neck of the criminal is laid, over which there falls a similar bar, shaped like the front board of our pillory. On the inner faces of the frame are grooves, along which the extreme edges of an axe slide up and down. This axe is heavily laden with lead, and is so contrived that the oblique edge falls upon the neck in a diagonal direction, so as to sever the culprit's head from his body by a sliding cut. The upright side of the axe is wholly included in the groove which guides it, by means of a cord and pulley, up to a catch or pin, with which a separate cord is connected. The criminal is prepared for his fate by the executioner, who, having first cut off his hair, ties him in a standing posture to a board, which he afterwards inclines, so as to lay the body horizontally with the face downwards, and with the head advanced over a basket placed for its reception. The string being pulled by the executioner, the axe descends, and the head is severed in an instant. Louis XVI., his queen and aunt, and multitudes of persons of both sexes, and of all ranks, who were attached to the royal cause in France, suffered death in this way. This machine is not, however, a new invention, but only an improvement on an instrument used in Scotland and at Halifax, and called the maiden. The cloths, at the first erection of the woollen manufactures, having been often stolen in the night, a law was made, by which the magistrates of Halifax were empowered to execute all offenders, if they were taken in the fact, or owned it, or if the stolen cloth was found upon them, provided the crime was committed, and the criminal apprehended, within the liberties of the forest of Hardwick. Those found guilty were thus executed: an axe was drawn by a pulley to the top of a wooden engine, and fastened by a pin, which being pulled out, the axe fell down in an instant. If they had stolen an ox, horse, or any other beast, it was led with them to the scaffold, and there fastened by a cord to the pin, that held up the axe; and when the signal was given by the jurors, who were the first burghers within the several towns of the forest, the beast was driven away, and the pin plucked out, upon which the axe fell, and beheaded the criminal. This instrument,' says Mr. Pennant, 'was very freely used during the reign of Elizabeth: the records before that time were lost: twentyfive suffered in her reign, and at least twelve from 1623 to 1650; after which I believe the privilege was no more exerted. This machine of death is now destroyed; but I saw one of the same kind in a room under the parliament-house at Edinburgh, where it was introduced by the regent Morton, who took a model of it as he passed through Halifax, and at length suffered by it himself. It is in form of a painter's easel, and about ten feet high: at four feet from the bottom is a cross bar, on which the felon lays his head, which is kept down by another placed above. In the inner edges of the frame are grooves; in these is placed a sharp axe, with a vast weight of lead, supported at the very summit with a peg; to that peg is fastened a cord, which the executioner cutting, the axe falls, and decapitates the culprit.' GUILT, n. s. Sax. gylt, originally signifying the fine or mulet paid for an offence; afterward the offence itself. Goth. and Swed. gilde. See GUILD. The contrary to innocence, as wickedness; crime; a state of corruption and sin; chargeable with misconduct: guiltless is innocent; blameless; free from guilt. We are verily guilty concerning our brother, in that we saw the anguish of his soul when he besought us, and we would not hear. Gen. xlii. 21. this woman shall bear her iniquity. Numbers v. 31. Chaucer. The Knightes Tale. A Breton book, written with Evangiles, |