Thou, who doest all thou wishest at thy will, And never willest aught but what is right, Preserve this guiltless blood they seek to spill; Thine be my kingdom.

Fairfax. I would not have had any hand in his death, of whose guiltlessness I was better assured than any man living could be. King Charles.

The guilty serpents, and obscener beasts, Creep conscious to their secret rests: Nature to thee does reverence pay,

Ill omens and ill sights removes out of thy way. Cowley.

The guiltless damsel, flying the mad pursuit Of her enraged stepdame Guendolond, Commended her fair innocence to the flood, That staid her flight with his cross-flowing course. Milton's Comus.

A good number, trusting to their number more than to their valour, and valuing money higher than equity, felt that guiltlessness is not always with ease oppressed. Sidney. He thought his flight rather to proceed of a fearful guiltiness than of an humble faithfulness. Id.

Guiltless of greatness, thus he always prayed,
Nor knew nor wished he that those vows he made
On his own head should be at last repaid. Dryden.
The teeming earth yet guiltless of the plough,
And, unprovoked, did fruitful stores allow.
Id.

With mortal hatred I pursued his life,
Nor he, nor you, were guilty of the strife;
Nor I, but as I loved; yet all combined,
Your beauty and my impotence of mind.
Farewell the stones

Id.

Churchill. GUINEA, n. s. From Guinea, a country in Africa abounding with gold. A gold coin valued at one and twenty shillings.

By the word gold I must be understood to design a particular piece of matter; that is, the last guinea that

was coined.
Ladies, whese love is constant as the wind:
Cits, who prefer a guinea to mankind.

Locke.

Young.

GUINEA, a large tract of country on the west coast of the continent of Africa, which some geographers have extended to all the country between the Gambia and Benguela, dividing it into Upper and Lower; while others confine it to the coast between the Mesurado and Cross River. We take a middle course, indicated by similarity of climate and seasons, and consider Guinea as comprised between the Gambia and Cape Lopez Gonsalvez.

Coast to the space between the Rio Grande and Our navigators give the name of Windward Cape Palmas, because the winds are generally from the north, and consequently it lies to windward relative to the gulf of Guinea.

That from the Mesurado to Cape Palmas is named the Grain Coast, from a species of pepper called by the natives manigatta, and by Europeans the grain of Paradise.

The Ivory or Tooth Coast extends from Cape Palmas to the river Frisco or Lagos, and derives its name from the quantity of elephants' teeth procured on it, these animals it is thought being particularly attracted to this part of the coast by its abundance of sugar canes, of which they are extremely fond. This extent of coast is free from danger, and may be sailed along within a league.

The Quaqua Coast, from the river Frisco to Assinee. This extent is more usually included in the Ivory Coast.

The Gold Coast, according to different writers, commences at Assinee, at Cape Apollonia, and at Cape Three Points, and generally is terminated at the river Volta. It has its name from the quantity of gold-dust brought by the negroes for sale, and which they collect in the sands of the brooks and torrents.

The Slave Coast extends from the Volta to Cross River. It is sometimes subdivided into Dahomey, or Whidah, from the Volta to Porto Nova; Benin from the latter river to that of Formosa, and Ouary to Cross River. See DA

not a single port. The coast of Guinea has, it is true, a great number of rivers, but most of them are barred and inaccessible to ships, and the ports formed by the islands that line it are few and inconvenient. Beyond this region the great extent to the Cape of Good Hope has but two or three rivers, and an equal number of ports. All the rivers of Africa, within the tropics, are subject to periodical inundations, caused by the heavy rains, when the sun is vertical in the equatorial region. The banks of most of the rivers of Guinea are either marshy and covered with impenetrable mangrove, or close forests, and in few instances afford any dry elevated grounds; there are, however, spots on the banks of the Sierra Leone, which offer a picturesque and varied mountainous scenery. The whole west coast of Africa is beaten by a violent surf, and infested by sharks, while the rivers abound in equally voracious alligators, and the fresh water swamps with the hippopotamus.

The climate of the west coast of Africa, from the latitude of 20° N. to the equator, is in general extremely destructive to Europeans, though some spots are found more salubrious than others. The rainy season commences throughout this tract in May, lasts till October, and is at its height in June and July, with almost constant thunder and lightning. The exhalations from the marshes, formed by the overflowing of the rivers, from the rank vegetation on their banks, and from the vegetable and animal corruption which covers the ground, produce mortal dysenteries and inflammatory fevers. During the dry season, from November to May, the climate is less unhealthy, the atmosphere being then clear, and the heat tempered by sea breezes. In Senegambia the greatest heat is in July, when the thermometer rises in the open air to 120° or even 130°, and in the night never falls below 100°. The winds during the wet season on this coast blow constantly from the north with strong southerly currents, by means of which vessels run from the Senegal to Goree in twenty-four hours, while it requires ten or fifteen days to beat back. During the dry season the thermometer varies in the day between 88° and 68°, and during the night, when there are heavy dews, falls to 60°.

The coast between the Gambia and Cape Verga, a distance of 250 miles, is formed by a chain of low and fertile islands separated from the main, and from each other, by narrow but deep straits. Beyond Cape Verga these low islands are succeeded by an elevated coast, which increases in height till south of Sierra Leone it presents alpine peaks apparently of volcanic origin. On this extent of coast the rains commence the same time as to the north, but are not so intense nor the climate so insalubrious: the extremes of the thermometer throughout the year are 63° and 98°, from May to August. North-west winds are most prevalent, and southwest in September and October. In November, December, and January, north-east winds prevail, with fogs, and the thermometer descends the lowest. In February, March, and April, land and sea breezes are pretty regular, the latter from the south-west in the evening. On this

coast between June and October tornadoes are frequent, and chiefly come from between the east and south-east; they blow with all the violence of a hurricane, but seldom longer than an hour or two, and their approach is denoted by black heavy clouds, rising in the south-east an hour before their arrival. Other writers say these storms are announced by a small white cloud, but this captain Beaver positively contradicts from the experience of seventy of them; of which sixty-three came from between east and southeast, two at E. N. E., three at north-east, and two at north-west. The word tornado is Portuguese, and signifies a whirlwind.

Between Sierra Leone and Cape Palmas the prevailing winds are from north-west and N.N.W., but after passing this cape they blow throughout the gulf of Guinea from south-west to S. S. W. The general current sets to the south-east to Cape Palmas, round which it curves to the E. N. E into the gulf. On the equator, in the gulf of Guinea, the current sets at times strong to the west, chiefly in June, July, and August, and particularly at the new and full moon.Horsburgh's Ind. Direct. We are inclined to attribute this westerly current to the great quantity of fresh water emptied into the eastern port of the gulf during these rainy months.

The Grain, Ivory, and Gold Coasts are low and thickly wooded; but inland, at a short distance, the country is pleasantly diversified with hills and plains extremely fertile, and with abundance of good water, an article that is both scarce and bad near the shore. The seasons are similar to those already noticed, but the beat is greater on the Gold Coast than even in Senegambia, the thermometer rising in the open air to 134°. On the whole coast of Guinea, from the Gambia to Cape Lopez, a singular wind, called the harmattan, blows from the interior of Africa, occasionally in December, January, and February. It has no regular period of duration, sometimes continuing only a few hours, at others for several days; it is cold, and always attended with a dense dry fog, through which the sun at noon appears of a pale red. The extreme dryness of this wind withers the leaves of vegetables. At some seasons it is considered malignant, probably after wet weather, when it is loaded with marsh miasma; at others it arrests the progress of epidemic diseases. From the whitish powder which seems to compose the fog, and which subsides on the earth, it has been supposed that this wind blows from some volcano in the unexplored interior of Africa. On the coast of Sierra Leone it blows from the E. S. E., on the Gold Coast from north-east, and towards Cape Lopez from N. N. E.

The Slave Coast, between the rivers Volta and Formosa, is low and in general thinly wooded; it is lined by a chain of lagoons, separated from the sea by a narrow border of land, called by the French La Pré, the meadow, and which are formed by the overflowing of the rivers. From the Formosa to the Camerons the coast is intersected by the mouths of numerous rivers, by some supposed to be branches of the Niger, which still conceals its embouchure from the researches of geographers. These rivers carry out

great quantities of mud, which elevate the bottom of the sea, and it seems probable that the projecting land of Cape Formosa, which separates the gulf of Benin and Biafra, is entirely formed of alluvion. A considerable number of elephants frequent this part of the coast; but their tusks are said to be of an inferior ivory. The fresh water swamps are also frequented by the hippopotamus. Between the rivers Camerons and S. Benito, the coast is mountainous, and in the tract called the high land of Ambozes some of the peaks are thought to equal that of Teneriffe in elevation.

After crossing the equator the wet season is from September to November, the rains prevailing at each side of the equator in the respective summer solstice; they are also retarded in going to the south, commencing at Loango in December and lasting till March. After passing Loango there is strictly speaking no wet season.

A brief sketch of the general character of the tribes inhabiting this coast will not be uninteresting.

evil principle; and, in their feasts, the king and nobles dip their coral necklaces in the blood of the victims, and pray to the gods, that they may never be deprived of this mark of pre-eminence.

The tribes between Benin and Loango are little known. A second tribe of Biafers inhabit the banks of the Formosa, and are said to sacrifice their children to the devil. To them succeed the Calbongas, occupying the country through which run the Rio del Rey and San Benito: they are painted as the least civilised of the negro nations, going naked, and selling their children and relations as slaves.

The Camma and Gobbi succeed the Calbongas, and extend to Cape Lopez: they resemble their southern neighbours of Loango.

Under this vague and general denomination we have thus sketched the great features and general appearance of this coast. ASHANTEE, SIERRA LEONE, and other places of particular importance, will be treated of in their respective places of the alphabet.

For the progress of modern discovery in this neighbourhood, see the latter part of the article AFRICA.

GUINEA-DROPPER, n. s. Guinea and drop. One who cheats by dropping guineas. Who now the guineadropper's bait regards, Tricked by the sharper's dice, or juggler's cards.

Gay. GUINEA-HEN, n. s. A fowl, supposed to be of Guinea.

scent is thereby duly elected.

The Biafers occupy the right bank of the Rio Grande: they are somewhat civilised and addicted to commerce. Between the Rio Grande

and Nunez is the tribe of Naloes, whose lands are well cultivated and produce indigo and cotton, but with whom it is necessary to be guarded. The Bissagos Islands are inhabited by different tribes of idolaters, generally ferocious and treacherous, adorning their huts with the scalps of their enemies; and, in the island of Bissao, the favorite wives of the king are sacrificed on his death and burnt with his corpse.

The negroes of the Grain Coast are said to be jealous of strangers, and are little known. The Ivory Coast to Cape La Hou is also occupied by an unfriendly and warlike tribe, described as anthropophagi, whence the Portuguese give them the name of malos gentes. East of Cape La Hou are the Quaquas, or boás gentes, who, like the Hindoos, are divided into casts, the son always following the profession of the father.

The coast between the Volta and Benin is subject to the king of DAHоMEY, which see.

The negroes of Benin are nearly as barbarous as the Dahomeys. Their king, who can bring 100,000 fighting men to the field, is worshipped as a demi-god, is supposed to live without food, and, when he appears to die, is thought, like the Grand Lama, to revive under another human form. Here human victims are sacrificed to the

GUINEA-HEN. See NUMIDA.
GUINEA-PEPPER, n. s. Lat. capsicum. A

plant.

GUINEA-PEPPER. See CAPSICUM.

GUINEA-PIG, n. s. A small animal with a

GUINEA-PIG. See CAVIA.
GUINEA-WHEAT. See ZEA.

GUINEA-WORMS. See DRACUNCULI.

GUISE, n.s. The same with wise, Fr. guise; Sax. pira; the p or w being changed, as is common, into g. See GUILE. Manner; external demeanor; practice; custom; fashion, either in conduct or attire.

And, as the guise was in his countree, Ful highe upon a char of gold stood he. Chaucer. The Knightes Tale. Yet had nature taught her after her guise To know her foe, and dread him evermore.

Wyatt.

GUITAR, a stringed instrument, in which the strings are fastened to a bridge fixed to the lower part of the belly, and supported by a nut at the end of the neck. The strings are governed by pegs or metal pins at the back of the neck. The instrument had at first but four strings, which have since been increased to five double strings, of which the first three are tuned unisons, and the fourth and fifth octaves to each other. Some times the fifth string has no octave lest it should overpower the rest; and the first string is so often false that it is frequently played single. This instrument is tuned and played so many different ways, that it must be strung according to the pitch and tuning. There are two ways of performing on this instrument, either by sweeping or pinching the strings. The most extensive, and the most susceptible of execution, is the pinching of the strings. The arpeggios are more harmonious, because all the strings are in vibration; but they must be touched very lightly and delicately with the right hand, and with firmness, and correct position of the left hand, to produce a good effect. The strings are pinched or thrummed between the rose and the bridge;

but the arpeggios ought to be made between the rose and the last fret of the neck, that is, about the middle of the strings, to avoid the harshness resulting from the playing too near the bridge, where the strings are more stubborn and unmanageable than towards the middle.

GULCH, n. s. Į From Lat.gulo.-Skinner.
GUL'CHIN, n. s. § A little glutton.

GULDENSTAEDT (John Anthony), M. D., was born at Riga, April 26th, 1745, and in 1763 was admitted into the medical college of Berlin. He completed his studies at Frankfort upon the Oder, where, in 1767, he received his degree. Being invited to Petersburgh, in 1768, he was created adjunct, and in 1770 member of the Imperial Academy, and professor of natural history. In June, 1761, he set out upon his travels, and was absent seven years. From Moscow, where he continued till March 1769, he passed to Voronetz, Tzaritzin, Astracan, and Killar, near Persia. In 1770 he examined the districts watered by the Terek, Sunsha, and Alksai, in the east extremity of Caucasus; and in 1771 penetrated into Ossetia, in the highest part of the same mountain; where he collected vocabularies of the languages spoken in those regions. Having visited Cabarda, and the north of Caucasus, he proceeded to Georgia, and was admitted to prince Heraclius, who was encamped ten miles from Tefflis, and whom he followed in spring to Koketia, and explored the south districts inhabited by the Turcoman Tartars in the company of a Georgian magnate, whom he had cured of a dangerous disorder. In July be passed into Imeretia; penetrated into the middle chain of mount Caucasus, visited the confines of Mingrelia, Middle Georgia, and Eastern and Lower Imeretia; and after escaping many imminent dangers, returned to Kislar on the 18th of November, where he passed the winter, collecting various information concerning the neighbouring Tartar tribes of Caucasus, particularly the Lesgees. In the following summer he journeyed to Cabardo Major, continued his course to mount Beshton, the highest point of the first ridge of the Caucasus, inspecting the mines of Madshar, and went to Tcherkash upon the Don. Thence he made expeditions to Azof and Taganrog, and thence along the new limits to the Dnieper; he finished this year's route at Krementshuk, in New Russia. In the following spring, he was proceeding to Crim Tartary; but, receiving an order of recal, he returned through the Ukraine to Moscow and St. Petersburg, where he arrived in March 1775. Upon his return he began to arrange his papers; but, before he could finish them for the press, was seized with a violent fever, which carried him off in March 1781. A ist of his writings is given in Coxe's Travels.

GULES, adj. Fr. gueules. Perhaps from goulet, the throat. Red; a barbarous term of heraldry. Follow thy drum; With man's blood paint the ground: gules, gules ; Religious canons, civil laws are cruel; Then what should war be? Shakspeare. Timon.

Hath now his dread and black complexion smeared
With heraldry more dismal; head to foot,
Now he is total gules.

Shakspeare. His seven-fold targe a field of gules did stain; In which two swords he bore: his word, Divide and reign.' Fletcher's Purple Island.

GULE OF AUGUST, the day of St. Peter ad vincula, which is celebrated on the 1st of August. It is called the gule of August from gula, a throat, because one Quirinus, a tribune, having a daughter diseased in her throat, went to pope Alexander, the sixth from St. Peter, and desired of him to see the chains that St. Peter was chained with under Nero; which request being granted, she, on kissing the chains, was cured of her disease; whereupon the pope instituted this feast in honor of St. Peter. Hence the day was called also that of St. Peter ad vincula.

GULES, a corruption of the French word gueules, which in heraldry signifies red, is represented in engraving by perpendicular lines. See diagram. This color is by the generality of the English heralds ranked before azure. But the ci-devant French heralds preferred azure.

GULF, n. s. Fr. golfe; Ital. golfo; Gr. GULF'Y, adj. Koog; Goth. gialfur. A deep, concave, receptacle for water; a bay; an unfathomable abyss; a whirlpool or eddy: figuratively applied to any thing insatiable, as woe, or despair;-thus hell is termed a fiery gulf.

Thence turning back, in silence soft they stole,
And brought the heavy corse with easy pace
To yawning gulph of deep Avernus' hole.

Spenser.

A GULF, in geography, is a capacious bay between two promontories, sometimes taking the name of a sea, when very extensive; but particularly when it only communicates with the sea by a strait. Such are the Euxine or Black Sea, called the gulf of Constantinople; the Adriatic Sea, or the gulf of Venice; the gulf of Lyons, near France, and the gulf of Sierra, near Barbary. All these are in the Mediterranean. There are the gulfs of Mexico, St. Lawrence, and California, in North America; the gulf of Persia, or the Red Sea, between Persia and Arabia; the gulf of Bengal in India; and the gulfs of Cochin-China and Kamtschatka, near those

countries.

GULF STREAM. See FLORIDA, BAY OF.
GULL, v. a. & n. s.
GULL-CATCHER, N. S.
GULLER, n. s.
GUL'LERY, n. s.

Fr. guiller; Goth. goela, guala; Teut. gillen. To cheat; trick, or deceive. Gull

is the name of a sea-bird: a stupid animal; one easily cheated: guller, an impostor, or knave: gullery a cheat: gull-catcher, one who catches silly people.

Being fed by us you used us so, As that ungentle gull, the cuckow bird, Useth the sparrow.

Shakspeare. Henry IV. Why have you suffered me to be imprisoned, Kept in a dark house, visited by the priest, And made the most notorious geck and gull Id. Twelfth Night. That e'er invention played on. I should think this a gull, but that the white bearded fellow speaks it.

Id. Much Ado about Nothing If I do not gull him into a nay word, and make him a common recreation, do not think I have wit enough to lie straight in my bed.

Shakspeare

Id.

He would have gulled him with a trick,
But Mart was too too politick.

For this advantage age from youth has won,
As not to be out-ridden, though out-run;
By fortune he was now to Venus trined,
And with stern Mars in Capricorn was joined:
Of him disposing in his own abode,

He soothed the goddess, while he gulled the god.
Dryden.

The Roman people were grossly gulled twice or thrice over, and as often enslaved in one century, and under the same pretence of reformation.

Id.