If I be not ashamed of my soldiers I am a sowced gurnet: I have misused the king's press damnably. Shakspeare. Henry IV. GURRUMCONDAH, a district of Hindostan, in the Carnatic, situated between the thirteenth and fourteenth degrees of northern latitude, and seventy-eighth and seventy-ninth of eastern longitude. It is mountainous, and was some years ago ceded by the nizam to the British. It is included in the collectorship of Cuddapah. Gurrumcondah, the capital, is defended by a strong-built fort, but has been often taken and retaken by the Mahrattas, the Mysoreans, and the Nizams. By the latter it was ceded to the British in the year 1800.

GUSH, v. n. & n. s. Dutch, gostelen; Gothic, geysa, to pour forth. To flow, or rush, with violence; an emission of fluid in a large quantity on a sudden.

A sea of blood gushed from the gaping wound,. That her gay garments stained with filthy gore.

GUST, n. s. Fr. goust; Ital. gusto; GUSTABLE, adj. Isl. guster; Lat. gustus. GUSTATION, adj. Sense of taste; height of GUST'FUL, adj. sensual enjoyment; turn of GUSTO, n. s. fancy; a violent blast of GUS'TY, adj. wind,-written by Spenser for jousts and tournaments. Gustable and gustation signify the quality of taste, or act of tasting. Gusto a relish; gusty weather, is stormy; tempestuous.

For jolly knight he seemed, and fair did sit, As one for knightly gusts and fierce encounters fit. Spenser.

She led calm Henry, though he were a king, As doth a sail, filled with a fretting gust, Command an argosie to stem the waves. Shakspeare. You may as well forbid the mountain pines To wag their high tops, and to make a noise, When the are fretted with the gusts of heaven.

We have lost, in a great measure, the gust and relish of true happiness. Tillotson.

Part stay for passage, 'till a gust of wind Ships o'er their forces in a shining sheet. Dryden. Where love is duty on the female side,

On theirs mere sensual gust, and sought with surly pride. Id. Fables.

My sight, and smell, and hearing were employed, And all three senses in full gust enjoyed. Dryden.

The principal part of painting is to find what nature has made most proper to this art, and a choice of it may be made according to the gust and manner of the ancients.

Id.

In reading what I have written, let them bring no particular gusto along with them. Id. Old age shall do the work of taking away both the gust and comfort of them. L'Estrange.

Pardon a weak distempered soul, that swells With sudden gusts, and sinks as soon in calms, The sport of passions.

Addison's Cato.

Pleasant gustes gratify the appetite of the luxurious. Derham Destroy all creatures for thy sport or gust, Yet cry, if man's unhappy, God's unjust. Pope. What he defaults from some dry insipid sin, is but to make up for some other more gustful.

Decay of Piety.

GUSTAVIA, in botany, a genus of the polyandria order, and monadelphia class of plants: CAL. none; the petals are very numerous; the berry multilocular: SEEDS appendaged. Species two; fine tall trees of Surinam and Guiana.

GUSTAVUS I. king of Sweden, son of Eric Vasa, duke of Gripsholm. Christian II. king of Denmark, having made himself master of Sweden, confined Gustavus at Copenhagen; but he, making his escape, wandered long in the forests, till, the cruelties of the tyrant having occasioned a revolution, he was first declared governor of Sweden, and then, in 1513, elected king. He introduced Lutheranism into his dominions, and died in 1560. See SWEDEN.

GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, THE GREAT, king of Sweden, was born at Stockholm in 1594, and succeeded his father Charles IX. in 1611. He espoused the cause of the Protestants in Germany, who were oppressed by Ferdinand I. He was a great warrior, and gained many victories (see SWEDEN), but was killed in the battle of Lutzen, where his troops got the victory, and defeated two of the emperor's armies, in November, 1632.

GUSTAVUS III. See SWEDEN.

God for his manace him so sore smote, With invisible wound, ay incurable, That, in his guttes, carfe it so and bote, That his peines weren importable; And certainly the wreche was resonable, For many a mannes guttes did he peine. Chaucer. The Monkes Tale. This lord wears his wit in his belly, and his guts in his head. Shakspeare. Troilus and Cressida.

A viol should have a lay of wire-strings below, close to the belly, and then the strings of guts mounted upon a bridge, that by this means the upper strings

stricken should make the lower resound.

Bacon's Natural History. The fishermen save the most part of their fish some are gutted, splitted, powdered, and dried. Carew's Cornwall.

Apicius, thou did'st on thy guts bestow Full ninety millions; yet, when this was spent, Ten millions still remained to thee; which thou, Fearing to suffer thirst and famishment, In poisoned potion drankest.

Hakewill on Providence. And crammed them 'till their guts did ake, With cawdle, custard, and plum-cake. Hudibras. Well seasoned bowls the gossip's spirits raise, Who while she guzzles chats the doctor's praise.

Roscommon.

His jolly brother, opposite in sense, Laughs at his thrift; and, lavish of expence, Quaffs, crams, and guttles in his own defence. Id. They fell to lapping and guzzling, till they burst themselves. L'Estrange.

The fool spit in his porridge, to try if they'd hiss : they did not hiss, and so he guttled them up, and scalded his chops. Id.

Tom Brown, of facetious memory, having gutted a proper name of its vowels, used it as freely as he pleased. Addison.

The intestines or guts may be inflamed by any acrid or poisonous substance taken inwardly.

Arbuthnot on Diet.

GUTHALUS, or GUTTALUS, in ancient geography, is thought to be the Viardus of Ptolemy; now called the Oder.

GUTHRIE (William), was born in 1620, at Pitforthy, in Angus. He was educated at St.

Andrews for the Scotch kirk, and in 1644 was placed as minister in the parish of Finwick, but after holding his preferment twenty years, was ejected as a nonconformist. He wrote the Christian's great Interest, still held in esteem. His death took place in 1665.

Another WILLIAM GUTHRIE, who has been confounded with the above, was born at Breichen, in the same county, in 1701, or 1708; and, after passing through a course of study at Aberdeen, quitted his native country in consequence of a love affair, and commenced author in London. Here he published a History of England, in 3 vols. folio; A Translation of Quintilian, in 2 vols. 8vo.; as also one of some of Cicero's works. The Friends, a novel, 2 vols.; and Remarks on English Tragedy, 8vo. The Geographical Grammar, which goes under his name, is said to have been compiled by Knox, a bookseller in the Strand. A History of Scotland in 10 vols. ; a History of the Peerage, 4to.; and a Universal History, in 13 vols., are also ascribed to him. Mr. Guthrie finally obtained a pension, and a commission of the peace for Middlesex. He died in 1770.

GUTTA, n. s. a Latin term for drop.
GUTTE. See ARCHITECture.

GUTTE ANGLICANE, English drops, a chemical preparation esteemed of great virtue against vapors and lethargic affections, and purchased at £5000 by king Charles II. from the inventor, Dr. Goddard. It is a spirit drawn by the retort from raw silk, and rectified with an essential oil.

GUTTA ROSACEA, in medicine, a red or pimpled face; a distemper, which, though not always owing to hard drinking, is most incident to tipplers.

GUTTA SERENA, a disease in which the patient, without any apparent fault in the eye, is deprived of sight. See MEDICINE.

GUTTATED, adj. Latin gutta, guttula. GUT TULOUS, adj. Besprinkled with drops, or in the form of a drop.

Ice is plain upon the surface of the water, but round in hail, which is also a glaciation, and figured in its guttulous descent from the air.

Browne's Vulgar Errours. GUTTENBURG, or GUTTEMBURG (John), one of the reputed inventors of the art of printing, was born at Mentz, in 1400, of wealthy parents. In 1427 he was at Strasburgh, as a merchant; but returned to Mentz in 1430, and, between that time and 1439, appears to have made some trials of printing with metal or other types. In 1446. he entered into partnership with Fust, the result of which was the publication of the celebrated Bible of 637 leaves, the first considerable specimen of printing with metal types. John Guttenberg died in 1467. GUTTER, n. s. & v. a. GUTTURAL, adj. GUT TURALNESS, n. s. dinal hollow the verb signifies to drain or cut in hollows. Guttural is descriptive of sounds pronounced with the throat.

Lat. guttur, gutturalis. A passage for water; a longitu

Be as be male; for ernest or for game, He shall awake, and rise, and go his waie Out at this gutter, er that it be daic.

Chaucer. Legende of Gode Women.

Arbuthnot.

GYMNASTICS. From yuuvos, naked, because the ancient exercises of this kind were performed naked; a modern name for certain exercises ancient and modern, which have been thus distinguished. The ancient gymnasium was little more than a school for warriors, those exercises only being encouraged, the advantages of which were seen in the field: hence boxing and the pancratium fell into disrepute, solely because the corpulence they encouraged was injurious to the military character. Thus Plutarch says, 'It would take three shields to cover a pugilist;' and Cato enquires, Of what service can a man be to his country who is nothing but belly?' The modern gymnasium has no such pretensions: in it the arts of war are not cultivated; but the manly exercise of the limbs, the consequent vigor of the muscles, and the health and robustness necessarily ensuing, are its main objects. This article, therefore, naturally divides itself into, I. The History of Gymnastics, ancient and modern. II. The more particular description of modern Gymnastic exercises.

PART I.

HISTORY OF GYMNASTICS.

With regard to the history of gymnastic exercises, their origin, it is evident, must be nearly coeval with the first congregation of men into societies. At that time, when agility and strength were the principal requisites of a warrior, when leaping, hurling the javelin, racing, wrestling, &c., were exercises which alone would fit men for the field, enable them to repel the attacks of their neighbours, or in turn to become themselves the aggressors; when the defence of their own property, or the seizure of that of others, was the employment of a principal part of their lives, the gymnastic art would undoubtedly occupy a prominent place in the education of youth. Accordingly we find, the elders of those primitive governments soon instituted periodical games; they gave prizes and honors to the conquerors, and excited in every possible way the emulation of the young men, till the Olympic games, originally the periodical race of four brethren, in process of time became the occupation of days, the data by which time was reckoned, and the cause of war between celebrated cities and even entire nations. Almost all the early writers notice the ancient games of the gymnasium, and among the first are those celebrated at the funeral of Patroclus, as recorded by Homer in the twenty-third book of the Iliad. Even then the art wanted but little of perfection, for we find that the Greeks had not only the simple footrace, and the manly wrestling-match, but also the chariot-race, the combats of the cestus, and of the sword, hurling the discus and the javelin, and exercising with the bow; nor did Ulysses or Tydides think it beneath them to join in the combat or the race. Not long after, these exercises were applied to the medical art. Accord

Hippocrates, was the first who introduced them into physic; and his successors, convinced of their usefulness, continued the practice. Hippocrates has given instances of it, where he treats of exercise in general, and of the particular effects of walking, with regard to health; also of the different sorts of races on foot or horseback; leaping, wrestling, the exercise of the suspended ball, chironomy, unctions, frictions, rolling in the sand, &c. But, as physicians did not adopt all the gymnastic exercises in their practice, they were divided between them and the masters of martial and athletic exercises, who kept schools, the number of which greatly increased in Greece; and gymnasia, places appr priated solely to these exercises, soon made theL appearance in the principal cities. Lacedæmor was the first place where they were built, anu three soon after were erected at Athens. Ac cording to Vitruvius, the gymnasia were a knot of buildings united, sufficiently capacious to hold many thousands of people at once; and having room for philosophers, and the professors of the sciences, to read their lectures; and wrestlers, dancers, and others, to exercise at the same time. They consisted of twelve parts, viz. 1. The exterior porticos, where the philosophers, rhetoricians, mathematicians, and physicians, read public lectures, and where they also disputed and rehearsed their performances.. 2. The ephebium, where the youth assembled very early, to exercise in private without any spectators. 3. The coryceum, apodyterion, or gymnasterion, a kind of wardrobe, where they were stripped, either to bathe or exercise. 4. The elæothesium, alipterion, or unctuarium, appointed for the unctions, which either preceded or followed the use of the bath, wrestling, pancratia, &c. 5. The conisterium or conistra, in which they covered themselves with sand or dust, to dry up the oil or sweat. 6. The palæstra, properly so called, where they practised wrestling, the pugillate, pancratia, and other exercises. 7. The sphæristerium or tenniscourt, reserved for exercises wherein they used balls. 8. Large unpaved alleys, which comprehended the space between the porticos and the walls wherewith the edifice was surrounded. 9. The xysti or porticos for the wrestlers in winter or bad weather. 10. Other xysti or open alleys, for fine weather, some of which were quite open, and others planted with trees. 11. The baths, consisting of several different apartments. 12. The stadium, a large space of a semicircular form, covered with sand, and surrounded with seats for the spectators.

The principal gymnastic exercises of the ancients were five in number. They began with the foot-race (opoμoc), which was the most ancient and in the greatest esteem, as it enabled the warrior to make a sudden assault or a quick retreat; and Homer, therefore, constantly entitles his hero Achilles módac wrug, swift of foot.' David also, in his eulogy on Saul and Jonathan, exclaims, They were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions.' The victorious racer gave his name to the Olympiad. Sometimes they ran in armour, and were then called onλirodρóμoi.