EXAMPLES. Reduce 124 guilders, 14 stivers, into federal money. cts. Guil. mills. G. mills. G. B Anse As 390: 1 :: 48633: 124,7 Proof. V.-OF HAMBURGH, IN GERMANY. Accounts are kept in Hamburgh in marks, sous and deffiers-lubs, and by some in rix dollars. NOTE.-A mark is = 1 mark-lubs. 1 rix dollar. 33 cts. or just of a dollar. RULE.-Divide the marks by 3, the quotient will be dollarg EXAMPLES. Reduce 641 marks, 8 sous, to federal money. 3)641,5 $213,833 Ans. But to reduce federal money into marks, multiply de given sum by 3, &c. EXAMPLES. Reduce 121 dollars, 90 cts. into marks banco, 121,90 365,70-365 marks, 11 sous, 2,4 den. Aus, VI.-OF SPAIN. Accounts are kept in Spain in piastres, rials, and mar vadies. 34 marvadies of plate make 1 rial of plate. 8 rials of plate 1 piastre or piece of To reduce rials of plate to federal money. Since a rial of plate is 10 cents or 1 dime, you need only call the rials so many dimes, and it is done EXAMPLES. 485 rials-485 dimes 48 dols. 50 cts, &c. But to reduce cents into rials of plate, divide by 10; Thus, 845 cents÷10-84,5-84 rials, 17 marvadies, &c. VII.-OF PORTUGAL. Accounts are kept throughout this kingdom in milreas, and reas, reckoning 1000 reas to a milrea. NOTE.-A milrea is 124 cents; therefore to reduce milreas into federal money, multiply by 124, and the proz drt will be cents, and decimals of a cent. EXAMPLES. 1. In 340 milreas how many cents? 340 × 124—42160 cents=$421, 60 cts. Ansı 2. In 211 milreas, 48 reas, how many cents? NOTE.-When the reas are less than 100, place a cipher before them. Thus, 211,048 × 124-26169,952 cts. or 261 dols. 69 cts. 9 mills. + Ans. But to reduce cents into milreas, divide them by 124; and if decimals arise you must carry on the quotient as far as three decimal places; then the whole numbers thereof will be the milreas, and the decimals will be the reas, EXAMPLES. 1. In 4195 cents, how many milreas? 4195÷124-33,8304or 33 milreas, 830 reas. Anş, 2. In 24 dols. 92 cents, how many milreas of Portual? Ans. 20 milreas, 096 reas, VIII.-EAST-INDIA MONEY. To reduce India Money to Federal, viz. Pagodas of India, Rupee of Bengal, EXAMPLES. 148 194 55 1. In 641 Tales of China, how many cents? Ans. 94868 2 In 50 Pagodas of India, how many cents? Ans. 9700 3. In 98 Rupees of Bengal, how many cents? Ans. 5439 VULGAR FRACTIONS. HAVING briefly introduced Vulgar Fractions imme▾ drately after reduction of whole numbers, and given some general definitions, and a few such problems therein as were necessary to prepare and lead the scholar immediately to decimals; the learner is therefore requested to read those general definitions in page 69. Vulgar Fractions are either proper, improper, single, compound, or mixed. 1. A single, simple, or proper fraction, is when the numerator is less than the denominator, as 1, 3, 2, 18, &c. 2. An Improper Fraction, is when the numerator exceeds the denominator, as 3, 3, V, 12 &c. 3. A Compound Fraction, is the fraction of a fraction, coupled by the word of, thus, of 1', 1 of 3 of 3, &c. 4. A Mixed Number, is composed of a whole number and a fraction, thus, 81, 14, &c. 5. Any whole number may be expressed like a fraction by drawing a line under it, and putting I for denominator, thus, 8=f, and 12 thus, ?, &c. 6. The common measure of two or more numbers, is that number which will divide each of them without a remainder; thus, 3 is the common measure of 12, 24, and 80; and the greatest number which will do this is called the greatest common measure. 7. A number, which can be measured by two or more numbers, is called their common multiple: and if it be the least number that can be so measured, it is called the least common multiple: thus 24 is the common multiple 2, 3 and 4; but their least common multiple is 12. To find the least common multiple of two or more numlers. RULE.-1. Divide by any number that will divide two or more of the given numbers without a remainder, and set the quotients, together with the undivided numbers, in a line beneath. 2. Divide the second lines as before, and so on till there are no two numbers that can be divided; then the continued product of thre divisors and quotients, will give the multiple required. EXAMPLES. 1. What is the least common multiple of 4, 5, 6 and 10; Operation, ×5)4 5 6 10 ×2)4 1 6 2 X2 1×3 1 5×2×2×3=60 Ans: 2. What is the common multiple of 6 and 8? Ans. 120. Ans. 24. 3. What is the least number that 3, 5, 8 and 12 will measure? 4. What is the least number that can be divided by the 9 digits separately, without a remainder? Ans. 2520. REDUCTION OF VULGAR FRACTIONS, IS the bringing them out of one form into another, in ot der to prepare them for the operation of Addition, Sub traction, &c. CASE I. To abbreviate or reduce fractions to their lowest terms: RULE.-1. Find a common measure, by dividing the greater term by the less, and this divisor by the remainder, and so on, always di viding the last divisor by the last remainder, till nothing remains; the last divisor is the common measure.* 2. Divide both of the terms of the fraction by the common mea sure, and the quotients will make the fraction required. To find the greatest common measure of more than two numbers, you must find the greatest common measure of two of them as per rule above; then, of that common measure and one of the other numbers, and so on through all the numbers to the last; then will the greatest common measare fast found be the answer: Or, if you choose, you may take that easy method in Problem k. (page 69.) To reduce a mixed number to its equivalent improper fraction. RULE.-Multiply the whole number by the denominator of the giv ven fraction, and to the product add the numerator, this sum written above the denominator will form the fraction required. EXAMPLES. 1. Reduce 45% to its equivalent improper fraction. 45x8+7-367 Ans. 2. Reduce 1913 to its equivalent improper fraction. 3. Reduce 16 to an improper fraction. 13 100 Ans. €54 16 Ans. 1818 Ans. 22985 15.0 4. Reduce 61125 to its equivalent improper fraction. CASE III. To find the value of an improper fraction. RULE. Divide the numerator by the denominator, and the quo tient will be the value sought. |