CAMBRIDGE MANUSCRIPT, he will physically, but only mo a copy of the gospels and Acts of rally, in virtue of its dependthe Apostles, in Greek and Latin.ence on the judgment. They had Beza found it in the monastery of this name from John Cameron, Irenæus, at Lyons, in 1562, and who was born at Glasgow in gave it to the university of Cam-1580, and who was professor bridge in 1582. It is a quarto, there, and afterwards at Bourand written on vellum: sixty-six deaux, Sedan, and Saumur. The leaves of it are much torn and synod of Dort was severe upon mutilated; and ten of these are them; yet it seems the only differsupplied by a later transcriber.ence was this:-The synod had From this and the Clermont copy defined that God not only illuof St. Paul's epistles, Beza publish- minates the understanding, but ed his larger annotations in 1582. gives motion to the will, by makSee Dr. Kipling's edition of it. ing an internal change therein. CAMERONIANS, a sect in Cameron only admitted the illuScotland, who separated from the mination whereby the mind is moPresbyterians in 1666, and con-rally moved; and explained the tinued long to hold their religious sentiment of the synod of Dort so assemblies in the fields. They as to make the two opinions contook their name from Richard sistent.

Cameron, a famous field-preacher, CANDOUR is a disposition to who, refusing to accept the in- form a fair and impartial judgment dulgence to tender consciences, on the opinions and actions of granted by king Charles II, others; or a temper of mind unthinking such an acceptance an soured by envy, unruffled by maacknowledgment of the king's lice, and unseduced by prejudice; supremacy, made a defection from sweet without weakness, and im his brethren, and even headed a partial without rigour. Candour rebellion, in which he was killed. is a word, which in the present day, The Cameronians adhere rigidly is found exceedingly convenient. to the form of government esta- To the infidel it is a shelter for his blished in 1648. There are not, skepticism, to the ignorant for his it is said, above fourteen or fifteen ignorance, to the lukewarm for congregations among them, and his indifference, and to the irrelithese not large. gious for their error. "True canCAMERONIANS, or CAME-dour is different from that guardRONITES, the denomination of aed, inoffensive language, and that party of Calvinists in France, studied openness of behaviour, who asserted that the will of man which we so frequently meet with is only determined by the practi-among men of the world. It concal judgment of the mind; that sists not in fairness of speech only, the cause of mens' doing good or but in fairness of heart. It is not evil proceeds from the knowledge blind attachment, external courwhich God infuses into themtesy, or a time-serving principle. and that God does not move Exempt, on the one hand, from VOL. I.

Q

RALITY.

קנת

the dark jealousy of a suspicious into the law, the prophets, and mind, it is no less removed, on the the hagiographia, to which our Saother, from that easy credulity viour refers, Luke xxiv, 45. The which is imposed on by every spe-same division is also mentioned cious pretence. Its manners are by Josephus. This is the canon unaffected, and its professions sin-allowed to have been followed cere. It conceals faults, but it by the primitive church till the does not invent virtues.' In fine, council of Carthage; and, accordit is the happy medium between ing to Jerome, this consisted of undistinguishing credulity and no more than twenty-two books, universal suspicion." See LIBE-answering to the number of the Hebrew alphabet, though at preCANON, a word used to denote sent they are classed into twentythe authorised catalogue of the sa-four divisions. That council encred writings. "The Greek word larged the canon very consideraxavov," says Dr. Owen, "which bly, taking into it the apocryphal gives rise to the term canonical books; which the council of Trent seems to be derived from the He-farther enforced, enjoining them brew nap, kaneh, which in general to be received as books of holy signifies any reed whatever, 1st scripture, upon pain of anathema. Kings xiv, 15. Isa. xlii, 3, and par- The Romanists, in defence of ticularly a reed made into an in- this canon, say, that it is the same strument, wherewith they mea-with that of the council of Hippo sured their buildings, containing held in 393; and with that of the six cubits in length, Ezek. xl, 7. third council of Carthage in 397; Ezek. xlii, 16, and hence indefinite-at which were present forty-six ly it is taken for a rule or measure. bishops, and among the rest St. Besides, it signifies the beam and Augustine. Their canon of the tongue of a balance, Isa. xlvi, 6. New Testament, however, perfectThey weighed silver on the cane,' ly agrees with ours. It consists of that is, saith the Targum, In the books that are well known, some balance.' This also is the primary of which have been universally and proper signification of the acknowledged: such are the four Greek word. Hence its metapho-gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, rical use, which is most common, thirteen epistles of St. Paul, first wherein it signifies a moral rule. of St. Peter, and first of St. John; Aristotle calls the law Kara Tand others, concerning which roxilias, the rule of the administra- doubts were entertained, but tion; and hence it is that the writ- which were afterwards received ten word of God being in itself as genuine; such are the epistle absolutely right, and appointed to to the Hebrews, that of James, be the rule of faith and obedience, the second of Peter, the second is eminently called, canonical.'" and third of John, that of Jude, The ancient canon of the books and the Revelation. These books of the Old Testament, ordinarily were written at different times; attributed to Ezra, was divided and they are authenticated not

by the decrees of councils, or in-lemagne ; at least, the first we hear fallible anthority, but by such of are in Gregory de Tours, who evidence as is thought sufficient in mentions a college of canons instithe case of any other ancient writ-tuted by Baldwin XVI, archbiings. They were extensively dif-shop of that city, in the time of fused, and read in every christian Clotharius I. The common opisociety; they were valued and pre-nion attributes the institution of served with care by the first chris- this order to Chrodegangus, bitians; they were cited by christian shop of Mentz, about the middle writers of the second, third, and of the eighth century. fourth centuries, as Irenæus, Cle- CANON, in an ecclesiastical ment the Alexandrian, Tertul-sense, is a rule either of doctrine lian, Origen, Eusebius, &c.; and or discipline, enacted especially by their genuineness is proved by a council, and confirmed by the the testimony of those who were authority of the sovereign. Canons contemporary with the apostles are properly decisions of matters. themselves. The four gospels, of religion, or regulations of the and most of the other books of policy and discipline of a church, the New Testament, were collect- made by councils, either general, ed either by one of the apostles, national, or provincial; such are or some of their disciples and suc- the canons of the council of Nice, cessors, before the end of the first of Trent, &c.

century. The catalogue of cano- CANONICAL HOURS are nical books furnished by the more certain stated times of the day conancient christian writers, as Ori-signed more especially by the Rogen, about A. D. 210, Eusebius mish church to the offices of pray. and Athanasius in 315, Epiphaniuser and devotion; such are matins, in 370, Jerome in 382, Austin in auds, &c. In England, the ca394, and many others, agrees with nonical hours are from eight to that which is now received among twelve in the forenoon; before or christians. after which marriage cannot be leSee articles BIBLE, CHRIS-gally performed in any church. TIANITY, SCRIPTURES; Blair's CANONICAL LETTERS, in Canon of Scripture; Jones's Cano- the ancient church, were testimonical Authority of the New Test., nials of the orthodox faith which Michaelis's Lect. on the New Test.; the bishops and clergy sent each Du Pin's Canon of Script. v. i; other to keep up the catholic comPrideaux's Connexions, v. i; Dr. munion, and distinguish orthodox Owen on Hebrews, Introd. christians from heretics.

CANON, a person who posCANONICAL LIFE, the rule sesses a prebend or revenue allot- of living prescribed by the ancient ted for the performance of divine clergy who lived in community. service in a cathedral or collegiate The canonical life was a kind of church. Canons are of no great an-medium between the monastic and tiquity. Paschier observes, that the clerical lives. name was not known before Char

CANONICAL OBEDI

ENCE, is that submission which,||canonization till fifty years, at by the ecclesiastical laws, the infe-east, after the death of the person rior clergy are to pay to their bi-to be canonized. By the ceremoshops, and the religious to their ny of canonization it appears that superiors. this rite of the modern Romans CANONIZA FION, a cere- has something in it very like the mony in the Romish church, by apotheosis or deification of the anwhich persons deceased are ranked cient Romans, and in all probabiliin the catalogue of the saints. Itty takes its rise from it; at least, succeeds beatification. Before a several ceremonies of the same beatified person is canonized, the nature are conspicuous in both. qualifications of the candidate are CAPUCHINS, religious, of the strictly examined into, in some order of St. Francis. They are consistories held for that purpose; clothed with brown or gray; alafter which one of the consistorial ways bare-footed; never go in a advocates in the presence of the coach, nor ever shave their beards. pope and cardinals, makes the CAPUTIATI, a denomination panegyric of the person who is to which appeared in the twelfth be proclaimed a saint, and gives century, so called from a singular a particular detail of his life and kind of cap which distinguished miracles; which being done, the their party. They wore upon holy father decrees his canoniza- their caps a leaden image of the tion, and appoints the day. Virgin Mary, and declared pub

On the day of canonization, the licly that their purpose was pope officiates in white, and their level all distinctions, to abrogate eminences are dressed in the same magistracy, and to remove all subcolour. St. Peter's church is hung ordination among mankind, and with rich tapestry, upon which the to restore that primitive liberty, arms of the pope. and of the prince that natural equality, which were or state requiring the canonization, the inestimable privilege of the are embroidered in gold and silver. first mortals.

A great number of lights blaze CARAITES, a Jewish sect, all around the church which is which adheres closely to the text crowded with pious souls, who and letter of the scriptures, rejectwait with devout impatience till ing the rabbinical interpretations the new saint has made his public and the cabbala. The Talmud apentry, as it were, into paradise, pearing in the beginning of the that they may offer up their peti-sixth century, those of the best tions to him without danger of be-sense among the Jews were dising rejected. gusted at the ridiculous fables

The following maxim with re-with which it abounded. But gard to canonization is now ob-about the year 750, Anan, a served, though it has not been fol- Babylonish Jew, declared openly lowed above a century, viz. not to for the written word of God alone, enter into the inquiries prior to exclusive of all tradition; and this

declaration produced a schism. It is sinful when it leads us Those who maintained the Tai-to immoderate concern about mud being almost all rabbins, were earthly things: to be discontented called Rabbinists; and the others, with our lot, or to make use of who rejected traditions, were cali-unlawful means to obtain worldly ed Caraites, or Scripturists, from good.

ture.

the word caru, which in the Ba- CARE OF GOD, is his attenbylonish language signifies scrip-tion to and concern for the promotion of the welfare of his creatures, CARDINAL, one of the chiei 1st Pet. v, 7. 1. That God does governors of the Romish church. manifest this care is evident from by whom the pope is elected out the blessings we enjoy, the ordiof their own number, which con-nances he has instituted, the protains six bishops, fifty priests, and mises he has given, and the provis fourteen de acons: these constitute sion he has made, Ps. lxxxiv, the sacred college, and are chosen 11. Matt. vii, 12.-2. This care by the Pope. See POPE. is entirely free and unmerited on CARDINAL VIRTUES: jus-our part, Gen. xxxii, 10. Deut. tice, prudence, temperance, and vii, 6. Rom. iii, 23.-3. It is fortitude, are called the four cardi- every way extensive, reaching to nal virtues, as being the basis of all his creatures and to all cases, all the rest. See JUSTICE, &c. Ps. cxlv.-4. It is superior to all CARE, concern, or anxiety of human care and attention. He mind arising from the uncertainty cares for us when others cannot ; of something future, or the oppres- when others will not care for us; sion of the present calamity. Cau-or when we cannot or will not tion, attention to a particular sub-care for ourselves, Ps. cxlii, 4. 5. ject; regard and support, when fol- Jer. xlix, 11. Ps. xli, 3.-5. It is lowed with the particle of. Pru-not only great, but perpetual. dence, signifies wisdom, applied to Through all the scenes of life, in practice: discretion, is the effect of death, and for ever, Heb. xiii, 5. prudence, and means a knowledge John xvii, 9. See PROVIDENCE. to govern or direct one's self; by care we understand heed in order to preservation : caution implies a greater degree of weariness.

CARMELITES, one of the four tribes of mendicants, or begging friars; so named from Mount Carmel, formerly inhabited by Care is lawful when it consists Elias, Elisha, and the children of in a serious thought and earnest the prophets; from whom this endeavour to please God; to em-order pretends to descend in uninbrace his Son, obey his com- terrupted succession. Their habit mands, submit to his providence, was at first white; but Pope Hoto promote our neighbours' tem- norius IV, commanded them to poral or spiritual advantage, and change it for that of the Minims. to gain the goods of this life They wear no linen shirts, but, so far as necessary for our health, instead of them linsey-woolsey. family, comfort, and usefulness. CARPOCRATIANS, a branch