Doddridge, Newton, and Hart.-bare conviction of sin; who reAs to selections, few are superior joices under the idea that Christ to Dr. Rippon's and Dr. Wil-died for him, and yet has no deliams's. See PSALMODY. sire to live a holy life, Matt. xiii,

HYPOCRACY is a seeming or 20. 2d Pet. ii, 20.-4. The enthu◄ professing to be what in truth and siastic hypocrite, who has an imareality we are not. It consists in ginary sight of his sin, and of assuming a character which we are Christ; talks of remarkable impulconscious does not belong to us, ses and high feelings; and thinks and by which we intentionally im-himself very wise and good while pose upon the judgment and opi-he lives in the most scandalous nion of mankind concerning us.-practices, Matt. xiii, 39. 2d Cor. The name is borrowed from the xi, 14. Crook on Hypocrisy; DecoetGreek tongue, in which it prima-logon's Sermon on Ps. li, 6; Grove's rily signifies the profession of a Mor. Phil. vol. ii, p. 253; South's stage player, which is to express Ser. on Job viii, 13, vol. 10; Belin speech, habit, and action, not lamy's Relig. Del. p. 166. his own person and manners, but HYPOSTASIS, a term literally his whom he undertakes to repre-signifying substance or subsistence, sent. And so it is, for the very or that which is put and standa essence of hypocrasy lies in apt under another thing, and supports imitation and deceit; in acting the it, being its base, ground, or founpart of a member of Christ with-dation. Thus faith is the subout any saving grace. The hypo- stantial foundation of things hoped crite is a double person; he has one for, Heb. xi, 1. The word is person, which is natural; another, Greek Urais, compounded of which is artificial: the first hero, sub, under; and T, “sto," I keeps to himself; the other he puts stand, I exist, q. d. "subsistentia." on as he doth his clothes, to make It likewise signifies confidence, his appearance in before men.-stability, firmness, 2d Cor. ix, 4. It was ingeniously said by Basil, It is also used for person, Heb. i, 3. "that the hypocrite has not put Thus we hold that there is but one off the old man, but put on the nature or essence in God, but new upon it." Hypocrites have three hypostasis, or persons. The been divided into four sorts. 1. word has occasioned great dissenThe worldly hypocrite, who makes sions in the ancient church, first a profession of religion, and pre-among the Greeks, and afterwards tends to be religious, merely from among the Latins; but an end was worldly considerations, Matt. xxiii, put to them by a synod held at 5.-2. The legal hypocrite, who|| Alexandria about the year 362, at relinquishes his vicious practices, which St. Athanasius assisted; in order thereby to merit heaven, from which time the Latins made while at the same time he has no no great scruple of saying three hyreal love to God, Rom. x, 3.-postasis, nor the Greeks of three 3. The evangelical hypocrite, whose persons. The hypostatical union is religion is nothing more than a the union of the human nature of

Christ with the divine; consti-lans was an assemblage of Pagantuting two natures in one person, ism, Judaism, and Christianity.and not two persons in one nature, They adored the most High God as the Nestorians balieve. See JE-with the Christians; but they also SUS CHRIST. revered fire and lamps with the HYPSISTARII (formed from Heathens, and observed the sabforos, "highest") a sect of here-bath, and the distinction of clean tics in the fourth century; thus and unclean things, with the Jews. called from the profession they The Hypsistarii bore a near remade of worshipping the Most semblance to the Euchites, or Mes; High God.

The doctrine of the Hypsiistari

salians.

I and J.

JACOBITES, a sect of Chris-vain and Douay) in relation to tians in Syria and Mesopotamia;grace and predestination. so called, either from Jacob, a Sy- In the year 1640, the two unirian, who lived in the reign of the|versities just mentioned, and paremperor Mauritius, or from one ticularly father Molina and faJacob, a monk, who flourished in ther Leonard Celsus, thought fit the year 550. to condemn the opinions of the

The Jacobites are of two sects, Jesuits on grace and free-will.some following the rites of the La-This having set the controversy on tin church, and others continuing foot, Jansenius opposed to the separated from the church of doctrine of the Jesuits the sentiRome. There is also a divisionments of St. Augustine, and wrote among the latter, who have two a treatise on grace which he enrival patriarchs. As to their be-titled Augustinus. This treatise lief, they hold but one nature in was attacked by the Jesuits, who Jesus Christ: with respect to pur-accused Jansenius of maintaining gatory, and prayers for the dead, deangerous and heretical opinions; they are of the same opinion with and afterwards, in 1642, obtained the Greeks, and other eastern of pope Urban VIII a formal conChristians. They consecrate un-demnation of the treatise wrote leavened bread at the eucharist, by Jansenius; when the partizans and are against confession, believ-of Jansenius gave out that this ing that it is not of divine institu-bull was spurious, and composed by a person entirely devoted to the JANSENISTS, a sect of the Jesuits. After the death of UrRoman Catholics in France who ban VIII, the affair of Jansenism followed the opinions of Jansenius began to be more warmly controbishop of Ypres, and doctor of verted, and gave birth to a great divinity of the universities of Lou-laumber of polemical writings can

tion.

cerning grace; and what occa-alarms against the Jansenists. In sioned some mirth, were the titles the year 1656, pope Alexander which each party gave to their VII, issued out another bull, in writings; one writer published the which he condemned the five proTorch of St. Augustine; another positions of Jansenius. However, found snuffers for St. Augustine's the Jansenists affirmed that these Torch; and father Veron formed propositions were not to be found ́ A Gag for the Jansenists, &c. In in this book; but that some of his the year 1650, sixty-eight bishops enemies having caused them to of France subscribed a letter to be printed on a sheet, inserted pope Innocent X, to obtain an in- them in the book, and thereby dequiry into and condemnation ofceived the pope. At last Clement the five following propositions, XI put an end to the dispute by extracted from Jansenius' Augus-his constitution of July 17, 1705, tinus 1. Some of God's com- in which, after having recited the mandments are impossible to be constitutions of his predecessors observed by the righteous, even in relation to this affair, he dethough they endeavour with allclared, "That, in order to pay their power to accomplish them.-a proper obedience to the papal 2. In the state of corrupted na-constitutions concerning the preture, we are incapable of resisting sent question, it is necessary to re inward grace.-3. Merit and de-ceive them with a respectful simerit, in a state of corrupted na-lence." The clergy of Paris, the ture, do not depend on a liberty same year, approved and accepted which excludes necessity, but on a this bull, and none dared to opliberty which excludes constraint.pose it. This is the famous bull -4. The Semi-pelagians admitted Unigenitus, so called from its bethe necessity of an inward pre-ginning with the words Unigenitus venting grace for the performance Dei Filius, &c. which has occaof each particular act, even for the sioned so much confusion in beginning of faith; but they were France.

heretics in maintaining that this It was not only on account of grace was of such a nature that their embracing the doctrines of the will of man was able either to Augustine, that the Jesuits were resist or obey it.-5. It is Semi-so embittered against them; but pelagianism to say, that Jesus that which offended the Jesuits, Christ died, or shed his blood, for and the other creatures of the Roall mankind in general. man pontiff, was, their strict piety,

In the year 1652, the pope ap- and severe moral discipline. The pointed a congregation for ex-Jansenists cried out against the amining into the dispute relative corruptions of the church of Rome, to grace. In this congregation and complained that neither its Jansenius was condemned; and doctrines nor morals retained any the bull of condemnation published traces of their former purity.in May, 1653, filled all the pulpits They reproached the clergy with in Paris with violent outcries and an universal depravation of senti

ments and manners, and an entireland to consider those as the sacred forgetfulness of the dignity of victims of repentance who had gratheir character and the duties of dually put an end to their days by their vocation; they censured the their excessive abstinence and la licentiousness of the monastic or-bour. Dr. Haweis, however, in ders, and insisted upon the neces-his Church History (vol. iii. p. 46) sity of reforming their discipline seems to form a more favourable according to the rules of sanctity, opinion of them. "I do not," abstinence, and self-denial, that says he, "readily receive the acwere originally prescribed by their cusations that Papists or Protesrespective founders. They main-tants have objected to them, as over tained, also, that the people ought rigorous and fanatic in their devo to be carefully instructed in all the tion; but I will admit many things doctrines and precepts of christian-might be blameable: a tincture of ity; and that, for this purpose, popery might drive them to push the holy scriptures and public lit-monkish austerities too far, and urgies should be offered to their secretly to place some merit in perusal in their mother tongue; mortification, which they in geneand, finally, they looked upon it ral disclaimed; yet, with all that as a matter of the highest moment can be said, surely the root of the to persuade all christians that true matter was in them. When I read piety did not consist in the observ- Jansenius, or his disciples Pascal ance of pompous rites, or in the or Quesnel, I bow before such performance of external acts of de- distinguished excellencies, and votion, but in inward holiness and confess them my brethren; shall divine love. I say my fathers? Their princiNotwithstanding the above- ples are pure and evangelical; their mentioned sentiments, the Jansen-morals formed upon the apostles ists have been accused of supersti- and prophets; and their zeal to tion and fanaticism; and, on ac-amend and convert, blessed with count of their severe discipline eminent success.' and practice, have been denomi- IBERIANS,a denomination of nated Rigourists. It is said that eastern Christians, which derive they made repentance consist their name from Iberia, a province chiefly in those voluntary suffer-of Asianow called Georgia: hence ings which the transgressor inflict- they are also called Georgians, ed upon himself, in proportion to Their tenets are said to be the same the nature of his crimes and the with those of the Greek church, degree of his guilt. They tor-which see.

tured and macerated their bodies ICONOCLASTES, or ICONOby painful labour, excessive absti- CLASTE, breakers of images; a nence, continual prayer, and con-name which the church of Rome templation: nay, they carried these gives to all who reject the use of austerities, it is said, to so high aimages in religious matters. The pitch, as to place merit in them, word is Greek, formed from

imago, and xλactin, rumpere, " to||quence of these proceedings, Leo break." In this sense not only assembled a council at Constanthe reformed, but some of the tinople in 730, which degraded eastern churches are called icono-Germanus, bishop of that city, clastes, and esteemed by them he-who was a patron of images; and retics, as opposing the worship of he ordered all the images to be the images of God and the saints, publicly burnt, and inflicted a vaand breaking their figures and re-riety of severe punishments upon presentations in churches. such as were attached to that idol

The opposition to images began atrous worship. Hence arose two in Greece, under the reign of Bar-factions, one of which adopted the danes, who was created emperor adoration and worship of images, of the Greeks a little after the and on that account were called commencement of the eighth cen-iconoduli, or iconolatræ; and the tury, when the worship of them other maintained that such worbecame common. See IMAGE. ship was unlawful, and that noBut the tumults occasioned by it thing was more worthy the zeal were quelled by a revolution, of Christians than to demolish and which, in 713, deprived Bardanes destroy those statues and pictures of the imperial throne. The dis-which were the occasion of this pute, however, broke out with gross idolatry; and hence they redoubled fury under Leo the were distinguished by the titles of Isaurian, who issued out an edict icono-machi (from ux, image, and in the year 726, abrogating, as axe, I contend) and iconoclasta.some say, the worship of images ;The zeal of Gregory II, in favour and ordering all the images, except of image worship was not only that of Christ's crucifixion, to be irritated, but even surpassed, by removed out of the churches; but, his successor Gregory III; in conaccording to others, this edict only sequence of which the Italian proprohibited the paying to them any vinces were torn from the Grecian kind of adoration or worship.-empire. Constantine, called CoThis edict occasioned a civil war, pronimus, in 754, convened a which broke out in the islands of council at Constantinople, regardthe Archipelago, and, by the sug-ed by the Greeks as the seventh gestions of the priests and monks, ecumenical council, which soravaged a part of Asia, and after- lemnly condemned the worship and wards reached Italy. The civil use of images. Those who, notcommotions and insurrections in withstanding this decree of the Italy were chiefly promoted by the council, raised commotions in the Roman pontiffs, Gregory I and state, were severely punished, and II. Leo was excommunicated; new laws were enacted to set and his subjects in the Italian pro-bounds to the violence of monasvinces violated their allegiance, tic rage. Leo IV, who was deand, rising in arms, either massa-clared emperor in 775, pursued cred or banished all the emperor's the same measures, and had redeputies and officers. In conse-course to the coercive influence