on the margin the various read-ful edition of the same at Lyons, ings of several Latin manuscripts in folio, with scholia, published which he had consulted. The under the name of Michael Villadoctors of Louvain revised the novanus, i. e. Michael Servetus, modern Vulgate after R. Stevens, author of the scholia. Those of and added the various readings Zurich have likewise published of several Latin manuscripts. an edition of Pagninus's Bible in The best of the Louvain editions quarto; and R. Stevens reprinted are those in which are added the it in folio, with the Vulgate, in critical notes of Francis Lucas, 1557, pretending to give it more of Bruges. All these reforma-correct than in the former editions. tions of the Latin Bible were There is also another edition of made before the time of pope Six-1586, in four columns, under the tus V, and Clement VIII; since name of Vatablus; and we find it which, people have not presumed again, in the Hamburgh edition to make any alterations, excepting of the Bible, in four languages. in comments and separate notes. In the number of Latin Bibles The correction of Clement VIII, is also usually ranked the version in 1592, is now the standard of the same Pagninus, corrected, throughout all the Romish church- or rather rendered literal, by es: that pontiff made two reforma-Arias Montanus; which corrections; but it is the first of them tion being approved of by the that is followed. From this the doctors of Louvain, &c. was inBibles of Plantin were done, and serted in the Polyglot Bible of from those of Plantin all the rest; Philip II, and since in that of so that the common Bibles have London. There have been varinone of the after-corrections of ous editions of this in folio, quarto, the same Clement VIII. It is and octavo; to which have been a heavy charge that lies on the added the Hebrew text of the editions of pope Clement, viz. Old Testament, and the Greek that they have some new texts of the new. The best of them added, and many old ones altered, all is the first, which is in folio, to countenance and confirm what 1571. Since the reformation, they call the catholic doctrine. there have been several Latin There are a great number of versions of the Bible from the Latin Bibles of the third class, originals by Protestants. The comprehending the versions from most esteemed are those of Munthe originals of the sacred books ster, Leo Juda, Castalio, and Tremade within these 200 years. mellius; the three last of which The first is that of Santes Pag-have been reprinted various times. ninus, a Dominican, under the Munster published his version at patronage of Leo X, printed at Basil in 1534, which he afterwards. Lyons, in quarto, in 1527, much revised: he published a correct esteemed by the Jews. This the edition in 1546. Castalio's fine author improved in a second edi-Latin pleases most people; but tion. In 1542 there was a beauti- there are some who think it affect ed: the best edition is that in 1573.||Jews at Constantinople in 1551. Leo Juda's version, altered a little In the same Polyglot we have by the divines of Salamanca, was likewise the four evangelists in added to the ancient Latin edition, Persian, with a Latin translation; as published by R. Stevens, with but this appears very modern, innotes, under the name of Vata- correct, and of little use. Walton blus's Bible, in 1345. It was con- says, this version was written demned by the Parisian divines, above four hundred years ago. but printed, with some alterations, Another version of the gospels by the Spanish divines of Sala-was published at Cambridge by manca. Those of Junius, Tremel-Wheloc, in the seventeenth centu lius, and Beza, are considerably ry. There are also two Persian exact, and have undergone a great versions of the Psalms made from number of editions. We may add the vulgar Latin. a fourth class of Latin Bibles, 36. BIBLES, Polish. The first comprehending the Vulgate edi- Polish version of the Bible, it is tion, corrected from the originals. said, was that composed by HadeThe Bible of Isidorus Clarus is of wich, wife of Jagellon, duke of this number that author, not Lithuania, who embraced chriscontented with restoring the an- tianity in the year 1390. In 1599 cient Latin copy, has corrected there was a Polish translation of the translator in a great number of the Bible published at Cracow, places which he thought ill ren-which was the work of several didered. Some protestants have vines of that nation, and in which followed the same method: and, James Wieck, a Jesuit, had a among others, Andrew and Luke principal share. The Protestants, Osiander, who have each publish-in 1596, published a Polish Bible ed a new edition of the Vulgate, from Luther's German version, corrected from the originals. and dedicated it to Uladislaus, 33. BIBLES, Muscovite. See fourth king of Poland. Nos. 38 and 39. 34. BIBLES, Oriental. See Nos. 12, 13, 15, 19, 20, 23, 35, 41, 42. 37. BIBLES, Polyglot. Nos. 29 and 31. See 38. BIBLES, Russian; or, 39. BIBLES, Sclavonian. The 35. BIBLES, Persian. Some Russians or Muscovites published of the fathers seem to say that all the Bible in their language in the scripture was formerly trans- 1581. It was translated from lated into the language of the Per-the Greek by St. Cyril, the apossians; but we have nothing now tle of the Sclavonians; but this remaining of the ancient version, old version being too obscure, which was certainly done from Ernest Gliik, who had been carried the Septuagint. The Persian Pen- prisoner to Moscow after the taktateuch, printed in the London ing of Narva, undertook a new Polyglot, is without doubt the translation of the Bible into Sclawork of rabbi Jacob, a Persian vonian; who dying in 1705, the Jew. It was published by the Czar Peter appointed some par ticular divines to finish the trans-Testament in Syriac, at Vienna, lation; but whether it was ever in a beautiful character: and printed we cannot say. since his time there have been se 40. BIBLES, Spanish. The veral other editions. Gabriel Siofirst Spanish Bible that we hear nita published a beautiful Syriac. of, is that mentioned by Cyprian edition of the Psalms at Paris in de Valera, which he says was 1526, with a Latin interpretation. published about 1500. The epis-Dr. White, it is said, has for some tles and gospels were published in time been engaged in reprinting that language by Ambrose de Mon- the Syriac Old Testament. tesian in 1512; the whole Bible by 42. BIBLES, Turkish. In 1666 Cassiodore de Reyna, a Calvinist, a Turkish New Testament was in 1569; and the New Testament, printed in London, to be dispersed dedicated to the emperor Charles in the East. In 1721, it is said, V, by Francis Enzina, otherwise the Grand Seignior ordered an called Driander, in 1543. The first impression of Bibles at ConstanBible which was printed in Spanish tinople, that they might be confor the use of the Jews was that trasted with Mahomet's oracle, printed at Ferrara in 1553, in Go-the Alcoran. The modern Greeks thic characters, and dedicated to in Turkey have also a translation Hercules D'Este, duke of Ferrara. of the Bible in their language. This version is very ancient, and 43. BIBLES, Welch. There was probably in use among the was a Welch translation of the Jews of Spain before Ferdinand Bible made from the original in and Isabella expelled them out the time of queen Elizabeth, in of their dominions in 1492. Af-consequence of a bill brought into ter very violent opposition from the house of commons for this the catholic clergy, the court of purpose in 1563: it was printed Spain ordered Spanish Bibles to in folio in 1588. Another verbe printed by royal authority in sion, which is the standard trans1796, and put into the hands of lation for that language, was printpeople of all ranks, as well as to ed in 1620: it is called Parry's be used in public worship. Bible. An impression of this was 41. BIBLES, Syriac. There printed in 1690, called Bishop are extant two versions of the Lloyd's Bible: these were in foOld Testament in the Syriac lan-lio. The first octavo impression guage; one from the Septuagint, of the Welch Bible was made in which is ancient, and made pro-1630. bably about the time of Constan- 44. BIBLES, Bengalee. It is tine; the other called antiqua et with pleasure we add to all the simplex, made from the Hebrew, above accounts, that a translation as some suppose, about the time of the New Testament into the of the apostles. This version is Bengalee language, by the Baptist printed in the Polyglots of Lon-missionaries residing in that part, don and Paris. In 1562, Wed-is now finished; we hope also to manstadius printed the whole New hear of a complete translation of the whole Bible into that tongue.||and so become the more ready to May it be a lasting blessing to that help us, had no other than a huunenlightened country! man nature; and therefore in this See Le Long's Bibliotheca Sacra; very nature is not only a person, Wolfii Bibliotheca Hebræa, vol. ii, since none but a human person p. 338; Johnson's Historical Ac-can be our brother, but also our count of English Translations of Lord and God. the Bible; Lewis's Hist. of the Biddle, as well as Socinus and Translations of the Bible into Eng-other Unitarians before and since, lish; Newcomb's Historical Vieu made no scruple of calling Christ of English Translations; Butler's God, though he believed him to Hora Biblica; Clarke's Biographi-be a human creature only on accal Dictionary; and the article count of the divine sovereignty BIBLE in the Encyclopædias Bri- with which he was invested. tannica and Perthensis. BIDDING PRAYER. It was BIBLIOMANCY, a kind of part of the office of the deacons in divination performed by means of the primitive church to be moni the Bible. It consisted in taking ors and directors of the people in passages of scripture at hazard, and their public devotions in the drawing indications thence, con-church. To this end they made use cerning things future. It was much of certain known forms of words, used at the consecrations of bi-to give notice when each part of the shops. F. J. Davidius, a Jesuit, has service began. Agreeable to this published a bibliomancy under the ancient practice is the form "Let borrowed name of VeridicusChris-us pray," repeated before several tianus. It has been affirmed that of the prayers in the English lisome well-meaning people practise turgy. Bishop Burnet, in his Hisa kind of bibliomancy with respect tory of the Reformation, vol. ii, to the future state of their souls; p. 20, has preserved the form as it and, when they have happened to was in use before the reformafix on a text of an awful nature, tion, which was this :-After the it has almost driven them to des- preacher had named and opened pair. It certainly is not the way his text, he called on the people to know the mind of God by choos-to go to their prayers, telling them ing detached parts of scripture, or what they were to pray for: Ye by drawing a card on which a pas-shall pray, says he, for the king, sage may be written, the sense of the pope, &c. After which, all which is to be gathered only from the people said their beads in a the context. general silence, and the minister BIDDELIANS, so called from kneeled down likewise, and said John Biddle, who in the year 1644 his: they were to say a pater-nosformed an independent congregater, ave maria, &c. and then the tion in London. He taught that sermon proceeded. Jesus Christ, to the intent that he BIGOTRY consists in beingobmight be our brother, and have a stinately and perversely attached to fellow-feeling of our infirmities, our own opinions; or, as some have defined it, "a tenacious adherence | Lord has set us of a contrary spito a system adopted without in- rit, and the baneful effects of this vestigation, and defended without disposition, we must at once be conargument, accompanied with a vinced of its impropriety. How malignant intolerant spirit towards contradictory it is to sound reason, all who differ." It must be dis-and how inimical to the peaceful tinguished from love to truth, religion we profess to maintain as which influences a man to em- christians! See PERSECUTION, and brace it wherever he finds it; and books under that article. from true zeal, which is an ardour BIOGRAPHY Religious, or of mind exciting its possessor to the lives of illustrious and pious defend and propagate the prin-men, are well worthy of perusing. ciples he maintains. Bigotry is The advantages of religious bioa kind of prejudice combined graphy are too well known to with a certain degree of maligni- need a recital in this place. We ty. It is thus exemplified and shall only, therefore, point out distinguished by a sensible writer. some of the best pieces, which "When Jesus preached, prejudice the reader may peruse at his leicried, Can any good thing come sure. out of Nazareth? Crucify him, Hunter's Sacred Biography; crucify him, said bigotry. Why? Robinson's Scripture Characters; what evil hath he done? replied Hunter's History of Christ; F. candour." Bigotry is mostly pre- Taylor's Life of Christ; Cave's valent with those who are igno- Lives of the Apostles; Cave's Lives rant; who have taken up princi-of the Fathers; Fox's Lives of the ples without due examination ;|| Martyrs; Melchior Adams's Lives; and who are naturally of a mo- Fuller's and Clark's Lives; Gilpin's rose and contracted disposition. Lives of Wickliffe, Crammer, LatiIt is often manifested more in un-mer, &c.; Walton's Lives by Zouch; important sentiments, or the cir- Baxter's Narrative of the most recumstantials of religion than the markable Passages of his Life and essentials of it. Simple bigotry Times, by Sylvester; Palmer's Nonis the spirit of persecution without conformist Memorial; lives of P. the power; persecution is bigotry and M. Henry; Life of Halyburarmed with power, and carrying ton; Orton's Memoirs of Dodits will into act. As it is the ef- dridge; Gillie's Life of Whitefield; fect of ignorance, so it is the nurse Doddridge's Life of Gardner; of it, because it precludes free in- Life of Wesley by Hampson, Coke, quiry, and is an enemy to truth: it More, and Whitehead; Middleton's cuts also the very sinews of chari- Biographia Evangelica; Edwards's ty, and destroys moderation and Life of D. Brainard; Gibbon's Life mutual good will. If we consider the of Watt's; Ryland's Life of Herdifferent makes of men's minds, vey; Fawcett's Life of Heywood; our own ignorance, the liberty that Browne's Lives in his Student and all men have to think for them-Pastor; Burnet's Life of Rochesselves, the admirable example our ter; Priestley's Chart of Biogra VOL. I. Ο |