21. How is joint ownership of the same thing shown? 22. Give an example. 23. How would you indicate separate ownership of different things? 24. What substitute for the possessive may be used? 25. Write sentences using the noun hour in eight different constructions.

NOUNS: SUMMARY.

264. About Nouns we have learned to distinguish the following:

Collective (col)

CHAPTER VIII.

PRONOUNS.

265. We know that a noun, as "horse," is a word that represents only things of a certain kind, which it describes. A pronoun, as "that," is a word that may represent any thing without describing it.

Although the pronouns are few in number, they are divided into several classes, and the most of them have much to do besides merely taking the place of nouns. [See § 53.]

A. KINDS.

1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

EXERCISE 188.

1. Which of the following pronouns refer to the person speak

ing?

2. Which refer to the person spoken to?

3. Which to the person or thing spoken of?

1. Did you bring me a letter?

2. Your father sent it to my care.
3. I asked him for his address.
4. He wanted yours and mine.

5. Does your sister know them?
6. We must inform our friends.
7. They will forget us.

8. She knows their plans.

9. Tell her what ours are.

10. Hers depend on theirs.
11. Know ye its meaning?
12. He telleth thee that thou mayst
keep for thy share only what
is thine own.

4. If only one person is speaking, to whom must the pronouns we, our, ours, and us refer?

5. Do any of the preceding pronouns show what kind of person is meant,

as a noun would?

266. Pronouns that of themselves show whether we mean the person speaking, the person spoken to, or some person or thing spoken of, are called Personal pronouns.

267. (1) Pronouns of the first person always represent the speaker, either alone or with others.

They are I and its variations, —my, me; we, our, us, etc.

(2) Pronouns of the second person always stand for the person or persons spoken to.

They are thou and its variations, — thy, thee; ye, you, your, etc. (3) Pronouns of the third person generally refer to what has been spoken of.

They are he, she, it, and their variations,—his, him; her; its; they, their, them, etc. Any pronoun not referring to the speaker or to the person addressed is of the third person in meaning.

EXERCISE 189.

1. Select the personal pronouns in Exercises 43 and 45, and tell whether they are of the first, the second, or the third person.

2. Collect the pronouns from Exercise 188 into three lists according to their person. To which can "-self" or "-selves" be added?

268. Myself, thyself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, and their plurals, are called Compound personal pronouns.

269. A Personal pronoun is one that is always of the same grammatical person.

2. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

EXERCISE 190.

1. Of what kind are the following sentences? 2. For what does who stand? which? what? 3. To what part of speech do these words belong? 4. For what purpose are they used? 5. What kind of sentence is made by putting the answers in place of the pronouns?

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.

143

1. Who discovered the Mississippi?- De Soto. By whom was the St. Lawrence discovered? - Cartier. Whose discovery was made first? Cartier's.

2. Which is the longer of the two rivers? — The Mississippi.

3. What is the meaning of "Mississippi"?— “Father of Waters." 270. An Interrogative pronoun is one used to ask a question. The three interrogative pronouns are who, which, and what. The last two are sometimes used as adjectives. [§ 332.]

271. The word for which an interrogative pronoun stands is unknown until it appears in the answer to the question.

1. From the first two expressions in each group explain the difference between adjectives and adjective phrases. 2. In the sentences numbered 3, read the descriptive expressions. 3. To what part of speech do wear, were, and may belong? 4. Mention the subjects, objects, or complements. 5. What does that stand for? 6. What does which refer to? 7. To what does who relate? 8. To what part of speech do these words belong?

272. From the examples in Exercise 191 we see that a noun may be modified not only by an adjective word or an adjective phrase, but also by a clause, or group of words that contains a subject and a predicate.

Regions that have no vegetation are called deserts,

the expression that have no vegetation is used like an adjective to show which regions are meant, as if we had said “regions without vegetation" or "barren regions."

273. A Clause is a union of subject and predicate used like some part of speech.

274. An Adjective clause is a clause used as an adjective.

EXERCISE 192.

1. Select the adjective clauses, and tell what each one modifies or describes.

1. I have read the book which you lent me. 2. The story that it tells is interesting. 3. The author, who is a woman, lives in Texas. 4. Help those that are weak. 5. Invite the gentleman of whom you spoke. 6. He gave all that he had. 7. Those that are rich should help those that are poor. 8. A man who cannot govern himself is a slave. 9. Our journey, which was very tiresome, ended at last. 10. The friends whom we visited have come. 11. Remember those whose hearts are sad. 12. Read such books as will be helpful.

2. By what words are the clauses joined to the words to which they relate?

275. In the last exercise we see that each clause is connected to the word to which it relates by what we call a Conjunctive or a "relative" pronoun denoting the same person or thing.

276. The word for which a pronoun stands is called the Antecedent, because it generally "goes before” the pronoun.

277. When its antecedent is expressed, a conjunctive pronoun may be called a relative pronoun.