CHOICE OF PRONOUNS. 165 Honor thy mother, her who loves thee well. 321. A pronoun used independently or with a participle should generally have the nominative case-form. Thus: 66 “( Thou who hearest prayer!" "He failing, who shall succeed?” 322. The complement of “to be" used as an indirect predicate must have the objective case-form. [§ 568.] Thus: he I knew it to be him. He thought them to be us. Whom did suppose me to be? EXERCISE 216. Read each of these sentences several times, using different pronouns to fill the blanks, when possible. Thus : — 323. Of the relative pronouns, who stands for persons only, which for other things, and that for either. That, rather than who or which, should be used, (1) After a superlative adjective. Thus: The wisest man that ever lived. (2) After same, all, and the interrogative who. Thus:The same friend that I visited. All that was left. Who that heard the orator can forget him? (3) After antecedents denoting both persons and things. Thus : He spoke of the men and cities that he had seen. Why not "whom he had seen or "which he had seen"? 324. It is often better to use that, rather than "who" or "which," in restrictive clauses; that is, in clauses that limit the application of the antecedent by showing which ones or how many, etc., are meant. Other adjective clauses state an additional fact about the antecedent, and may be called explanatory or appositive clauses. For example:RESTRICTIVE. Franklin was the commissioner that negotiated the treaty. APPOSITIVE. Congress appointed a commissioner, who negotiated the treaty. 325. Punctuation. RULE. set off by commas. Appositive clauses must be 326. Use each other in speaking of two objects; one another, of more than two. As in, David and Jonathan loved (each) other. How do the months compare [with (one) another]? Each and one are generally in apposition with the subject of the verb; other and another with the object. EXERCISE 217. 1. Fill the blanks with who, which, or that, and give the reason for your choice. he trusted. 2. A new opposed the National Bank. 3. These are the same 1. He was deceived by the friend in party arose, persons CHOICE OF PRONOUNS. assisted us before. 4. Who are those 167 were intro duced to us? 5. All I said did not influence him. 6. They have not forgotten the friends and the home that the regiment of you are a member? reached the New World. ful man, saved my be the one to they have left. 7. Is 8. He was the first friend's life. 10. The family was a very skil I visited cannot 2. Point out the errors in the following sentences: 1. The tribes of Southern Africa resemble each other. 2. Either of the five will help you. 3. The two nations are suspicious of one another. 4. We saw a ship that its masts were cut away. TEST QUESTIONS. 1. Name four classes of pronouns. 2. Name those that are always of the same "person." 3. What two uses have conjunctive pronouns? 4. What is a clause? 5. An adjective clause? 6. A noun-clause? 7. Of what kind are pronouns that introduce adjective clauses? 8. What is a complex sentence? 9. Which pronouns have two number-forms? 10. Name the eight pronouns that have three case-forms. 11. Give the nine objective case-forms. 12. Use who in five different constructions. 13. Mention three rare uses of the personal pronouns. 14. What determines the number-form of a pronoun? 15. In what constructions must the nominative case-form be used? 16. The objective? 17. When must a singular pronoun represent a collective noun? 18. What is the rule for the number of a pronoun that represents two singular nouns? 19. Parse the pronouns in the following selection: He liveth long who liveth well; All else is life but flung away; Of true things truly done each day. 1. What is an adjective? 2. Which of the preceding adjectives describe what is mentioned? 3. Which show how many are meant? 4. Mention those that merely show which ones are referred to without describing them. 5. What is a predicate adjective? 6. Mention those used above. 7. Name the adjectives used to ask questions. 8. The two derived from proper nouns. 9. Those that are made from verbs. 10. Those that show quantity. 11. Which besides the predicate adjectives follow the nouns that they modify? A. KINDS. 327. Most adjectives are words that may be added to a noun to describe the object named by showing that it is of a certain kind or quality, or that it is in a certain state or condition. As, white snow; skilful surgeons; wounded men; daily walks. Such adjectives often limit the application of a noun to those of a certain kind, as in the last three examples. DESCRIPTIVE AND LIMITING ADJECTIVES. 169 328. All other adjectives do nothing else but determine or limit the application of a noun by showing which ones, how many, or what quantity. As, this brook; the fourth day; six perch; few trout; much rain. 329. A Descriptive adjective is one that describes what is mentioned. 330. Descriptive adjectives derived from proper nouns are called proper adjectives. Those that are forms of verbs are called participial adjectives. Thus : Brazilian diamonds; fatiguing journeys; EXERCISE 219. decayed wood. From the following nouns form proper adjectives to fill the blanks in the sentences: Genoa, France, America, Spain, Persia, Venice, Italy, China, Japan, Turkey, Greece, Mexico, Africa, Shakespeare, Malta, Brazil. are imported. 4. windows have lanterns and fans are sold here. 5. The blinds. 6. He is an excellent 7. Which are more valuable, or several airs. 9. Draw a cross and a reader. diamonds? 8. He played cross. 10. We met two a and several 11. Cochineal is a product. 331. A Limiting adjective is one that merely shows which ones, how many, and so on, without describing. 332. Limiting adjectives include the following: (a) The is the definite article, used with either singular or plural nouns to point out some particular thing or things. (b) An or a is the indefinite article, used with singular nouns to show that we mean either one only or any one. II. Numeral adjectives, - - showing how many or which one of a series, how large a part, etc. As, — |