PARTS OF SPEECH.

EXERCISE 99.

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1. Which of the following interjections can be used to express joy? Which to express disgust? Which imitate some natural sound?

| ahoy

2. Use each of them in a sentence. If written, punctuate carefully.

SUMMARY: THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

106. All the words in our language can be divided into these eight classes:

1. Nouns

and

used to name

2. Pronouns

persons or things

are always required

to make a sentence.

Speaking of them by kinds or by classes in this way, we call them the eight Parts of Speech.

About Interjections, however, we must remember that though they help to form our language, they are very different from all the other kinds of words; are not parts of sentences; and are often used by themselves.

REVIEW EXERCISE. 100.

1. Read every sentence given below and tell of what kind it is.

2. Which are made of two or three sentences put together? Which words would you omit to make them seem quite separate? What punctuation would you then put between them?

3. Try to explain the use of each punctuation mark on this page. 4. Read the subject of every sentence, and make a new predicate if you can.

5. Mention eight words belonging each to a different part of speech.

6. To what part of speech does "still" belong in Nos. 5-9?

7. Name the part of speech to which each word belongs.

8. Collect in a list all words that are of the same kind.

9. Find eleven phrases that do the work of adjectives or of adverbs. 10. Try to change the order of words in Nos. 4 and 9.

1. How the wind whirls the leaves along the road.

2. Hark! what hollow bellowings this dark abyss breathes forth. 3. No sun, no moon, nor any stars pierce such a depth of gloom. 4. Down came snow-flakes feathery, then roared the wintry wind, and over the ground like waves and hills lay snowy ridge and mound. 5. The captains come and still that noisy crowd.

6. See the steam from the still, for it rises straight in the air to-day. 7. Are they so still in yonder room, or are they only fast asleep? 8. You look still better in your bonny gown.

9. O, still they come, and still we go; but the far, bright stars change never.

10.

I said to them here by the brook last May:

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'Speak, my marigolds; tell me true, —

Who put the gold in the sand for you?

How did you draw it through such long stems?"

Golden petals with dew for gems

Fell and slowly sailed away ;

Zephyr wrecked them. Again they're here.

Where think you they spent the year?

CHAPTER V.

SENTENCE-BUILDING.

A. INCOMPLETE VERBS AND THEIR COMPLEMENTS

EXERCISE 101.

1. (a) What must the subject of a sentence contain? (b) What must the predicate contain? (c) Define a verb. (d) A verb-phrase. (e) How may verbs be modified?

2. In six of these sentences the meaning is complete. Which are they? Read the remaining six, supplying with each verb what is needed to complete the meaning.

1. The wind changed |5.

2. The air is

3. My friend called
4. The skating will be

6.

We must hurry
The ice was

7. The snow melted
8. Our fun stopped

9. We were

10. The night has been 11. The gale increased 12. Such storms are

3. Which of the verbs would you call incomplete? Give your reason.

107. An Incomplete Verb is one that requires the addition of another word, called the complement, to give the sentence meaning.

EXERCISE 102.

Point out the verb, and show what completes the meaning.

1. Game was scarce.
2. Our powder was wet.
3. We were hungry.
4. The pond was frozen.

5. Our hotel was distant.
6. Our lunch-boxes were empty.
7. Matters might have been worse.
8. We were not disheartened.

what is the complete predicate? In those of three words, does the verb or the adjective tell us more about the subject? In those of two words, what describes the subject?

Each of the verbs slept, suffered, smiles, is enough to give us some information; but the verbs

only begin to tell

am, was, were, is, are,

us something that is expressed mostly by the adjectives. Of course there is no assertion without the verb; but in He was asleep, the adjective, being the word that describes the subject, is so important, that the verb seems incomplete without it. The two words together — was asleep are very much like the single verb in He slept, for that means about the same thing.

EXERCISE 103.

1. (a) Select the verbs, and tell which of them are modified by adverbs or prepositional phrases. (b) Which are incomplete, and what complements are added to them to describe the subject?

8. The wind sighs plaintively 14. The polar regions are unin

COPULATIVE VERBS.

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2. Copy the preceding sentences, placing under the subject a wavy line, under the verb a straight line, and under the complement a straight line over a wavy line. Thus:

Some grapes are sweet.

109. In the sentences,

The story seems doubtful.

The clouds look stormy.

The owl appears wise.

we see incomplete verbs that by themselves have a little more meaning than the ones we have been studying, such as

am, is, are, was, were, will be, have been, etc.

But each of these verbs serves principally to connect or couple the subject with what describes or qualifies it, and so they are all called Copulative verbs.

There are not many of them, but they are very frequently used.

what kind of word is added to the verb to describe the subject? What two words in each sentence name the same person or thing?

We see that a noun, as well as an adjective, may be used with the verb as a sort of second name, to describe the subject, or explain what is meant.

111. A noun used as complement with a copulative verb is called a predicate noun.

EXERCISE 104.

1. Point out the copulative verb with its subject and complement, telling whether the latter is a noun or an adjective. Thus :