true names, and they are written nowadays John Carpenter, John Mason, John Taylor.

Can you tell how your own name originated?

7. POSSESSIVE AND APPOSITIVE PHRASES.

146. Possessive and appositive phrases will be easy for us to understand because, like adjective and adverbphrases, they are only possessives and appositives, with their modifiers.

.

147. We must remember that possessives and appositives are only used like adjectives; they are not what we call adjectives, but are really nouns or pronouns. Hence they have the same modifiers that other nouns and pronouns have.

Thus, instead of girls' hair, we might wish to speak of

or of

this girl's hair,

a young Japanese girl's hair,

using possessive phrases in which the adjectives this, a, young, and Japanese all modify the possessive girl's.

So with appositives:

Johnny, the newsboy, is passing by.

My companion, an old friend from Ohio, was very entertaining. Now the golden sun, the day's bright eye, is shining.

Here the, an, old, and from Ohio are added to the appositives as secondary modifiers. Eye is modified by the adjective bright, and by the possessive phrase the day's.

EXERCISE 128.

Tell which phrases in the following are appositive, and which possessive; and give the modifiers in each phrase.

1. Charles Dickens, the great English novelist, died in 1870.

2. The Moon, the satellite of the Earth, is about two thousand miles in diameter.

PHRASE-MODIFIERS.

91

3. In 1807, Robert Fulton, an American engineer, sailed the first steamboat, the Clermont, on the Hudson.

4. Benjamin Franklin, a distinguished American statesman, was born in Boston in 1706.

5. Who would disregard a loving mother's counsel?

6. The brave colonel's reply was, "I'll try, sir.”

7. Whittier, the Quaker poet, wrote Snow Bound, a Winter Idyl. 8. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of The Marble Faun, was born in Salem.

9. Cortez, the conqueror of Mexico, was a Spaniard.

10. Remember your last year's experiences.

11. This is a debt of many years' standing.

12. Now comes the morning star, day's harbinger.

2. Analyze the preceding sentences by copying and marking.

148.

Punctuation. RULE.

Appositive words and phrases must generally be set off from the rest of the sentence by commas.

For examples, see preceding exercises.

EXERCISE 129.

Make sentences containing these words, modified by appositive words or phrases.

Gen. Grant

steamboat

Harrisburg
David

author
inventor

Chicago
Amazon

8. NOUNS OR NOUN-PHRASES USED ADVERBIALLY.

149. We have seen that nouus, either with or without modifiers, may be used as subjects of verbs, as objects of prepositions, as possessives, and as appositives. But from expressions like these:

Wait a day.
Come this way.

we learn that

Two miles wide.
A little soor er.

Some time hence.
An hour after dark.

150. Noun-phrases may be used like adverbs, showing when, how much, etc., to modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions.

EXERCISE 130.

Select the nouns used adverbially, and tell what they modify.

1. They sail next week.

2. He'll fight you tooth and nail. 3. You look better this way.

4. How many degrees warmer is it?

5. It goes four miles an hour.

6. Come a day sooner or a month

later.

7. She stopped a mile above the fall.

8. We saw them many times last year.

SUMMARY: MODIFIERS.

151. We now understand how it is that a simple sentence may be very long; for we must often modify a word again and again before we can express exactly what we

mean.

The simplest modifiers for each part of speech are given below:

1. Name and define three kinds of verbs. 2. What is the meaning of "transitive"? 3. Of "copulative"? 4. What is a complement? 5. Why do we call objects of verbs "complements"? 6. Write sentences showing three kinds of complements. 7. Of what may the base of a sentence consist? 8. What is a modifier? 9. What is an adjective phrase? 10. Name four kinds of subject modifiers. 11. By what may a verb or an adjective be modified? 12. What parts of speech may an adverb modify? 13. Write sentences showing possessive and appositive modifiers. 14. Give the rule for punctuating appositives. 15. What parts of speech are not used as modifiers?

CHAPTER VI.

SENTENCE-ANALYSIS.

REVIEW EXERCISE. 131.

1. Mention the three classes into which sentences are divided according to meaning. 2. What is a simple sentence? 3. A compound sentence? 4. Into what may every compound sentence be separated? 5. Every simple sentence? 6. Into what may every enlarged subject be separated? 7. Every enlarged predicate ? 8. Name the two elements that may form the base of a sentence. 9. The three elements. 10. What parts of speech may form a complement? 11. What is a modifier?

152. While studying the building up of sentences we have had some practice in Analysis, or the taking apart of sentences; for we have pointed out their principal parts, and have shown how each is modified.

153. Analysis is the process of separating a sentence into its parts, and of showing what they have to do with one another.

154. Method. If, in analyzing a simple or a compound sentence, we treat modifying phrases as single words, the structure of it can be made clear either orally or in writing, by telling in this order

1. The kind of sentence.

2. The kind of sentences united to form it.

3. The base of the first assertion, question, or command.

4. The subject and its modifiers.

5. The verb and its modifiers.

6. The complement and its modifiers.

7. The base of the second,

8. The conjunctions.

subject, verb, complement.

9. The independent expressions.