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XVI. MARRIED WOMEN:

A married woman may hold, and control, all her real and personal property, as if unmarried. She can contract and do business, sue and be sued in her own name as if sole, but she cannot become an accommodation endorser, guarantor, or surety, nor can she convey or mortgage her real estate without her husband's joinder. A married woman may bequeath her personal estate as if she were sole, but she cannot defeat her husband's interest in her real estate. Women become of age at twenty-one years. XVII. MORTGAGES:

A chattel mortgage may be given upon any personal property. Chattel mortgages that are not accompanied by immediate delivery and followed by continued change of possession of the chattels mortgaged, are absolutely void, as against creditors and subsequent bona fide purchasers and mortgagees, unless they have been acknowledged in the same manner as deeds of real estate, and duly recorded in a book kept for that purpose. A chattel mortgage must have an affidavit annexed, stating the interest of the mortgagee, the consideration of the mortgage, and the amount due and to grow due thereon; said affidavit must be made by the holder or holders of said mortgage, his, her, or their agent or attorney. Real Estate Mortgages; see "VII. Deeds.'

XVIII. NOTES AND BILLS:

Promissory notes are in general subject to the law of foreign bills of exchange, and must be protested. The liability of endorsers is the same as under the general law merchant. Notes and bills due on a legal holiday are payable on the first legal business day following such holiday, and notice of non-payment may be given the day after. January 1st, February 22nd, May 30th, July 4th, the first Monday in September, December 25th, Thanksgiving day, and all days on which a general election for members of the assembly may be held, are legal holidays. If any of these days fall on Sunday, Monday is the holiday.

XIX. TAXES:

Are assessed on real and personal property on May 20th, and become due on or before December 20th following. They are a first lien on real estate for two years from the time when they became due. Mortgages are not taxable unless deduction be claimed under oath by the owner of the mortgaged premises, in which case the amount of the mortgage is deducted from the taxable value of the lands and is assessed to the holder of the mortgage, if a resident of New Jersey; if a non-resident, no deduction is allowed. There are no means provided for collecting the taxes on a mortgage held by a non-resident. In the counties of Hudson, Essex, Bergen, and Passaic, and in the cities of New Brunswick, Camden, and Trenton, the mortgagor may agree with the holder of his mortgage not to claim any deduction.

The real and personal estate of all manufacturing corporations and all other corporations organized under special laws is taxed the same as that of individuals; that is, the real estate in the township or ward where it is located, and the personal estate in the locality of the principal financial office, or the place where the business of the corporation is carried on.

Telegraph, telephone, cable, electric light, express, gas, palace car and sleeping car, oil and pipe line, and insurance companies, pay a certain percentage on their gross incomes as an annual license. All other companies incorporated under the laws of New Jersey pay a license of one-tenth of one per cent of the amount of the capital stock on all amounts issued and outstanding up to and including $3,000,000; on all sums over $3,000,000, and not exceeding $5,000,000, one-twentieth of one per cent, and the further sum of $50 per million or any part thereof on all sums in excess of $5,000,000. This tax is not imposed on railway, canal, or banking companies, or savings banks, cemeteries, or religious corporations, or purely charitable or educational associations, or manufacturing or mining companies carrying on business in this State, at least fifty per cent of whose capital stock issued and outstanding is invested in mining or manufacturing carried on in this State. Those companies having less than fifty per cent so invested are entitled to a deduction from the capital stock of the assessed value of the property so used. If any other state impose taxes, fines, penalties, or other obligations on New Jersey corporations, the same obligations are imposed on corporations of that state doing business in New Jersey.

XX. WAGES:

Wages are subject to attachment except if due to a non-resident employee, in which case they are not liable to attachment at the suit of a non-resident creditor, or his or her assigns.

The unincumbered personal effects and money of an insolvent railroad corporation must be primarily devoted, by the receiver of such corporation, to the payment of not more than two months' wages due to the employees of said corporation at the time of his appointment as such receiver. When the receiver continues to operate

the railroad, the operating expenses are a first lien upon his receipts.

The personal property of any person or corporation defendant is not liable to be removed from its location by virtue of execution, attachment, or other process, issued against said defendant, unless the plaintiff in such proceeding first pay one month's wages to the employees of such defendant. If such personal property should be removed, the officer removing it cannot sell the same before ten days after such removal, and not even then without first paying all claims for wages that may be presented to him within such ten days.

The wages of clerks, miners, mechanics, and laborers, due by an assignor at the time of his making a general assignment for the benefit of creditors, are preferred debts to the amount of three hundred dollars, and must be paid by his assignee before any other claim or debt. The employees of an insolvent corporation have a lien upon the assets of the corporation for the amount of the wages due them for work performed within two months next preceding the date of the commencement of proceedings in insolvency, mortgages upon the real estate of such corporation and chattel mortgages given by said corporation and recorded more than two months preceding said date being alone prior to said lien. In the payment of the liens given to mechanics and material men for work done or materials furnished for construction of any building, the wages of journeymen and laborers have priority in payment to the claims of employers of labor, contractors, or material men.

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The payment of laborers' wages by orders upon stores, in which their employer has an interest, or otherwise than by money or what may be redeemable in money, is a misdemeanor, punishable by fine or imprisonment. XXI. WILLS:

A will made by a minor, idiot, lunatic or insane person, is void. All wills must be in writing, signed and published by the testator as his last will in the presence of two witnesses, who must sign the same in the presence of the testator and in the presence of each other. Wills must be proved and recorded in the office of the surrogate of the county in which the testator resided at the time of his death, if a resident of New Jersey. They are admitted to probate after ten days from the death of the testator. A will attested by a devisee or legatee, or executor, may be proved by him, but his legacy or devise is void. Nonresidents' wills, devising real estate located in New Jersey, must be executed and proved according to the laws of New Jersey.

CORPORATIONS.

I. ORGANIZATION:

Corporations are created under general laws. They may be organized for any lawful purpose whatever, by any three or more persons, on their making and filing a certificate setting forth: 1. The name of the company. 2. The place in this State or elsewhere where its business is to be conducted, and the objects for which the company is formed. 3. Total amount of the capital stock, not less than two thousand dollars; the amount with which it shall commence business, not less than one thousand dollars; the number of shares, and the par value of each. 4. The names and residences of the stockholders and the number of shares held by each. 5. The duration of said corporation, not exceeding fifty years.

The certificate must be duly acknowledged and must be recorded in the office of the clerk of the county where the corporation's principal place of business in this State is located, and afterward filed with the Secretary of State.

II. POWERS:

A corporation thus formed shall be deemed to have 1. To have succession by its corporate name. power: 2. To sue and be sued. 3. To make and use a common seal and alter the same at pleasure. 4. To hold, purchase. or convey such real or personal estate as may be necessary for the purposes of its business, not exceeding in value the amount limited in its charter, and also to hold such property as may have been acquired under mortgages or judgments for bona fide debts. 5. To appoint subordinate officers or agents. 6. To make by-laws. 7. To wind up or dissolve itself, or to be wound up or dissolved according to law. Any company organized under the general corporation act may carry on a part of its business, hold, purchase, and convey real estate outside of this State, provided that such corporation shall have an office in the State of New Jersey. (Commercial Law: See "XIX. Taxes.")

III. OFFICERS:

Directors must be not less than three in number, and must be chosen annually by the stockholders; but any corporation by so providing in its original certificate of incorporation may classify its directors so as to elect their several classes for different terms, not more than five years nor less than one, the term of at least one class to expire in each year. The officers, president, secretary

and treasurer, may be chosen by the stockholders or the directors, according to the provision of the by-laws. The president must be one of the directors. The officers must he chosen annually. Every corporation must annually file with the Secretary of State a list of its officers and directors.

IV. CAPITAL STOCK:

The stock and transfer books must be kept within New Jersey, but the other books may be kept outside, subject to be brought within the State upon the order of a court. Shares can be assessed until fully paid up. The directors may purchase property necessary for the business of the corporation, or the stock of any company owning such property, and use stock to the amount of the value thereof in payment therefor, and such stock is considered fully paid stock. Subscriptions to capital stock may be paid wholly or partly in cash, or wholly or partly in property of the full value thereof, and the stock so issued shall be considered fully paid stock. Corporations may increase or diminish their capital stock and change the nature of their business on filing a certificate to that effect.

V. MEETINGS:

Stockholders' meetings must be held within New Jersey, at the principal place of business of the corporation. Directors' meetings may be held outside the State, if the by-laws so allow. Stockholders may vote by proxy. VI. LIABILITY OF STOCKHOLDERS:

The liability of stockholders for debts extends to the amount of their unpaid subscriptions. Stockholders in gas companies are liable for wages due employees of such corporations.

VII. FOREIGN CORPORATIONS:

or

Foreign corporations may hold, mortgage, lease convey such lands as they may require for the purpose of transacting their business in this State, and such as they may acquire in payment of debts. Every foreign corporation must have an agent and an office within this State. Such corporation must file with the Secretary of State a copy of its charter or certificate, duly attested; and a statement setting forth the amount of its capital stock authorized, the amount issued, the nature of its business, and the name of its agent.

MINING.

I. INSPECTION OF MINES:

A "factory and workshop inspector" is authorized to visit and inspect all mines in the State and report annually the results of such inspection to the Governor of the State, together with such recommendations as he shall deem necessary. He shall ascertain whether proper and necessary safeguards are provided for the protection of the lives of the men employed in the mines; and if such safeguards be neglected, the inspector is authorized to notify the owner or lessee of the mines of such neglect. Unless the owner or lessee immediately remedy such deficiency, he becomes criminally liable therefor, if any If death or accident should result from such neglect. complaint be made in writing by any employe in a mine that such mine is dangerous to the lives of those employed therein, the inspector is directed to examine the mine complained of without delay. If he find such complaint to be just, he is required to notify the owner or lessee of such danger, and in such notice he may, in his discretion, order such mine to be closed until he shall issue his order that such danger has been removed. Any owner or lessee of a mine refusing to comply with the last mentioned notice shall forfeit the sum of one thousand dollars, to be paid to the use of the poor of the township in which such mine is located.

II. PROPERTY RIGHTS:

It has been held in New Jersey that a deed may convey a distinct inheritance in mines, the fee to the land remaining in the grantor. A tenant for life is entitled to work a mine, quarry, clay-pit, or sand-pit which has been opened and used by the former owner. A widow is entitled to dower in such mines and quarries as were actually opened and used during the lifetime of her husband. One tenant in ccmmon cannot convey a particular part of a common property, or an easement in it, as the right to dig ores, to the prejudice of his co-tenant. Such a conveyance is void as to the co-tenant, but good as against the grantor. Such grantee of the right to dig ores, from one tenant in common, cannot ask for a partition of the premises.

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I. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

Acknowledgments within the State may be taken before justices of the Supreme Court, county judges, surrogate, mayors, recorders, commissioners of deeds, notaries public, justices of the peace, etc. Acknowledgments without the State and within the United States or the Dominion of Canada may be taken before any officer of such state, territory or dominion, authorized by the laws thereof, to take the proof and acknowledgment of deeds; but to entitle an instrument to be read in evidence or recorded in this State, there shall be attached a certificate of the clerk, register, recorder, or prothonotary of the county in which such officer resides, that such officer was authorized to take the same and that such clerk, etc., is well acquainted with the handwriting of such officer and verily believes such signature to be genuine. II. ALIENS:

An alien may acquire a good title to land. III. ASSIGNMENTS:

Voluntary general assignments for the benefit of creditors are regulated by statute. Such assignment shall be acknowledged and recorded in the office of the clerk of the court in such county where such debtor resides or

carries on his business. The assignee must accept the trust and give a bond named by the court.

Wages due employees at the time of the assignment are preferred debts. After payment of such wages, preferences can be given to the amount of one-third in value of the remaining part of such assigned estate. Assignment does not release the debtor from the debts owing by him. The statute also provides for an assignment known as the "two-thirds assignment." allowing the discharge of the debtor from his debts upon complying with the statutory requirements, and filing the consent of two-thirds in value of his creditors.

IV. ATTACHMENT:

An attachment will be granted where the action is to recover a sum of money only as damages upon a breach of contract, express or implied, other than a contract to marry; wrongful conversion of personal property; or any other injury to personal property, in consequence of negligence, fraud, or other wrongful act.

To entitle the plaintiff to such atttachment he must show to the court by affidavit that one of the causes of action above specified exists against the defendant, and if it is brought for a breach of contract, he must show the sum which he is entitled to over and above all counter-claims; that the defendant is either a foreign corporation or not a resident of the State; or, if a natural person and a resident of the State, that he has departed therefrom with intent to defraud his creditors, or to avoid the service of a summons, or keeps himself concealed with like intent; or, if the defendant is a natural person or a domestic corporation, that he or it has removed, or is about to remove, property from the State with intent to defraud his or its creditors; or has assigned, disposed of or secreted, or is about to assign, dispose of or secrete his property with like intent. A bond of not less than two hundred and fifty dollars must be given by the plaintiff.

V. CLAIMS AGAINST ESTATES:

Claims must be presented to the personal representatives of the deceased, duly verified, any time before the final settlement. If such representative disputes or rejects the claim, it may be referred. If not so referred. it must be sued within six months, or it is barred by the statute of limitations. Such representative may be compelled to settle his accounts after the lapse of eighteen months from his appointment. If the personal property of the decedent is insufficient to pay his debts in full, his real property may be resorted to for that purpose. The debts of a decedent are a lien upon the real property of which he died seized for three years after his decease.

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Conveyances of a fee in land must be by deed, signed by the grantor, and either sealed, or bear the word "seal," or the letters "L. S." opposite the grantor's name. To entitle the deed to be recorded it must be acknowledged. No particular form of deed is required to convey real property. In New York County a fee of five dollars is charged for recording a deed not in a particular form prescribed by the statute. The execution of a deed by a corporation is made by its officers. Deeds are recorded in the county clerk's office, or with the register of deeds in certain counties. A recorded contract for traffic in land is not a lien upon the land, nor a cloud on the title. VIII. DEPOSITIONS:

The depositions of a party to an action, or a person not a party, can be taken before trial where it is shown that the testimony of such person is material and necessary, and that he is about to depart from the State, or is so sick or infirm as to afford reasonable ground of belief that he will not be able to attend the trial; or where any other special circumstances exist which render it proper that he be examined before trial. Depositions may be taken by order of the court, or upon stipulation of the respective attorneys; and a commission may issue to take the evidence of a witness or witnesses not within the State, upon interrogatories annexed to the commission, or upon oral questions put to the witness. IX. DESCENT:

Real estate, undevised, descends as follows: 1, lineal descendants: 2, father; 3, mother; 4, collaterals. Descendants take shares of parents except when all are of equal degrees of consanguinity, when they share alike. Personal property is distributed as follows: Onethird to widow; residue to children, or their heirs or legal representatives. If there are no children, one moiety goes to the widow, the other to the next of kin. If there be no descendant, parent, brother, sister, nephew, or niece, the widow takes the entirety. If there be no Widow or children, all goes to the next of kin. Halfbloods take as the whole blood. Posthumous children take as survivors. The estate of a married woman is distributed the same as that of a man. The husband takes the same as the widow.

X. HOMESTEAD:

A lot of land with one or more buildings thereon, not exceeding in value one thousand dollars, owned and Occupied as a residence by a householder having a family, is exempt from levy and sale under execution as a homestead, where the conveyance to such person states in substance that it is designated to be held as a homestead; or a notice containing a full description of the property, and stating that it is designated to be so held, subscribed by the owner, is acknowledged and recorded in the office of the clerk of the county where such premises are situate. Such exemption continues after the death of the person in whose favor the property was exempted, as follows: If the decedent was a woman, it continues for the benefit of her surviving children until the majority of the youngest surviving child. If the decedent was a man, it continues for the benefit of his widow and surviving children until the majority of the Youngest surviving child, and until the death of the widow. But this exemption ceases if the property ceases to be occupied as a residence by the person for whose benefit it

so continued.

XI. INTEREST:

A state Usurious

The legal rate of interest is six per cent. Penalty for usury is forfeiture of principal and interest. Lank forfeits double the amount of interest. interest may be recovered if action is brought therefor within one year. Usury is a misdemeanor.

XII. JUDGMENTS:

Judgments are obtained by action or confession. Judgments by confession may be entered for a debt due or to become due, or to secure a person against contingent liability. Judgments in a court of record are good for twenty years, and in courts not of record for six years, and are liens upon the real estate of the defendant for ten years after the same are docketed in the office of the clerk of the county where the real estate is situated. Judgment is a lien upon the personal property of a the sheriff, but a sale by the judgment debtor to an defendant while execution is actually in the hands of innocent party of such personal property, while such execution is in the hands of the sheriff, gives the pur

chaser a good title.

XIII. LIENS:

ics', vendors', contractors', servants' and mercantile liens The provision under the laws of the State for mechan

are

substantially the same

as those of other states.

Where the claim is made against the contractor, notice

must be served upon the owner of the property on which such improvements were carried out, or for which such material was furnished, of the amount of the claim, who cannot relieve himself of the liability by making payments to the contractor after the service of such notice. Every lien shall continue to the expiration of six months from the time of filing the notice, unless action is commenced within that time to foreclose; then the lien shall continue until judgment shall have been rendered, and for one year thereafter, pending an appeal taken, if any. XIV. LIMITATION OF ACTIONS:

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Actions must be brought within the following periods, or they are barred from the statute of limitations: Within forty years: on behalf of the people respecting real property. Within twenty years: actions for the recovery of real property or judgment of a court of record, upon a sealed instrument, or for dower. Within six years: actions upon a contract, express or implied, except a judgment or sealed instrument; to recover upon liability created by statute, except a penalty or forfeiture; recover damages for an injury to property, or personal injury; to recover a chattel; to procure a judgment other than for a sum of money on the ground of fraud; establish a will where the will has been lost, concealed or destroyed; upon a judgment in a court not of record. Within three years: actions against a sheriff, coroner, or other officer, for non-payment of amount collected on an execution; upon a statute for a penalty or forfeiture where action is given to the person aggrieved; against an executor, administrator, or against the trustee of an insolvent debtor; to recover damages for a personal injury from negligence. Within two years: actions to recover damages for libel, slander, assault, battery, or false imprisonment.

A new promise in writing or part payment revives and continues the debt. Limitations do not run while the person is without the State. The statute of limitations is a defense, and must be pleaded and proven.

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XVIII. TRUST DEEDS:

Every disposition of lands, whether by deed or devise, shall be direct to the person to whom the right to the possession in profits shall be intended to be invested, and not to any other, to the use of, or in trust for, another. No estate or interest, legal or equitable, shall vest in the trustee, except for the following express trusts: to sell lands for the benefits of creditors; to sell, mortgage or lease lands for the benefit of legatees, or for the purpose of satisfying any charge thereon; to receive the rents and profits of lands, and apply them to the use of any person during the life of such person, or for any shorter term; and for certain other purposes. XIX. WILLS:

and Any person who is of sound mind and memory, Pertwenty-one years of age, can devise real estate. sonal property can be bequeathed by a man eighteen years of age, and a woman sixteen years of age.

Wills must be in writing, signed by the testator, in the presence of not less than two witnesses, who must sign in the presence of the testator and of each other, and add their places of residence.

Nuncupative wills can only be made by a soldier in actual military service, or by a sailor at sea.

No person having husband, wife, child, or parent, can devise or bequeath by will to any benevolent, charitable, scientific, or religious association or corporation more than one-half of his or her estate after payment of debts.

CORPORATIONS.

I. ORGANIZATION:

Three or more persons may become a corporation, other than a moneyed or transportation corporation, for any

lawful business purpose, except a business partaking of the nature of banking or insurance, by making, signing, acknowledging, and filing a certificate which shall contain: 1. The name of the proposed corporation. 2. The amount of the capital stock, and if any portion be preferred stock, the preferences thereof. 3. The purpose or purposes for which it is to be formed. 4. The number of shares of which the capital stock shall consist, each of which shall not be less than five nor more than one hundred dollars; and the amount of capital, not less than five hundred dollars, with which said corporation shall begin business. 5. The city, village, or town in which its principal business office is to be located. 6. Its duration. 7. The number of its directors, not less than three, and not more than thirteen. 8. The names and postoffice addresses of the directors for the first year. 9. The post office addresses of the subscribers, and a statement of the number of shares of stock which each agrees to take in the corporation.

Every certificate of incorporation shall be filed in the office of the Secretary of State, and of the clerk of the court in the county where the principal place of business of the corporation is or is to be located. No such corporation shall incur any debts until the amount of capital specified in its certificate of incorporation as the amount of capital with which it shall begin business shall have been paid in, in money or property. Existing corporations may be reorganized under the present corporation laws by following certain directions of the statute, and any two or more corporations heretofore organized under the laws of the State may be consolidated by following certain directions of the statute, and the amount of the capital stock may be increased or decreased, and the principal place of business of the corporation may be changed as prescribed by statute.

II. CAPITAL STOCK:

One-half of the capital stock of every such corporation shall be paid in within one year from its incorporation, or the corporation shall be dissolved, and the directors, within thirty days after such payment, shall make a certificate of the fact, which shall be signed and acknowledged by a majority of the directors, and verified by the president or vice-president, secretary, and treasurer, and filed in the office where the certificates of incorporation are filed. The dissolution of any such corporation for any cause shall not take away or impair any remedy against it, its stockholders or officers for any liability incurred previous to its dissolution.

III. LIABILITY OF STOCKHOLDERS:

The stockholders of every such corporation shall jointly and severally be personally liable to its creditors in an amount equal to the amount of stock held by them respectively, for every debt of the corporation, until the whole amount of its capital stock issued and outstanding at the time such debt was incurred shall have been fully paid. The stockholders of every such corporation shall jointly and severally be liable for all debts due and owing to any of its laborers, servants, or employees, other than contractors, for services performed by them for such corporation. Before such laborer, servant, or employee shall charge the stockholders for such services, he shall give them notice in writing, within thirty days after the termination of such services, that he intends to hold them liable, and shall commence an action therefor within thirty days after the return of an execution, unsatisfied, against said corporation, upon a judgment recovered against it for services.

Every corporation formed under this act may become a full liability corporation by inserting a statement in the certificate of incorporation that the corporation thereby formed is intended to be a full liability corporation.

IV. REPORTS:

Every such corporation shall, during the month of January in each year, make a report as of the first day of said month, which shall state: the amount of capital stock actually issued; the sum of its debts, or a sum that they do not then exceed; and the sum of its assets, or an amount which said assets at least equal.

Such report shall be made by a majority of its directors, and verified by the oath of its president or vice-president, secretary, and treasurer, and filed in the office of the Secretary of State, and in the office of the clerk of the court in the county where its principal business office is located. If such report is not made and filed, all the directors of the corporation shall jointly and severally be personally liable for all the debts of the corporation then existing, and for all contracted before such report shall be made; or if such report so filed shall be false in any material representations, the officers and directors signing the same shall jointly and severally be personally liable to any person who has become a creditor or stockholder of the corporation upon the faith of such certificate.

V. FOREIGN CORPORATIONS:

No foreign stock corporation, other than a moneyed corporation, shall do business in this State without having first procured from the Secretary of State a certificate that it has complied with all the requirements of

law to authorize it to do business in this State; and that its business is such as may be lawfully carried on by a corporation incorporated under the laws of this State for such or similar business; or, if more than one kind of business, by two or more corporations so incorporated for such kinds of business respectively. The Secretary of State shall deliver such certificate to every such corporation so complying with the requirements of law. No such corporation shall do business in this State without having procured such certificate from the Secretary of State. No foreign stock corporation doing business in this State without such certificate shall maintain any action therein upon any contract made by it until it shall have procured such certificate.

1. STATE MINES:

MINING.

The following mines are the property of the people of this State in their right of sovereignty: 1. All mines of gold and silver discovered, or hereafter to be discovered, within this State. 2. All mines of other metals discovered, or hereafter to be discovered, upon any lands owned by persons not being citizens of the United States. 3. All mines of other metals discovered, or hereafter to be discovered, upon lands owned by a citizen of the United States, the ore of which on an average shall contain less than two equal third parts in value of copper, tin, iron, and lead, or any of those metals. 4. All mines and all minerals and fossils discovered, or hereafter to be discovered, upon any lands belonging to the people of this State.

II. WORKING OF MINES:

Any citizen of this State discovering a valuable mine or mineral upon lands belonging to the State and filing the notice of discovery required by this article, may work such mine; and he and his heirs or assigns shall have the sole benefit of all products therefrom on the payment into the State treasury of a royalty of two per cent of the maket value of all such products. Such valuation shall be made when such product shall first be in a marketable form. A statement of the amounts sold or removed from the premises covered by such notice of claim, and of the trees cut or destroyed upon such lands, shall be made semi-annually under oath to the Secretary of State, and payments of such royalty shall be made semi-annually to the State Treasurer, under oath as to the amount thereof, on the basis of such semi-annual statement to the Secretary of State. Any wilful falsehood in the contents of such statement to the Secretary of State or State Treasurer in regard to such royalty, shall work a forfeiture to the State of the value of the whole amount mined during the period covered by such statements.

III. PROPERTY RIGHTS:

All mines of whatever description, other than mines of gold and silver, discovered, or hereafter to be discovered, upon any lands owned by a citizen of any of the United States, the ore of which on an average contains two equal third parts or more in value of copper, tin, iron, and lead, or any of those metals, shall belong to the owner of such land.

IV. GOLD AND SILVER:

No person discovering a mine of gold or silver within this State shall work the same until he give written notice thereof to the Secretary of State, which shall be registered in a book to be kept by such Secretary, describing particularly the nature and situation of the mine. Such person, and his executors, administrators, and assigns, shall be exempted from paying to the people of the State any part of the ore, produce or profit of such mine for the term of twenty-one years, to be computed from the time of giving notice of such discovery: and after the expiration of such term, the discoverer, or his representatives, shall be preferred in any contract for the working of such mine made with the Legislature or under its authority.

V. ENTRY UPON LANDS:

Nothing contained in this article shall affect any grant heretofore made by the Legislature to persons having discovered mines; nor be construed to give any person the right to enter upon or break up the lands of any other person, or of the State, or to work any mine on such lands, unless the written consent of the owner thereof, or of the commissioners of the Land Office, when the lands belong to the State, shall be previously obtained. Permission to erect buildings for working mines upon State lands within the forest preserve may be given by the Forest Commission, and elsewhere, by the commissioners of the Land Office, when such lands are entirely denuded of timber or when such commission or commissioners are satisfied that the erection or occupation of such buildings will not be detrimental to the interests of the State. Nothing in this article shall authorize any

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