This is the old English, or Winchester Wine Gallon (so called because its standard was long preserved at Winchester), and is .83388+ of the Imperial; or 6 of the former very nearly equal 5 of the latter.

199. The Bushel is the capacity of a measure containing 543391.89 standard grains Troy (= 94.339 lbs. Troy, or 77.6274+ lbs. Avoirdupois) of distilled water, under the same conditions as those just named, which is equal to 2152.405 + cubic inches. But the nearest practical representative of this measure is a cylinder 18 inches in diameter and 8 inches deep, containing 2150.42 cubic inches, which is consequently taken as the true standard.

This is the Winchester Bushel, and is .9696262+ of the Imperial; so that 33 United States Bushels are about equal to 32 Imperial Bushels.

ENGLISH STANDARDS.

200. The English Linear, Square, and Cubic Measures, and Troy and Avoirdupois Weights, are the same as those of the United States.

201. The Standard for Measures of Capacity, whether Dry or Liquid, is the Gallon, containing 10 pounds Avoirdupois (70000 grains Troy) of distilled water, weighed in air, at 62° F., barometer showing 30 inches, which is equal to 277.274 cubic inches.

202. The Imperial Bushel contains 8 gallons.

203. From a comparison of the English and United States Standards, we derive the following:

RULE.—I. To reduce Imperial Gallons to United States Gallons, divide by .83388; and to reduce Imperial Bushels to United States Bushels, divide by .969626.

II. To reduce United States Gallons and Bushels to Imperial, multiply by these numbers.

204. DENOMINATIONS, ETC.-The denominations and values of the measures of length, surface, and solidity, are the same as those of the

United States. The same is true of the various systems of weight. The units of Liquid and Dry Measure differ from those of the United States, and also some of the denominations, as shown in the following Tables.

The pottle is a gallon; the strike 2 bushels. The hogshead, pipe, and puncheon differ also in the case of different wines, or other spirituous liquors.

TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

1. MEASURES OF LENGTH, OR EXTENSION.

I. LINEAR, OR LONG MEASure.

205. Linear, or Long Measure, is used in measuring lines, or distances.

The Standard Unit is the Yard, which is subdivided into feet and inches.

As has been shown, this is the fundamental unit from which all the units, both of measures and weights, are derived.

The following denominations are also in use :-3 barley-corns = 1 inch, used by shoemakers in measuring the length of the foot, a barley-corn, or of an inch, after a certain length, constituting a size or number of the shoe; 4 inches 1 hand, used in measuring the height of horses; 9 inches = 1 span; 3 feet = 1 pace; 6 feet = 1 fathom, used in measuring depths at sea; 1 knot = 1 geographical mile, used by sailors.

NOTES.-1. The Inch is sometimes subdivided by artificers duodecimally, or into 12ths, but generally into halves, quarters, eighths, sixteenths, and thirty-seconds.

Decimal subdivisions of the foot and inch are used by civil and mechanical engineers, an others.

2. A geographical or nautical mile is one minute of the earth's circum ference, or of a degree, measured on the equator; but a degree on a meridian varies from 68.72 miles, at the equator, to 69.34 in the polar regions.

3. Literally, a degree has no linear measure; a degree of longitude, as such, does not signify distance, but defines an angle. But when applied to a portion of a circle of definite dimensions, it may properly be considered as having length.

II. SURVEYORS' LINEAR MEASURE.

206. This measure is used by surveyors in measuring lines and distances.

The unit is the Chain, generally known as Gunter's Chain, which is 4 rods, or 66 feet long, and consists of 100 links.

NOTES.-1. Links are written decimally, as hundredths of a chain.

2. In measuring lines for other purposes than the survey of lands, engineers commonly use chains with links 10 inches or a foot long.

II. MEASURES OF SURFACE.

I. SQUARE MEASURE.

207. Square Measure is used in computing surfaces or areas; as of land, boards, etc.

A Surface is that which has length and breadth, without thickness.

Area is expressed by the product of these two dimensions; hence, the basis of the measure is a linear unit.

A square inch is a square whose sides are each one inch long; a square foot, a square whose sides are each one foot long, etc.

TABLE.

144 Square Inches (sq. in.)......make 1 Square Foot...

.sq. ft. .sq. yd.

1 Square Rod... ...sq. rd.

A Square is a figure having four equal sides and four right angles. Its area is the space, or surface, included within the bounding lines.

Let this diagram represent a square yard, divided by the cross lines into square feet. Each side is 1 yard or 3 feet long. The square of this dimension is the area; 12 = 1, or 32 = 9. Considering the dimensions in feet, we observe that there are three rows of small squares, each containing three square feet; and 3 times 3 square feet 9 square feet. The area is expressed by the number of times it contains the measuring unit.

Any two adjacent rows of these squares form a parallelogram, 3 feet long, and 2 feet wide, and the area is 3 × 2, or 6 square feet. Hence To find the area of any rectangular figure, multiply the length by the breadth

II. SURVEYORS' SQUARE MEASURE.

208. This measure is used by surveyors in computing the area or contents of land.

TABLE.

625 Square Links (sq. 1.).........make 1 Pole................

..P.

NOTE.-In the Western States a square mile is called in the surveys of public lands a Section, and 160 acres, a Quarter Section. 36 square miles, or sections, constitute a Township.