MODEL: A tall tree on the lawn conceals the door completely.

The sentence is simple and declarative. The complete subject is a tall tree on the lawn; the complete predicate is conceals the door completely. The simple subject is tree, modified by the adjectives tall, a, and by the adjective phrase on the lawn. The simple predicate is conceals, modified by the adverb completely. Door is the object complement of the verb conceals, and is itself modified by the adjective the.

1. The unfortunate knight turned his face from the kind warrior.

2. The queen, Josephine, loved her husband passionately. 3. The Lady Edith was understood to be an orphan.

4. The toil, the thirst, the dangers of the way were forgotten.

5. The buttercup catches the sun in its chalice.

6. The company was then purely a trading corporation.

7. Have you been to the opera lately?

8. Read only good books and clean magazines.

9. Who reads an American book?

10. The directions for the examination in biology were clearly stated at the head of the paper.

11. Your sentences should be short and free from am

biguity.

12. To hear your voice reminds me of pleasant days in

school.

13. Many came on special trains to see the game.

14. Houses and lands are not the only form of wealth.

CHAPTER XXV

THE SENTENCE: COMPLEX AND COMPOUND

SENTENCES; CLAUSES

The Complex Sentence

210. The complex sentence differs from the simple sentence in having two or more statements instead of one. When you say,

I shall obey because my country calls,

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you have the principal statement, "I shall obey," and a subordinate statement or clause, " because my country calls." The clause defines the principal statement and, although it has a subject and predicate of its own, its meaning is incomplete aside from its connection with the verb obey. The clause is the characteristic feature of the complex sentence.

A complex sentence consists of a principal statement and a clause which defines or completes the meaning of some word in the sentence.

Clauses

211. The clause is always introduced by a relative pronoun or subordinate conjunction which connects the clause with a noun or pronoun, adjective, verb, or adverb. A clause modifying a noun or pronoun is an adjective clause; a clause modifying a

verb, adjective, or adverb is an adverbial clause; and a clause performing the office of a noun is a substantive clause.

212. The adjective clause may limit or qualify any noun or substantive in the sentence, and has such close relation to the word it modifies that it invariably stands next to it. The connecting word is either a relative pronoun or a subordinate conjunction.

1. The relative pronouns who, which, what, that, but, and as are used to connect adjective clauses with their antecedents. The pronoun takes its person, number, and gender from the antecedent noun, but its case depends on its construction in its clause. The relative may be subject, object, or complement in its clause; as:

(1) He who runs may read.

(2) We met the man with whom you spoke.

(3) These are they whom your Honor summoned.

Do not confuse a relative clause with an indirect question. The relative pronouns which and what are used also as interrogative adjectives; as,

Relative clause: We asked for the book which had been sold. Indirect question: We asked which book had been sold.

2. The conjunctions when, where, why, etc., may introduce an adjective clause of place, time, cause, etc., when they stand in close relation to some antecedent word of kindred meaning; as,

(1) I remember the house where I was born.

(2) This is a time when brave men are needed.

Observe that these conjunctions can always be replaced by a prepositional phrase with a relative pronoun; as, "the house in which," "a time in which.”

213. The adverbial clause may modify a verb, adjective, or adverb, defining its meaning as regards time, place, cause, manner, comparison, condition, concession, purpose, and result; as,

Time:

Place:

Cause:

Manner :

You may fire when you are ready.

You will find it where I told you.

Brutus was sad because he loved Cæsar.

General Grant was silent and calm as if no battle had occurred.

Comparison: The more a man knows the less will he boast. Condition: If the tortoise had told the truth, the hare

would have won the artichokes.

Concession: However long the road may be, it always has

Purpose:
Result :

a turn.

Ye shall not touch it, lest ye die.

The boys had played so hard that they were exhausted.

In comparisons the second member, that is, the clause, is sometimes compressed by omitting everything except the words compared. The omitted parts can be supplied from the context; as,

He is not so popular now as [he] formerly [was].

214. A substantive clause may perform the office of a noun and as such may be subject, object of a preposition, complement, or appositive; as,

Subject:

That his records are false is apparent.

Object of Prep.: A man's character depends upon what he

Complement :

Appositive:

believes.

(1) We heard that you were traveling in Europe.

(2) This is not what I want.

There was a report that you were in Europe.

When the office of the conjunction is merely introductory without expressing relationship, as in the noun clause, it may be omitted; as,

We heard you were traveling in Europe.

215. Indirect Discourse. The noun clause is used with verbs of knowing, thinking, telling, and perceiving, to report indirectly what a person knows, thinks, tells, or perceives. These clauses are in indirect discourse, that is, they give the substance, not the direct words, of the speaker or writer; as,

Direct Statements 1. He was absent. 2. I was present. 3. We were tired. 4. They were late.

Indirect Statements

1. He says that he was absent. 2. He says that he was present. 3. He says that they were tired. 4. He says that they were late.

It is important to watch the person and number of all pronouns when making indirect quotations.

An indirect question is introduced by the interrogative pronouns, interrogative adjectives, or interrogative adverbs; as,

(1) He asked who came.

(2) He asked what train you took.
(3) He asked why you left.

216. The Sequence of Tenses. The tense of the verb in the clause depends on the tense of the verb in the principal statement. Two rules must be observed: 1. A present, future, or perfect tense in the principal statement may be followed by any tense in the clause; as,.

Brutus is sad because he

loves loved

Cæsar.