carry on the coasting trade, from navigating the waters of New York.

284. The power to regulate commerce extends to conferring privileges upon vessels of the United States, engaged in the coasting trade and fisheries. Coasting trade is the trade carried on between one district and another in the United States, on the sea coast, or on navigable rivers. For the more convenient regulation of this trade, the sea coast and navigable rivers of the United States are divided into three great districts; and all vessels of twenty tons and upwards, being enrolled according to law, and having a license, are entitled to the privileges of vessels employed in the coasting trade or fisheries. Vessels of less burthen, having only a license, are enti tled to the same privileges. No vessel enrolled or licensed for this trade, is permitted to proceed on a foreign voyage, without having given up her enrolment and license, and been registered conformably to the laws regulating vessels employed in foreign trade. If a vessel perform a foreign voyage without complying with this regulation, such vessel, with all her furniture, and goods imported therein, becomes liable to seizure and forfeiture.

285. The power of congress to regulate trade with the Indian tribes, extends to tribes within, as well as without, the boundaries of the United States, or any particular state. It has been a subject of dispute, whether the Indian tribes were to be regarded as foreign nations in their relations to the United States. It has, however, been decided, that they are not recognized as such by the constitution but they are to be considered as domestic, dependent nations, in a state of pupilage to the general government, and holding their territory by right of occupancy. This right of the Indians to their lands is ac

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void? 284. What is the coasting trade? How are the sea coast and navigable rivers of the United States divided? What is necessary to entitle vessels to the privileges of the coasting trade? Under what restrictions are coasting vessels permitted to proceed on a foreign voyage? What is the penalty for not complying with this provision? 285. What relation do the Indian tribes bear towards the United States? How do they hold their territory? 286. How

knowledged in the treaties made with them from time to time. By these treaties, the Indians place themselves under the protection of the general government, which guaranties to them the peaceable possession of their lands not ceded to the United States.

235. But intercourse with the Indian tribes, is subject to legislative regulation. The president, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, is authorized to appoint an agent to each of the several Indian nations, to perform such duties as shall be enjoined on him; and for the faithful performance of these duties, he shall give bonds in the sum of ten thousand dollars. The salaries of these agents are, from $1200 to $1800 a year, each.

287. The president is required also to cause the boundary line between the Indian territory and the United States to be ascertained and marked. To promote civilization among them, and to secure the continuation of their friendship, the president may furnish them with domestie animals and implements of husbandry, and with goods or money, as he shall judge proper: but the amount of such presents may not exceed fifteen thousand dollars a year. He may also employ capable persons of good moral character to instruct them in agriculture, and their children in reading, writing and arithmetic, at an expense not exceeding ten thousand dollars.

288. If any Indian shall enter into any state or territory, and commit any trespass, murder, or other outrages. upon citizens of the United States, satisfaction must be made by the tribe to which such Indian belongs, within one year, for the injury committed. If such tribe neglect or refuse to make satisfaction, the facts are reported to the president, that the necessary steps may be taken to obtain satisfaction: and the United States shall guaranty to the party injured, indemnification for the property destroyed; provided the injured party shall not attempt to obtain private

is Indian intercourse regulated? How are Indian agent appointed! What salaries do they receive? 287. What are the duties and discretionary powers of the president relative to this subject? 26 What laws exist for the punishment of offences committed by In

of

satisfaction or revenge, by crossing over the line of any the Indian lands. But any Indian having so offended, may be apprehended within any state or district: and the president may deduct the sum paid for the property taken or destroyed by such Indian, from the annual stipend which the United States are bound to pay the tribe to which such Indian shall belong.

289. If a citizen or resident of a state or territory shall make a settlement on the lands of any Indian tribe; or if he shall survey, or attempt to survey, such lands, or designate boundaries, by marking trees, or otherwise, the offender shall forfeit a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars, and suffer imprisonment not exceeding one year. The president may take such measures, and employ such force, as he may deem necessary to remove from such lands any person who shall have made a setlement thereon.

290. If such person shall commit murder, by killing any Indian on Indian territory, he shall, if convicted thereof, suffer death. If any citizen of the United States shall commit any trespass within Indian territory, he shall be liable to punishment, by fine and imprisonment, in proportion to the magnitude of the offence.

291. The agents and superintendents of Indian affairs, may, under the direction of the president, grant to citizens of the United States, but to no other person, licenses to trade with the Indian tribes, taking bonds, with sureties, for the due observance of the laws regulating trade with the Indian tribes. Any person who shall attempt to reside in any town or hunting camp of any tribe, as a trader without license, shall forfeit the merchandize found in his possession, or offered for sale, and shall be liable to a fine and imprisonment. No citizen shall buy or receive, of any Indian, by way of trade or barter, a gun or

dians against citizens of the United States? 289. How are citizens of the United States prohibited from intrading upon Indian lands? 290. What is the penalty for killing an Indian or commit ting trespass on Indian territory? 21. What regulations exist respes.ing licenses to trade with the Indians?

other article used in hunting, instrument of husbandry, or article of clothing, except furs or skins; nor shall he buy a horse within the Indian territory, without special license for that purpose.

CHAPTER XV.

Naturalization of Aliens.

292. THE power of congress next enumerated, is the power "to establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States." But while the constitution provides for naturalizing aliens, it does not define the character either of citizens or of aliens. In the absence of such definition, reference must be had to the English common law. In the United States, an alien may be defined to be a person born out of the jurisdiction of the country, and not having acquired the rights of naturalization. To this rule there is, however, an exception. In accordance with the principle of the English law, the right of citizenship is given by the act of 1802, to children born out of the jurisdiction of the United States, of persons who are citizens of the United States: such, for instance, are the children of public ministers born during the residence of their parents in a foreign country.

293. By the adoption of the constitution, the citizens of each state were made citizens of the United States; for all who were not native citizens, or citizens born within the United States, acquired the rights of naturalized citizens, by assuming allegiance to the government. Aliens cannot acquire a title to real estate. Should they

292. What power has congress respecting naturalization? What is an alien? 293. What effect had the adoption of the constitution upon aliens? What are their abilities and disabilities as to holding

purchase it, it is forfeited to the state whenever it is ascertained by proper examination to be the property of an alien. But aliens sometimes do own real property, hold. ing it in the name of a friend. They may own and transmit personal or moveable property in the same manner as citizens; and they may bring suits for the recovery and protection of such property.

294. In pursuance of the power granted by the constitution, congress has provided a mode of removing the disabilities of aliens. By complying with the terms of these provisions, every alien may obtain the privileges of natural born citizens. Naturalization, is the investing of an alien with the rights and privileges of a native subject or citizen.

295. An alien, to become a citizen of the United States, shall declare on oath, before a court of some one of the states, or a circuit court of the United States, or before a clerk of either of said courts, two years before his admission, that it was, bona fide, his intention to become a citizen, and to renounce forever all allegiance to any foreign prince, state or sovereignty, and particularly by name that whereof he is a citizen or subject. He shall, at the time of his application, declare on oath, before one of the said courts, that he will support the constitution of the United States.

296. The court admitting such alien, shall be satisfied that he has resided within the United States five years at least, and within the state or territory in which such court is at the time held, one year at least; and that, during that time, he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same. But the oath of the applicant shall not be allowed to prove his residence.

297. By the act of May 26, 1824, an alien minor may be admitted a citizen at any time after he shail have arri

property? 294. What is naturalization? 295. What declaration, on oath, must an alien make to become a citizen? Before what court? 296. What is further required of the applicant? 297. What is pro