This arrangement is specially adapted for an easy, familiar style. In finished and dignified language, the Preposition is more suitably placed before the Pronoun: as,— "I will show you to whom he is like." (Luke vi. 47.) "Under what captain serve you?" (Sh. Hen. V. iv. 1.) ". . . a victim over whom Providence holds the scourge of its resentment." (Vicar of W. ch. vi.) "I was not displeased that we were rid of a guest from whom we had much to fear." (lb. ch. xiii.) Obs. When the governing Preposition follows, the Pronoun is sometimes carelessly allowed to stand in the Nominative Case: as, "Who do you speak to ?" (Sh. As you Like it, v. 2.) This should on no account be imitated. § 288. The Preposition is most frequently placed at the end of the sentence when the Relative Pronoun is omitted (see § 239): as,— "We had at last the satisfaction of seeing him mounted upon the colt, with a deal-box before him to bring home groceries in" [i.e. in which to bring, &c.] (Vicar of W. ch. xii.) "It was a thing "I had no pence A I was used to" [i. e. to which I was used]. (Ib. xx.) § 289. In very many instances a Preposition, though remaining separate from the Verb, forms with it a virtual compound: as, to laugh at, to see through, to pick up, to meet with, to agree to, &c. These expressions must be parsed as single words, and both in the Passive Voice and in Relative sentences the Verb and Preposition are kept together: as, "Moses, on the contrary, gave him a question or two from the ancients, for which he had the satisfaction of being laughed at." (Vicar of W. ch. v.) "It appeared to me one of the vilest instances of unprovoked ingratitude [that] I had ever met with." (Ib. xv.) "... those little recreations which our retirement would admit of." (Ib. xvi.) "A stick and a wallet were all the moveable things upon this earth that he could boast of." (lb. xx.) VIII. CONJUNCTIONS. $290. Conjunctions are simply the links by which simple sentences are united together and formed into complex ones. They have therefore no power of governing a Case, the Case of every Noun or Pronoun being dependent upon some word in its own sentence. EXCEPTION.-The Conjunction than is followed by the Objective Case of the Pronoun who: see § 241. § 291. When a Conjunction is followed by a Noun or Pronoun without a Verb, the sentence is incomplete; and the Case of the Noun or Pronoun can be determined only by supplying the Verb which is understood. This is often the case with as, than. "His face did shine as the sun." (Matt. xvii. 2.) [Supply, shines: so that sun is Nom.] 66 "No country suffered so much from these invaders as England." (Mac. H. E. i. 10) [Supply, suffered: so that "England" is Nom.] "I shall be pardoned for calling it by so harsh a name as madness." (Locke in Mätzner.) [Supply, is: "madness" is therefore Nom.] "I like the one as well as the other." [Supply, I like (the other): "the other" is therefore Obj.] "You are a much greater loser than me by his death." (Swift in Lowth.) [The sense is, "than I am" "me" is therefore incorrect. It should have been "I."] "If the king gives us leave, you or I may as lawfully preach as them that do." (Hobbes, ib.) 66 [The sense is, as they preach;" so that "them" is incorrect. It should have been "they" or "those."] Obs. 1. This incorrect use of an Objective Case after than is probably due to the influence of Latin [Ablative after Comparative]. Obs. 2. The following passage from Milton is rightly defended by Lowth: "Nor hope to be myself less miserable By what I seek, but others to make such As I." (P. L. ix. 126.) "The Syntax," says Dr. Bentley, "requires make such as me.'" On the con trary, the Syntax necessarily requires, makes such as I:' for it is not, I hope to make others such as to make me:' the Pronoun is not governed by the Verb make, but is the Nominative Case to the Verb am understood: "to make others such as I am." § 292. On the use of the Conjunctions if, provided, unless, that, lest, etc., with the Subjunctive Mood, see §§ 251, foll. § 293. Some Conjunctions form pairs; one member of the pair preceding and preparing the way for the other. These are called Corresponding Conjunctions: as;— Obs. 1. Concerning the Syntax of neither, nor, see § 249. Obs. 2. In poetry nor sometimes appears without a preceding neither : as,— "Simois nor Xanthus shall be wanting there." (Dryden.) also instead of neither nor, occur sometimes nor... nor: as, "Stout Deloraine nor sighed nor prayed." (Scott, Lay.) Obs. 3. As . . . so. "As a war should be undertaken upon a just motive, so a prince ought to consider the condition he is in when he enters on it." (Swift in Johnson, "So.") This usage is nearly obsolete. In the phrase "as white as snow," the first as is an Adverb and the second a Conjunction. $294. But. The word but may be a Preposition, an Adverb, or a Conjunction. Its use as a Preposition has been already explained (§ 286). It is in certain cases difficult to decide whether it is to be regarded as a Conjunction or as an Adverb, especially in some familiar idioms: as, "I cannot but think . . ." "There is no one but knows These expressions are elliptical: "I cannot but "I cannot do otherwise, but [i. e. only]. no one but (he) who = . ;" "there is "there is no one else, but [i. e. only] As introducing a new member of the sentence, but is in these cases best parsed as a Conjunction. Obs. 1. But is strictly by-out or perhaps be-out. [O.E. butan = bi-utan or be-utan: and so = without, except, only.] Obs. 2. But is sometimes found in the place of than; especially after the words "no sooner. . "No sooner said, but from the hall Rush chaplain, butler, dogs, and all." (Pope.) This use of but is matter of rhetoric rather than of grammar. It serves to give greater vivacity to the construction. (Compare Lat. vix quum: Virg. Aen. v. 857.) et, instead of vix PARSING. § 295. TO PARSE words is to state what part of speech they each are, to explain their form, so far as inflexion is concerned, and to show their grammatical relations. § 296. EXAMPLE OF PARSING. "A king sat on the rocky brow And ships in thousands lay below." (Byron.) a, adj. of distinction, called Indefinite Article: belongs to noun “king.” king, noun com. masc., nom. sing.; subject to verb "sat." sat, verb intrans. irreg. [or, strong], "sit, sat or sate, sat :" indic. mood, past indef. tense, 3rd pers. sing.; agreeing with subject “king.” on, prep. governing obj. case "brow." the, adj. of distinction, called Definite Article: belongs to noun “brow.” rocky, adj. of quality, belongs to noun "brow." 66 brow, noun com. neut., obj. sing. ; governed by prep. “ on.” that, rel. pron., nom. sing.; refers to antecedent "brow." looks, verb intrans. reg. [or, weak], indic. mood, pres. indef. tense, 3rd pers. sing. agreeing with subject “that” (= brow). o'er, prep. governing obj. case "Salamis." sea-born, adj. of quality, not compared: belongs to noun Salamis." Salamis, noun prop., obj. case, sing.; governed by "on." and, conj. connecting sentence, "Ships in thousands," &c., to sentence, "A king sat," &c. ships, noun com. neut., nom. plur.; subject to verb "lay." in, prep. governing noun "thousands." thousands, noun com. neut., obj. case, plur.; governed by "in." [Thousands is a noun, as is seen by its taking a plural form: so, dozen, dozens; hundred, hundreds; million, millions.] lay, verb intrans. irreg., "lie, lay, lain :" indic. mood, past indef. tense, 3rd pers. plur.; agreeing with "ships." below, adv. modifying "lay." PART III.-ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES. § 297. To analyse a sentence is to take it to pieces, and show its constituent parts. § 298. Sentences are either SIMPLE or COMPLEX. $299. A Simple Sentence has only one Subject and one Predicate: as "Swift [Subject] wrote [Predicate] the Tale of a Tub." $300. A Complex Sentence is made up of several simple sentences, united together by means of connectives: as— "It is said that one day, in the latter part of his life, Swift, after looking over the Tale of a Tub for some time, suddenly shut the book and exclaimed, 'What a genius I had when I wrote that!"" (Craik, E. Lit. ii. 222.) Here are no less than five Simple Sentences : (1) I [Swift] wrote that [Tale of a Tub]. (2) What a genius I [Swift] had (then)! (3) Swift one day in the latter part of his life, after looking over the Tale of a Tub for some time, suddenly shut the book. (4) Swift exclaimed [What a genius, &c.] (5) It [this story] is said. These simple sentences are linked together by the connectives that, and, when. 1. ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES. § 301. The constituent parts of a Simple Sentence are these : § 302. The SUBJECT denotes that which is spoken of. |