PART. II. O F ETYMOLOGY. SECTION I. Explanation of the parts of Speech. Uitlegging der rededeelen. There are, in the dutch language, ten forts of words, which are generally called the ten parts of fpeech, viz: Het zelfstandig naamwoord, The fubftantive. Het lidwoord, Het bijvoegelijke naamwoord, Het voornaamwoord, Het werkwoord, De telwoorden, The article. De bijwoorden, De voorzetfels, Het voegwoord, Het tusfchenwerpfel, A fubftantive is a word that denotes a perfon, or a thing. It makes fense by itself, and we can place de, the, or een, a, before it: de man, the man; een boek, a book. An article is a word prefixed to fubftantives, to limit or determine their fignification, as: de, the; een, a. An adjective is a word that expresfes the quality of a fubftantive, as: goed, good; lang, long. The pronoun is a word commonly fubftituted in the place of the noun, to avoid its too frequent repe-. tition; for inftance: Ik zag den vader en Sprak tot hem, I faw the father, and spoke to him. In this instance the word hem, him, is put to avoid the repetition of the word vader, father. The verb is a word which either expresses the ftate of the fubject, or an action done by the fubject, or an action received or fuffered by the fubject, for inftance: zijn, to be; fchrijven, to write; geftraft worden, to be punished. The nouns of number denote the quantity of perfons or things: tien kinderen, ten children; honderd tafels, hundred tables. An adverb is a word that determines the fignification of an adnoun or verb: it expresfes fome particular modification or circumftance of the action or quality, as hard loopen, to run fast; opregt beminnen, to love fincerely. Prepofitions are words or particles, placed before nouns, or perfonal pronouns, to fhow the relation they have to other words: and it is their being generally placed before these words, that gives them their name. In mijn huis, in my house; door den vader gefchreven, written by the father. Conjunctions are words that join words, fentences, or members of fentences together, in fuch a manner as to fhow their connection with, or dependence upon one an other, as: ik en gij, I and you; hij fchrijft, maar wij Spelen, he writes, but we play. Interjections are words that express fome pasfion or emotion of the mind, as: helaas! alas! oh! oh! SECTION II. Of articles and fubftantives. Van de lidwoorden en zelffiandige naamwoorden. In dutch, there are but two articles de, the; and De, the, is called the definite article, because it ascertains what particular thing or things are meant, as: geef mij de pen, give me the pen; bring ons den hoed, bring us the hat, meaning fome pen or fome hat referred to. Een is ftyled the indefinite article: it is used in a vague fense, to point out one fingle thing of the kind, in other respects indeterminate, as: geef mij een boek, give me a book; breng mij eene pen, bring me a pen. The peculiar use and importance of the articles will be feen in the following examples :: De zoon van eenen koning, The fon of a king. 2 Subftantives are either proper, or common. Proper names or fubftantives eigennamen are names proper to one perfon, or one thing only, as: Alexander, Alexander; Theems, Thames. Common names or fubftantives, gemeene zelfstandige naamwoorden, ftand for kinds containing many forts, or for forts containing many individuals under them, as: boom, tree; man, mensch; huis house. To fubftantives belong: gender, geflacht, number, getal, and cafes, naamvallen. 1. Of genders. Van de geflachten. In dutch are three genders, the masculine, het mannelijke, the feminine, het vrouwelijke, and the neuter, het onzijdige. It is imposfible to give fufficient rules upon the genders, the following one's will, however, facilitate the beginners. Masculine are: 1. All the words fignifying males, as: koning, king; ftaatsdienaar, minister; bakker, baker; Pieter, Peter; Fan, John. 1. Exceptions: wacht, guard; liifwacht, lifeguard; nachtwacht, nightguard; which are feminine. 2. The names of precious ftones: de agaat, the agate; de faffier, the faphire; de diamant, the diamond. 3. Words ending in dom, and expresfing a rank, ftation or circumstance, as: de adeldom, the nobility; de ouderdom, old age; de rijkdom, riches; de eigendom, propriety. 9 2 4. Almost all the words ending in rm, em, fem Im as: de bliksem, lightning; de arm, the arm; de bezem, the broom; de bodem, the bottom; de galm the found; de worm, the worm; de vorm, the mould. Feminine are: 1. The names of women, and all the words fignifying females, as: Maria, Mary; Catharina, Catherine; de koningin, the queen; de naaifter, the feamftress; de abtdis, the abbess; de tijgerin, the tigress. Ecception: het wijf, the wife; het meisje, the girl; which are neuter. 2. All the letters of the alphabeth, as: eene b ab; eene a, an a. 3. The numbers with an article: de zes, the fix; de zeven, the feventh. The collective numbers are neuter: het honderd, an hundred; het dozin, a dozen; het twintigtal, a score or twenty; het duizend, a thousand. 4. The fubftantives ending in fchap, and deriving from adjectives, as: gramfchap, anger; dronkenschap, drunkenness; blijdschap, joy. Alfo thofe deriving from fubftantives, and expresfing an asfembly of perfons: de broederfchap, fraternity, fociety; de burgerfchap, corporation of a city; de priesterfchap, priesthood. But thefe words are neuter, when they fignify a dignity: het burgerfchap, the right of citizen; het stadhouderfchap, the dignity of ftadholder. 5. Words ending in ing, deriving from verbs, as: de belooning, the reward; de vergelding, the recompenfe; de bevestiging, the affirmation; from the verbs: beloonen, to reward; vergelden, to recompenfe; bevestigen, to affirm 6. Subftantives ending in ij, as: de waardij, the value; de maatschappij, fociety; de veelwijverij, polygamy; de hovaardij, pride. Except thofe preceeded by the prepofition ge, which are neuter: het getij, the tide; het gerij, riding. 7. The greater part of words ending in nis, and deriving from verbs, as: belijdenis, confesfion; from beliiden, to confess; de ergernis, offence; from ergeren, to offend. Exception: het vonnis, the fentence; het or de getuigenis, testimony, evidence; the latter is neuter and feminine. 6. Subftantives ending in heid, as: de regtvaardigheid, juftice; de vrolijkheid, gayety; de grootheid, grandour; de goedheid, bounty. 9. Thofe ending in te and deriving from adnouns: de hoogte, highness; de grootte, grandour; de flaauwte, faintess; de fchuinte, declivity. Neuter are: 1. All the nouns proper of cities, villages and countries, as: het uitgestrekte Rusland, the extenfive Rusfia; het rijke Londen, the rich London. 2. The infinitive mood of a verb, ufed like a fubftantive: het eten, eating; het lagchen, laughing, het spelen, playing. 3. The fubftantives deriving from verbs, by retrenching the termination; as: het gefchreeuw, crying, |