23. A garden has 54 hills of cucumbers and squashes. There are 14 hills of squashes. How many hills of cucumbers are there?

24. Fred has $25 toward a bicycle, for which he is to pay $45. How many more dollars does he need?

25. Harry is 9 inches shorter than his brother Walter. Walter is 63 inches tall. How tall is Harry?

26. A lady paid 75 cents for some tea and coffee. The coffee cost 50 cents. What was the cost of the tea?

27. A boy added two numbers and his answer was 60. If one of the numbers was 26, what was the other?

28. Jane wants a reader that costs 50 cents. She has only 25 cents. How many more cents must she get?

29. When Carl saves 35 cents more he will have 70 cents. How many cents has he?

30. A man paid $95 for a horse and cart. What did the horse cost if the cart cost $20?

31. A class has 60 minutes for reading and spelling. How many minutes do the pupils have for reading if they take 20 minutes for spelling?

32. Mr. Henry's parlor is 97 inches high. The wainscoting above which it is to be papered is 33 inches high. Into what lengths must the paper be cut?

33. A farmer sold a grocer 78 dollars' worth of hay. He took in payment, 16 dollars' worth of flour, 10 dollars' worth of sugar, 8 dollars' worth of other groceries, and the rest in money. How much money did he get?

34. A man earns $85 a month. He pays $18 for house-rent, $12 for meat, and $15 for groceries. How many dollars has he left?

35. 65 boys worked on an example. 48 boys found the correct answer. How many have a wrong answer?

36. A farmer raised 84 bushels of potatoes. He kept 28 bushels. How many bushels did he sell?

WRITTEN EXERCISES.

54. 37. A man bought land for $2,560, and sold it for $4,080. How much did he gain?

38. A man sold a piece of property for $4,750 and gained $875. How much did the property cost him?

39. A man bought wheat for $39,600. How much must he gain to receive $42,750 for it?

40. An army of 76,397 men is required by a general who finds he has only 57,698 men. How many more men must he have?

41. Columbus discovered America in 1492. How many years from that time to the landing of the Pilgrims in 1620?

42. The sum of two numbers is 86,45%. One of them is 63,589. What is the other number?

43. What number added to two hundred sixty-nine thousand eight hundred seventy-five, will make one million two hundred seventy-four thousand three hundred fifty-four?

44. Henry Hudson sailed up the Hudson River in 1609. How many years ago was that?

45. The difference is five hundred twenty-eight thousand seven hundred forty-six, and the minuend is nine hundred forty-seven thousand six hundred twenty-eight. What is the subtrahend?

46. The difference is three hundred forty-eight thousand six hundred fifty-two, and the larger number is seven million one hundred twenty-six thousand four hundred ninety-two. What is the smaller number?

47. What number subtracted from sixty-two million three hundred seventy-four thousand eight hundred ninety-six, will leave six million five hundred ninety-four thousand five hundred seventy-three?

48. 4,368,798-487,695-?

49. What length of time elapsed between the birth of Sir Francis Bacon, in 1561, and the birth of Benjamin Franklin, in 1706?

50. In 1890, the State having the greatest number of miles of railroad was Illinois, with 10,071 miles. Kansas was next, with 8,806 miles. How many more miles had Illinois than Kansas?

51. Texas, the largest State, has an area of 265,780 square miles; California, the next largest State, has an area of 158,360 square miles. How much larger is

Texas than California?

52. The value of the mirrors manufactured in this country was $304,000 in 1880, and $6,000,533 in 1890. How much greater was the value in 1890 than in 1880?

53. The value of the matches manufactured in 1890 was $2,193,638, and in 1880, $4,668,446. How much did the value decrease in ten years?

54. The number of tons of freight moved on the Ohio River in 1890 was 7,770,565, and on the Mississippi River, 8,861,182. How many more tons were moved on the Mississippi River than on the Ohio?

55. A boy working an example used the number 2,306,400, which he afterward found was too large by 28,875. What was the correct number?

56. In 1890, New York's population, which was the largest of any State, was 5,997,853. Pennsylvania's population was 5,258,014, which was the next largest. How much greater was the population of New York than that of Pennsylvania?

57. In 1889, Colorado produced 18,375,551 ounces of silver, and Montana produced 13,511,455 ounces. How many more ounces did Colorado produce than Montana?

58. New York, in 1890, produced 24,616,736 bushels of potatoes; Iowa, 18,068,311 bushels. How much greater was the product in New York than in Iowa?

59. The value of live stock in the United States, June 1, 1890, was $2,208,767,573. June 1, 1880, it was $1,500,384,707. Find the increase in ten years.

60. Two vessels 4,872 miles apart start to meet each other. When one of them has gone 1,686 miles and the other 1,597 miles, how many miles are they apart?

61. How far apart would they have been at that time if they had sailed in opposite directions?

62. From what number must 713 be taken twice to leave 16,347?

63. To what number must 874 be added twice to make 12,316?

MULTIPLICATION.

55. 1. How many doves are 2 doves and 2 doves and 2 doves?

2. How many are 3 pencils and 3 pencils and 3 pencils and 3 pencils? what?

3. How many are 4 plums and 4 plums and 4 plums and 4 plums and 4 plums?

what?

4. How many are $7 and $7 and $7 and $7 and $7 and $7?

what?

5. How many are 6 and 6 and 6 and 6?

what?

6. How do the numbers to be added in each problem above compare in size?

7. How many equal numbers are to be added in each problem?

8. Find the cost of 8 pounds of beef at 9 cents a pound.

9 cents

8 times 72 cents

See illustration in the margin. This method of finding the sum of equal numbers is called Multiplication.

Why must the 72 mean 72 cents?

Multiplication is finding the sum of as many equal numbers as the number of units in another number. The Multiplicand is one of the equal numbers to be added.