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TABLES OF MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES.

FEDERAL MONEY.

I. Federal Money is the currency of the United States. The denominations are, Eagles, dollars, dimes, cents and mills.

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II. The national coins of the United States are of three kinds, viz: gold, silver, and copper.

1. The gold coins are the eagle, half eagle, and quarter eagle, the double eagle, and gold dollar.

2. The silver coins are the dollar, half dollar, quarter dollar, the dime, half dime, and three-cent-piece. 3. The copper coins are the cent and half cent. Mills are not coined.

Note.-Federal money was established by Congress, August 8th, 1786. Previous to this, English or Sterling money was the principal currency of the country.

STERLING MONEY.

III. Sterling or English Money, is the national currency of Great Britain.

4 farthings (gr. or far.) make 1 penny,

12 pence

20 shillings

21 shillings

marked d.

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1 shilling,

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S.

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1 pound, or sovereign, £.

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QUEST.-1. What is Federal Money? Recite the Table. 2. Of how many kinds are the coins of the United States? What are the gold coins? What are the silver coins? The copper coins? When and by whom was Federal Money established? 3. What is Sterling Money? Repeat the Table. How many farthings in 2 pence? In 3 pence! In 5 pence, &c.? How many pence in 2 shillings? In 4 shillings, &‚ ̈` In 8 farthings how many pence? In 12 far. ? In 14 far. 1

Note-Questiors like the preceding may be asked, with advantage, upon each of the subsequent Tables.

OBS. The Pound Sterling is represented by a gold coin, called a Sovereign. Its legal value, according to Act of Congress, 1942, is $4.84; its intrinsic value, according to assays at the U. S. mint, is $4.861. The legal value of an English shilling is 24 cents.

TROY WEIGHT.

IV. Troy Weight is used in weighing gold, silver, jewels, liquors, &c., and is generally adopted in philosophical experiments.

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Note.-Most children have very erroneous or indistinct ideas of the weights and measures in common use. It is, therefore, strongly recommended for teachers to illustrate them practically, by referring to some visible object of equal magnitude, or by exhibiting the ounce, the pound; the linear inch, foot, yard, and rod; also a square and cubic inch, foot, &c.

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT..

V. Avoirdupois Weight is used in weighing groceries and all coarse articles; as sugar, tea, coffee, butter, cheese, flour, hay, &c., and all metals except gold and silver.

16 drams (dr.)

16 ounces

25 pounds

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1 pound,

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4 quarters, or 100 lbs. " 20 hund., or 2000 lbs.

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1 hundred weight, cut.

T.

OBS. 1. Gross weight is the weight of goods with the boxes, casks, or bags, which contain them, and allows 112 lbs. for a hundred weight.

Net weight is the weight of the goods only.

2. Formerly it was customary to allow 112 pounds for a hundred weight; but the laws of most of the states, as well as general usage, now call 100 lbs. a hundred weight.

QUEST. Obs. By what is the Pound Sterling represented? What is its legal value in dolars and cents? What is the value of an English shilling? 4. In what is Troy Weight what is Avoirdupois Weight used? gross weight? What is not weight? allowed for a hun tred weight?

used? Recite the Table. 5. In Recite the Table. Obs. What is How many pounds were formerly

APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT.

VI. Apothecaries' Weight is used by apotheca ries and physicians in mixing medicines.

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OBS. 1. The pound and ounce in this weight are the same as the Troy pound and ounce; the subdivisions of the ounce are different.

2. Drugs and medicines are bought and sold by avoirdupois weight.

LONG MEASURE.

VII. Long Measure is used in measuring length or distances only, without regard to breadth or depth.

12 inches (in.)
3 feet

5 yards, or 16 feet
40 rods

8 furlongs, or 320 rods
3 miles

60 geographical miles, or

69 statute miles

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marked ft.

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1 yard,

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1 mile,
1 league,

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1.

"deg, or °.

360 deg. make a great circle, or the circumference of the earth

OBS. 1. 4 inches make 1 hand; 9 inches, 1 span; 18 inches, 1 cubit; 6 feet, 1 fathom; 4 rods or 100 links, 1 chain; 25 links, 1 red; 7 inches 1 link.

2. Long measure is frequently called linear or lineal measure. Formerly the inch was divided into 3 barleycorns; but the barleycorn, as a measure, has become obsolete. The inch is commonly divided either into eighths or tenths; sometimes, it is divided into twelfths, which are called lines.

QUEST.-6. In what is Apothecaries' Weight used? Pepeat the Table. To what are the apothecaries' pound and ounce equal? How are drugs and medicines bought and sold? 7. In what is Long Measure used? Repeat the Table Draw a line an inch long upon your slate or back-board. Draw one two inches long. Draw another a foot long. raw one a yard long. How long is your teacher's desk? How long is the school-room? How wide? Obs. What is long raeasure fre quently called? How is the inch commonly divided at the present day?

CLOTH MEASURE.

VIII. Cloth Measure is used in measuring cloth, lace, and all kinds of goods which are bought or sold by the yard.

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The yard

OBS. Cloth measure is a species of long measure.

is the same in both. Cloths, laces, &c., are bought and sold by the linear yard, without regard to their width.

SQUARE MEASURE.

IX. Square Measure is used in measuring surfaces, or things whose length and breadth are considered without regard to heighth or depth; as land, flooring, plastering, &c.

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9 sq.

ft. 1 sq. yd.`

4 roods, or 160 sq. rods " 640 acres

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OBS. 1. A square is a figure which has four equal sides, and all its angles right-angles, as seen in the adjoining figure. Hence,

2. A Square Inch is a square, whose sides are each a linear inch in length. 3. A Square Foot is a square, whose sides are each a linear foot in length. 4. A Square Yard is a square, whose sides are each a linear yard or three linear feet in length, and contains 9 square feet, as represented by the adjacent figure.

Repeat the Table

QUEST.-8. In what is Cloth Measure used? 9. In what is Square Measure used? Repeat the Table.

CUBIC MEASURE.

X. Cubic Measure is used in measuring solid bodies, or things which have length, breadth, and thickness, such as timber, stone, boxes of goods, the capacity of rooms, &c.

1728 cubic inches (cu. in.) make 1 cubic foot,

27 cubic feet

40 feet of round, or

50 ft. of hewn timber

marked cu. ft.

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1 cubic yard,

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cu. yd.

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42 cubic feet

16 cubic feet

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1 ton

1 ton of shipping, "
1 cord foot, or a

OBS. 1. A pile of wood 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet high, contains 1 cord. For 8 into 4 into 4=128.

2. A Cube is a solid body bound

ed by six equal squares. It is often called a hexaedror. Hence,

A Cubic Inch is a cube, each of whose sides is a square inch, as represented by the adjoining figure.

A Cubic Foot is a cube, each of whose sides is a square foot.

3. The Cubic Ton is chiefly used in estimating the cartage and trans

portation of timber. By a ton of round timber is meant, such a quantity of timber in its rough or natural state, as when hewn, will make 40 cubic feet, and is supposed to be equal in weight to 50 feet of hewn timber.

4. The cubic ton or load, is by no means an accurate or uniform standard of estimating weight; for, different kinds of timber, are of very different degrees of density. But it is perhaps sufficiently accurate for the purposes to which it is applied.

QUEST. Obs. What is a square? What is a square inch? What is a square foot? A square yard? Can you draw a square inch? Can you draw a square foot? A square yard? 10. In what is Cubic Measure used? Recite the Table. How long, wide, and high, must a pile of wood be to make a core? What is a cube ? What is a cubic inch? What is a cubic foot? Can you draw a culic inch on your slate ?

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