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LESSONS IN FRENCH.—IX.

SECTION 1.-FRENCH PRONUNCIATION (continued).

IV. NAME AND SOUND OF THE CONSONANTS.

50. F, f.-In the commencement and body of words, this letter is usually pronounced as the letter f in the English word for. It is sometimes sounded also in the end of words. There are several exceptions, however, which are best found in the French dictionary. In the French word neuf, which means nine, the f is silent when it precedes a word commencing with a consonant, thus:-neuf lis, nine lilies, is pronounced as if printed neu lis. But the striking peculiarity of this letter consists in the fact that it receives the sound of the letter v, as in the English word roir, before another word commencing with a vowel or h mute, and is joined with this word in pronunciation, as if it were its first letter, namely:

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Château, m., country house, villa.
Chaumière, f., hut, cottage.
Chaux, f., lime.
Cheminée, f., chimney.
Cimetière, m., burying-ground,
churchyard.

Cloche, f., bell (large), church-bell, etc.
Clocher, m., church-steeple.
Clochette, f., small bell.
Cloitre, m., cloister.
Cour, f., yard, court.
Couvent, m., convent.

[bourhood.

Cuisine, f., kitchen.
Douane, f., custom-house.
Environs, m. pl., environs, neigh
Écurie, f., stable.
Escalier, m., stairs.
Etage, m., story, floor.
Faubourg, m., suburb.
Ferme, f., farm.

Fontaine, f., fountain, well.
Four, m., oven.
Gouttière, f., gutter.
Grand chemin,
Grand'route,
Grange, f., barn.
Grenier, m., garret.

Haie, f., hedge.

}m., highway.

Hameau, m., hamlet.
Hôpital, m., hospital.
Hôtel-de-ville, town house, city house,

guildhall, city hall, town hall.
Meuble, m., piece of furniture.
Meubles, m. pl., furniture.
Monnaie, f., mint.
Mortier, m., mortar.
Mur, m., muraille, f., wall.
Palais, m., palace.

Allumette, f., match.

Paroisse, f., parish.

Pavé, m., pavement.

Pépinière, f., nursery of trees.
Persienne, f., blind, open shutters.

Plafond, m., ceiling.
Planche, f., board.
Plancher, m., floor.
Poêle, m., stove.
Pompe, f., pump.
Pont, m., bridge.

Porte, f., door, gate.

Poste, f., post, post-office.

Poutre, f., beam.

Prairie, f., Pré, m., meadow.

Prison, f., prison.

Puits, m., well.

Quartier, m., quarter.

Rampe (d'escalier), balustrade of a
staircase.

Rez-de-chaussée, m., ground floor.
Sacristie, f., vestry.

Salle, f., parlour, sitting-room.

Salon, m., drawing-room, hall.
Serre, f., conservatory.

Serre-chaude, f., hot-house.

Serrure, f., lock.

Sonnette, f., bell.

Théâtre, m., theatre.

Toit, m., roof.
Tour, f., tower.
Tuile, f., tile.

Verger, m., orchard.

Verrou, m., bolt.

Vestibule, m., hall, entry.

Vigne, f., vignoble, m., vineyard.

Village, m., village.

Volet, m., window-shutter.
Voûte, f., vault.

7. MEUBLES.-FURNITURE.

Lit de plume, m., feather-bed.

Allumette chimique, f., friction- Lumière, f., light.

match.

Amadou, m., tinder.

Armoire, f., cupboard.
Baril, m., cask, barrel.
Bassin, m., bowl, wash-bowl.
Bassinoire, f., warming-pan.
Berceau, m., cradle.
Boite-à-fusil, f., tinder-box.

Bougie, f., taper.
Bouilloire, f., kettle.
Briquet, m., fire-steel.
Cadre, m., frame.
Candélabre, m., chandelier.
Casserole, f., saucepan.
Cassette, f., box, casket.
Chandelle, f., candle.

Charbon de bois, m., charcoal.
Charbon de terre, m., pit-coal.
Chaudière, f., boiler.
Coffre, m., chest.

Commode, f., chest of drawers.
Corbeille, f., basket.
Crible, m., sieve.
Cruche, f., pitcher.
Cuvier, m., tub.
Drap, m., sheet.
Entonnoir, m., funnel.
Ecumoire, f., skimmer.

Essuie-main, m., towel.
Fer à repasser, m., iron.
F'ourgou, m., poker.
Foyer, m., hearth.
Lampe, f., lamp.
Lanterne, f., lantern.
Lit, m., bed.

Bœuf, m., beef.

Lustre, m., sconce.

Marchepied, m., footstool.
Mouchettes, f. pl., snuffers.
Mortier, m., mortar.

Moutardier, m., mustard-pot.

Nappe, f., tablecloth
Oreiller, m., pillow.
Panier, m., basket.
Paravent, m., screen.
Peinture, f., painting, picture.
Pelle, f., shovel.
Pierre à fusil, f., flint.
Pincettes, f. pl., tongs.
Pocle, f., frying-pan.
Poivrière, f., pepper-box.
Pot, m., kettle.
Pupitre, m., desk.
Salière, f., salt-cellar.
Savon, m., soap.
Seau, m., pail.
Serviette, f., napkin.
Sofa, m., soja.
Soufllet, m.,

bellows.

Soupière, f., soup-tureen.

Sucrier, m., sugar-dish.

Tableau, m., picture.

Tablette, f., shelf.
Tapis, m., carpet.

Théière, f., a tea-pot.

Tire-bouchon, m., corkscrew.

Tiroir, m., drawer.

Traversin, m., bolster.

Ustensiles de cuisine, m. pl., kitchen

utensils.

Verre, m., glass.

8. PLATS, ETC.-DISHES, ETC.

Bouilli, m., boiled beef, boiled meat.

Bouillon, m., broth.

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Mouton, m., mutton.

Euf, m., egg.

Omelette, f., omelet.

Porc, m., pork.

Rafraichissements, m. pl., refresh ments.

Gigot de mouton, m., leg of mutton. Roti, m., roast meat.

Saucisse, f., sausage.

Soupe, f., soup.

Soupe maigre, f., vegetable soup.
Tarte, f., tart.

9. LEGUMES, GRAIN,
Ail, m. pl., aulx or aux, garlic.
Asperge, f., asparagus.
Avoine, f., oats.
Betterave, f., beet.

Blé, m., wheat.

Carotte, f., carrot.

Céleri, m., celery.

Champignon, m., mushroom.
Chou, m., cabbage.
Choufleur, m., cauliflower.
Concombre, m., cucumber.
Cresson, m., cress.

Épinards, m. pl., spinage.
Fève, f., bean.

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Veau, m., veal.

Vermicelle, m., vermicelli.
Volaille, f., fowl.
ETC.-VEGETABLES, Grain, etc.
Millet, m., millet.
Navet, m., turnip.
Ognon, m., onion.
Orge, f., barley.
Oseille, f., sorrel.
Panais, m., parsnip.
Persil, f., parsley.
Plante, f., plant.
Poireau, m., leek.
Pois, m., pea.
Racine, f., root.

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Radis, m., turnip-radish.
Rave, f., radish.
Riz, m., rice.
Sauge, f., sage.
Seigle, m., rye.
Thym, m., thyme.
Truffe, f., truffle.

ETC.-FLOWERS, ETC.
Ortie, f., nettle.

Pavot, m., poppy.
Pensée, f., forget-me-not.
Pied d'alouette, m., larkspur.
Primevère, f., cowslip.
Renoncule, f., ranunculus.
Rose, f., rose.

Tournesol, m., sunflower.
Tulipe, f., tulip.
Violette, f., violet.

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Septième,

Seventh.

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Huitième,

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Neuvième,

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Dixième,

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Onzième,

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Eighth.
Ninth.
Tenth.
Eleventh.
Twelfth.
Thirteenth.

Fourteenth.
Fifteenth.
Sixteenth.

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Aujourd'hui, to-day,
Canelle, f., cinnamon.
Centime, m., centime,
the hundredth part of
a franc.
Combien, how much,
how many.
Cravate, f., cravat.
Demi, half.

d'enfants avez-vous ?

the second.

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1. Le cheval que vous avez est-il bon ? 2. Il est meilleur que celui que vous avez et que celui de notre ami. 3. Combien 4. Je n'en ai qu'un, mais l'Italien en a plus que moi. 5. Avons-nous le dix Septembre? 6. Non, Monsieur, nous avons le neuf Février. 7. Avez-vous ma cravate de soie ou ma cravate de mousseline? 8. J'ai l'une et l'autre. 9. Avez-vous huit kilogrammes de canelle? 10. Non, Monsieur, je n'en ai qu'un demi-kilogramme. 11. Combien de francs avezvous, Monsieur ? 12. Je n'ai qu'un demi-franc, mais mon ami a un franc et demi. 13. Votre sœur a-t-elle vingt-cinq centimes? 14. Oui, Monsieur, elle a un quart de franc. 15. N'avons-nous pas le premier Août? 16. Non, Monsieur, nous avons le six Septembre. 17. Est-ce aujourd'hui le dix? 18. Non, Monsieur, c'est le onze. 19. Votre frère a-t-il la première place? 20. Non, Monsieur, il a la dixième. 21. Votre menuisier a-t-il bean. coup d'outils? 22. Oui, Monsieur, il en a beaucoup. 23. Cet ouvrage a-t-il dix volumes ? 24. Non, Monsieur, il n'en a que neuf. 25. J'ai le sixième volume des œuvres de Molière et le premier volume de "L'Histoire de France" de Michelet.

EXERCISE 32.

1. Is that cinnamon good? 2. That cinnamon is better than yours and your brother's. (R. 1.) 3. What day of the month is it to-day? 4. It is the sixth. 5. Has your father twenty francs ? 6. No, Sir, he has only six francs fifty centimes. 7. How many volumes has your work? 8. It has many, it has fifteen. 9. Has the joiner read (lu) the second volume of Miche let's "History of France ?" 10. Yes, Sir, he has read the secord volume (of it). 11. Has your friend Molière's works? 12. He has only two volumes of them. 13. Have you my cloth coat or my velvet coat? 14. We have both. 15. We have this and that. 16. How much cinnamon have you? 17. We have two kilogrammes. 18. How many centimes has the merchant? 19. 21. I have neither the third nor the fourth, I have the tenth. He has twenty-six. 20. Have you the third or the fourth place? 22. Are you not ashamed to-day? 23. No, Sir, I am not, ashamed, but I am afraid. 24. Have you a quarter of a frane ? The tenth of August, the fifth cf July. 25. No, Sir, but I have a half franc. 26. Is it (have we) the The first of next month.

Seventeenth.
Eighteenth.
Nineteenth.
Twentieth.

Vingt,
5. The cardinal numbers are used in French for the day of
the month, except the first, for which the ordinal number premier
is substituted :-

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Le dix Août, le cinq Juillet,

Le premier du mois prochain,

sixth of July? 27. No, Sir, it is (we have) the fourth of March.

6. The verb avoir, to have, is used actively [§ 26 (1)] for the 28. Has your uncle six children? 29. No, Sir, he has only one. day of the month. The verb être may also be used:

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LESSONS IN PENMANSHIP.-IX. THE letter p is the first letter that the learner has met with that extends below the line b b, and it will be necessary here to say something about its proportions, as they are given in slips Nos. 28, 30, and 31.

On inspecting any copy-slip that has the letter 1 in it, it will be found that the letter p extends as far below the line bb as the letter 1 extends above the line a a. That portion of the letter p which extends above the line a a is longer by one-sixCopy-teenth of an inch than the distance to which the letter t extends above the same line, or the distance between the top of the bottom-turn of the letter i and the dot above it, as may be seen by examining Copy-slips Nos. 30 and 31.

It will be remembered that in "large text," the distance between the lines a a, b b, that contain what we have called the body of the letter, is, or ought to be, exactly half an inch; and as the line c c is midway between the lines a a, b b, the distance

p hut

put

fin

We have been thus particular in dwelling upon the distances to which letters such as t, 1, h, p should extend above a a, or

COPY-SLIP NO. 28.-THE LETTER p.

COPY-SLIP NO. 29.-THE WORD hut.

COPY-SLIP NO. 30.-THE WORD put.

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of an inch.

COPY-SLIP NO. 31. THE WORD pin.

between each of these lines and the central line, c c, is a quarter Now the distance between a a and the line ff, at which the long straight stroke of the letter p is commenced, is also a quarter of an inch, and is equal to the distance between a a and c c, or between bb and c c. The distance between bb and g 9, the line at which the long straight stroke terminates, is rather less than half an inch, or, to speak in exact terms, just seven-sixteenths of an inch; that is to say, if an inch were divided into sixteen equal parts, the distance between bb and g g is equal to seven of them, while the distances fa, ac, c b, on the straight line fg, are each equal to four-sixteenths of an inch, which is merely another expression for a quarter of an inch, as our learners will find when they have got on far enough in Arithmetic to be working at Vulgar Fractions.

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below bb, in order to induce the learner to pay strict attention to the relative proportions of his letters. The importance of this will be seen by any one who is curious enough to extend these letters to a greater or less length above a a, or below b b, than is allotted for their extension in our Copy-slips. The general appearance of handwriting that would otherwise be good, is often completely spoiled by a want of proper proportion in the heads, loops, and tails of the letters. Those who wish to be distinguished for writing a plain and legible hand, must aim at the neatness and beauty of the writing that is found in old deeds, and books copied by the monks who lived before ** time of Caxton. The letters of these famous penmer regular in their proportions and as sharply and delic fined as if they had been carefully printed from well-c

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LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC.-IX.

LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE.

This method of arrangement evidently gives the greatest number of times which each prime factor occurs in any one of the given numbers. Thus 2 occurs three times in 72, 3 occurs

1. ONE number is called a multiple of another when it can be twice in 72, and 7 occurs only once-viz., in 42 and 84. divided by the latter without a remainder.

Thus, a measure and a multiple are the converse of each other. If a number divides another without remainder, it is said to be a measure of it, and the latter number is said to be a multiple of the first.

A common multiple of two or more numbers is a number which can be divided by each of them without a remainder. It will clearly be a composite number, of which each of the given numbers must be a factor, for it could not otherwise be divided by them.

The same numbers may clearly have an infinite number of common multiples, for any one common multiple having been found, another may be obtained by multiplying it by any number.

The continued product of two or more numbers will always give a common multiple of those numbers.

The least common multiple of two or more numbers is the least number which can be divided by each of them without a remainder.

Thus, 70 is the least common multiple of 2, 5, and 35.

2. The least common multiple of two or more numbers is evidently composed of the continued product of all the different prime factors which compose the given numbers, each one being repeated as often as the greatest number of times it occurs in any one of the numbers. For if it did not contain all the prime factors of any one of the numbers, it could not be divided by that number.

On the other hand, if any prime factor were employed more times than it is repeated in any one of the given numbers, it would not be the least common multiple.

For the sake of brevity the words "least common multiple" are sometimes written L. C. M.

3. EXAMPLE.-Find the L. C. M. of 12, 126, and 735. These are respectively equal to

2 x 2 x 3, 2 × 3 × 3 × 7, 3 x 5 x 7 x 7. Now 2, 3, 5, 7 are all the different prime factors which occur in any of the numbers; and the greatest number of times which 2 occurs is twice-namely, in the first; the greatest number which 3 occurs is twice-namely, in the second; 5 only occurs once-namely, in the third; and the greatest number of times which 7 occurs is twice-namely, in the third. Hence the L. C. M. required will be

2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5 x 7 x 7; that is, 8820.

4. The process, then, of finding the least common multiple of two or more numbers is reduced to that of splitting up the numbers into their prime factors.

This may be effected, however, by a more convenient method of arrangement than splitting each number separately into factors would be, for which we give the following

Rule for finding the least common multiple of two or more

numbers.

Write down the numbers in a straight line apart from each other. Divide by the least number which is a measure of two or more of them, and set down the quotients and the undivided numbers in a line below. Take again the least number which is a measure of two or more of these numbers last set down, and perform the same operation as before. Continue it until there are no two numbers which can be divided by any number greater The continued product of all the divisors, and the than unity. numbers set down in the last line, will be the least common multiple required.

5. EXAMPLE.-To find the L. C. M. of 12, 42, 72, and 84.

EXERCISE 21.

1. Find the least common multiple of the following numbers:-
1. 15 and 45.
13. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.

2. 63 and 18.

3. 6, 9, and 15.
4. 8, 16, 18, and 24.

5. 9, 15, 12, 6, and 5.
6. 5, 10, 8, 18, and 15.
7. 24, 16, 18, and 20.
8. 36, 25, 60, 72, and 35.
9. 27, 54, 81, 14, and 63.
10. 72, 120, 180, 24, and 36.
11. 375, 850, 3400, and 5085.
12. 7, 11, 13, and 5.

14. 657, 350, 876, 1095, 2190, and 5795.

15. 42, 12, 84, and 72.

16. 9, 12, 72, 36, and 144.

17. 8, 12, 20, 24, and 25.

18. 63, 12, 84, and 7.
19. 54, 81, 63, and 14.
20. 75, 120, and 300.
21. 96, 144, and 720.
22. 256, 512, and 1728.
23. 375, 850, and 3400.

LESSONS IN GERMAN.-VIII. SECTION XVI.-USE OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE; PROPER NAMES, ETC ETC.

THE plural of Mann is Männer; except in compounds, where it is generally Leute ($ XV. Note), as Lantmann, countryman: Lant feute, country-people. 3immermann carpenter; 3immerleute, carpenters. Hauptmann, captain; Hauptleute, captains. Kaufmann, merchant; Kaufleute, merchants.

Volf corresponds mainly to our word people. Unlike this, however, it has different forms for the two numbers, as :-Dir Franzoien fint ein lebhaftes Volf; the French are a lively people. Die Fürsten schwelgen, und das Volk leitet; the princes revel, and the people suffer. Alle Völker auf Erten, 1 Mojes xviii. 18; all the nations of the earth, Genesis xviii. 18.

The word one, as a pronoun, is, in English, often inserted after an adjective, to avoid the repetition of the noun; in German, however, the adjective in such a case stands alone, as:Er hat einen guten Hut, und ich habe einen schlechten; he has a good hat, and I have a bad (one). Ich habe gute Hüte, und er hat schlechte. I have good hats, and he has bad (ones). Er hat guten Wein, und ich habe schlechten, he has good wine, and I have bad (wine).

The adjective and participle preceded by an article are often used substantively, as well in the singular as in the plural, as:Der Zufriedene (Sect. IX. 2) ift glüdlich; the contented (man) is happy. Die Zufrierene ist glücklich; the contented (woman) is happy. Die 3ufrierenen sind glücklich; the contented are happy. Ein Zufriedener (Sect. X.) ist glücklich; a contented (man) is happy. Der Sterbente, die Sterbente; the dying (man), the dying (woman). Die Lebenten: the living.

article, converted into abstract nouns, as:-
1. Adjectives in German are often, by means of the definite
-Er verehrt das Schöne:
he adores the beautiful.

2. The use of the definite article before nouns, taken in a
generai sense, is much more frequent than in English, as:-
:-Der
diamond is a precious stone.
Der Diamant ist ein Etelstein; the
Tiger ist flink: the tiger is agile.
Das Gelb ist ein evels Metall; (the)
gold is a precious metal. Die Luft ist ein Element; the air is all
element. Das Wasser ist ein Glement; (the) water is an element.
Die Seele ist unsterblich; the soul is immortal.
Der Mensch ist
fterblich; (the) man is mortal. Die Faulheit ist ein Laster; (the) idle-

ness is a vice.

-Die Tiger find flint,

(the) tigers are agile.
The plural is used in the same manner, as:-

3. The definite article is sometimes used instead of the pos
sessive pronouns, as :-
-Er hat ein Buch in der Hant; he has a

The process will be sufficiently understood from the following book in the (his) hand. working:

2) 12, 42, 72, 84

2) 6, 21, 36, 42

3) 3, 21, 18, 21

7) 1, 7, 6, 7

1, 1, 6, 1

Hence the L. C. M. is 6 x 7 x 3 x 2 x 2; that is 504.

with the (its) father.

Das Kind ist bei dem Vater; the child is

4. Proper names and titles are often preceded by the defi nite article, as :-Wo ist der Heinrich? where is (the) Henry? Der Kaiser Heinrich, the Emperor Henry. Der König Heinrich; (the) King Henry.

The definite article likewise commonly precedes the adjective qualifying a proper name, as :-) - Die schöne Helene, the beautiful Helen. Der arme Richard; (the) poor Richard.

The article is also generally used before the word Schule, Kirche, Markt, Mühle. ., as :-Er ist in der Schule; he is (in) at (the) school. Er ist in der Kirche; he is (in) at (the) church. Er ist auf

tem Marft; he is at the market. Er ist in der Mühle; he is in the Der Herr Gesand'te ist so eben mit mill. Er geht nach der Mühle; he is going to (the) mill.

5. The word Herr, when placed before a proper name, answers to our Mr., as:-Ift Herr N. hier? is Mr. N. here? Frau in the like position signifies Mrs., as:-Wo ist Frau N.? where is Mrs. N. Präulein, thus placed, answers to our word Miss, as:-Fräulein N. ist hier; Miss N. is here. Guten Morgen, Herr N., Frau N., Fräulein N.; good morning, Mr. N., Mrs. N., Miss N. Instead of Frau the French Matam is often used, as :-Maram R.; Mrs. N.

In address, when the name is omitted, the possessive pronoun precedes the words Herr and Fräulein, as :-Guten Morgen, mein Herr, mein Fräulein; good morning, Sir, Miss.

In the plural the form of address is: Meine Herren! Gentlemen! Meine Damen! Ladies! Meine Fräulein! Young ladies!

The word Fräulein, when connected with the name, is used like

its corresponding word in English, as:-Cind die Fräulein N. zu In ceremonious address the word Herr is prefixed to titles, as:-Herr Präficent; Mr. President. Herr Sprecher; Mr. Speaker. Sere Paftor; (Mr.) Pastor. Herr Oberst; (Mr.) Colonel. Herr Profeier; (Mr.) Professor. Herr Lehrer; (Mr.) Teacher. Herr Ritter; Sir Knight. Herr, preceded by the definite article, is applied to these titles as well in the third person as in the second, as :-) Wo ist der Herr Brafitent? Where is the (Mr.) President? Wissen Sie, wo der Here Oberst ist? Do you know where the (Mr.) Colonel is ? OBS.-The words in parentheses are the literal translations of the German; they are given that the pupil may clearly perceive the different modes of expression of the two languages. PecuFarities of this kind are called "the idiom of a language," and the differences "differences of idiom."

Sie? Are the Misses N. at home?

The word Frau is prefixed to titles or appellations of women, as:-Frau Gönnerin; Lady Patroness. Frau Aebtissin; Lady Abbess. Frau Gemahlin; Lady Consort. These words are also prefixed to designations of relationship, as-Wo ist Ihr Herr Bater? Where is your (Mr.) father? Sein Herr Bruder ist hier. His (Mr.) brother is here. Ist Ihre Frau Mutter zu Hause? Is your (Mrs.) mother at home? Ihre Fräulein Schwester war ta. Your (Miss) sister was there.

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seiner Frau Gemahlin ab'gereist.

Nehmen Sie auf dem Sopha gefäl. ligst Platz, meine Damen, meine Fraulein, over meine Herren.

Frau N., ihre Fräulein Tochter, und ihr Herr Sohn sind in Ihrem Zimmer.

The (Mr.) Ambassador, with his lady consort, has just now departed.

Take (you) seats upon the sofa, if you please, (my) ladies, (my) young ladies, or (my) gentlemen.

Mrs. N., her (Miss) daughter, and her (Mr.) son are in your room.

EXERCISE 21.

1. Die Zimmerleute, Schreiner, Schneiter, und Maurer sind Hantwerfer. 2. Die Bergleute arbeiten in der Tiefe der Grte. 3. Die Englänter find 4. Fleißige Hantwerksleute vertienen in America viel ein ruhiges Volk. Geld. 5. Der Reiche hat einen guten Rock, und der Bettler einen schlechten. glücklichen. 8. Die Ungelehrte beneitet die Gelehrte. 6. Der Tugendhafte scheut das Laster. 7. Der Glückliche bedauert den Un9. Das Gelehrte ist 11. Frau nicht immer das Nüßliche. 10. Herr N. ist in rem Zimmer. 12. Ich gehe mit Ihnen, mein Herr. 13. Sch . ist in dem Theater. 14. Ich war gestern wünsche Ihnen einen guten Morgen, mein Fräulein. in einer Damengesellschaft. 15. Frau N. ist sehr munter. 16. Ich sehe die Frau Gesandtin nicht. 17. Der Herr Minister ist ebenfalls dort. Die Frau Hofrathin hat Trauer. 19. Guten Abend, Herr Profeffor. 20. Wo ist Ihre Frau Gemahlin, Ihr Herr Sohn, und Ihre Fräulein Tochter? 22. Vom (§ 4. 2) Erhabenen zum Lächer21. Sie sind in dem Concert. lichen ist nur ein Schritt. 23. Der Reiche hat zwei* Häuser, trei Knechte, vier Pferte, zwölf Ochsen, und achtzig Schafe. 24. Dieser Jäger hat fünf

Hunde, und jener hat acht. EXERCISE 22.

18.

1. The Germans are a diligent people. 2. My father knows [fennt] a learned professor, but an unfortunate (one). 3. The unlearned [Ungelebrte] avoids the learned. 4. The dying (man) has a book [Buch] in his hand. 5. He adores the beautiful and the sublime. 6. Gold is a precious metal, silver is likewise, but copper [Kupfer] and iron are [int] not. 7. Have you seen poor Henry and little Helen? 8. Your friend, the captain,t was in the theatre. 9. I see the colonel yonder in the garden. 10. Good morning, president. 11. Is your mother at [u] home [Hause] ? 12. Good [guten] evening [Abent], Sir; where is your sister and your brother?

LESSONS IN DRAWING.-V.

You will have advanced a

The

WE cannot urge too strongly on our pupils the necessity of going to work carefully and deliberately. Consider well what you have to do before you begin. Endeavour to make no line or touch that is not to the purpose. If you cannot satisfy yourself on the first trial, be not disappointed, but try again, and again. Recall to mind the errors you made in the first attempts, which you should keep by you, that you may often refer to them. In your next trial you will do better. certain step, and onward will be your progress, as surely as you Never fatigue yourself over your drawing. persevere. moment you work without a will it should be laid aside. learner-we must further urge on those who are working with And now-and this is a point of the greatest importance to the position when drawing. In Fig. 35 the proper position of the us by means of these lessons, to endeavour to acquire a good paper on which you are drawing, and the copy which you are endeavouring to imitate, is clearly shown. Your paper should be placed before you on a desk, with a slight inclination of about two or three inches in a foot, or on a flat and perfectly level piece of board, to which it may be secured by flat-headed drawing-pins, and which may be supported at the proper inclination on a book or a piece of wood, as at b. The drawing which you are copying should be supported as at a, by a light easel or frame with a leg, fastened by a hinge to the upper part of it, by which the inclination of the frame may be regu lated at pleasure.

The position in which you sit should be perfectly easy, and in no way painful to the chest. There is no necessity for lean

* Zwei, two; trei, three; vier, four; zwölf, twelve; achtzig, eighty; fünf, five; acht, eight.

+ Remember that in German "the captain" must be rendered "the Mr. Captain," etc.

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