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WANS IN FRENCH.-VI.

FRENCH PRONUNCIATION (continued). 111 NAME AND SOUND OF THE VOWELS. 1. 4. Name, EE, ee; sound, like the letters ee in the

h word sed.

For vowel receives but one kind of accent, and that is the smullex, viz.:-1, 1; though it is comparatively seldom found Tha accented. This vowel has two sounds, viz., long and short; long, as ee in the English word see, and short, like i in the Faglish word pin, or nearly like it. It becomes nasal in combination with the letters m and n, in which case the character of its own sound is completely changed, which is indeed true of all the vowels.

In these Lessons, the vowel I, i, will be represented by the two letters ee, when long or under the circumflex accent, and by e when it has the short sound.

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Agréable, agreeable.
Ainé, -e, elder.
Allemande, f., German.
Jamais, never.
Indulgent, -e, indulgent
Laine, f., wool; woollen. |
Maroquin, m., morocco.

Have you attentive scholars?
My scholars (male and female) are
very attentive and very studious.
Are those young ladies studious?

They are not very studious.
Are those rules general?
Those principles are general.

Their clothes are superb.
Are you afraid of those restive

horses?

Your gold watches are excellent. Are mine better than yours? Yours are better than mine.

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1. Les chevaux de notre ami sont-ils rétifs? 2. Ses chevaux ne sont pas rétifs, mais ses mules sont très-rétives. 3. Les chevaux et les mules de votre frère sont excellents. 4. Vos sœurs sont-elles très-vives ? 5. Mes frères et mes sœurs sont très-vifs. 6. Sont-ils souvent oisifs ? 7. Non, Monsieur, mes sœurs ne sont jamais oisives. 8. Avez-vous peur de votre frère? 9. Non, Monsieur, je n'ai peur de personne. 10. Ne sommes-nous pas indulgents ? 11. Vous êtes indulgents, et vous avez raison, 12. Ai-je vos livres ? 13. Vous ne les avez pas, vous avez ceux de mon frère aîné. 14. Ne les avez-vous pas? 15. Je ne les ai pas. 16. Avez-vous une bonne paire de bas de laine? 17. J'ai une belle paire de bas de soie. 18. Avez-vous les bonnes maisons ou les mauvaises ? 19. Je n'ai ni les bonnes ni les mauvaises, j'ai celles de ma cousine. 20. Le travail est-il agréable? 21. Le travail est utile et agréable. 22. Avez-vous mes beaux souliers de maroquin? 23. Je n'ai pas vos beaux souliers de maroquin, j'ai vos belles pantoufles de velours.

EXERCISE 22.

brothers are quick, but my sisters are not quick. 3. Have you 1. Are your brothers and sisters very (bien) quick ? 2. My 5. Have you not two good pairs of silk gloves? not two restive horses? 4. No, but I have a restive mule. 6. I have a good pair of cotton gloves, and two pairs of silk gloves. 7. Are you not afraid of your friends? 8. No, Sir, I am never afraid of my friends. 9. I am afraid of nobody. 10. Are you right or wrong? 11. I am right. 12. Have you my beautiful leather slippers, or my old satin slippers? 13. I have your old leather shoes and your velvet slippers. 14. Are those ladies pleased? 15. Those ladies are pleased, and they are right. 16. Has the German lady your father's shoes or mine? 17. She has neither his nor yours, she has my sister's. 18. Has your elder brother good houses or bad? 19. His houses are better than yours and than mine. 20. Are his houses old? 21. His houses are old, but they are good. 22. Have you them? 23. No, Sir, I have them not, I have no houses. 24. Have you my brother's or my sister's? 25. Your sister has hers and my mother's. 26. Are your scholars attentive? 27. My scholars are very attentive and very studious. 28. Are those German ladies studious? 29. They are very studious and very attentive. 30. Are you

8. For more explicit rules, and for exceptions, see § 17, often wrong?

Part II.

9. PRESENT OF THE INDICATIVE OF ETRE, TO BE.

I am not. Tarot.

Negatively.

Je ne suis pas,

Tu n'es pas,

Il n'est pas,

Elle n'est pas.

Nons na soi

Vous n'ête

Ils nos

Negatively and Interrogatively. Ne suis-je pas ? Am I not? N'es-tu pas ? Art thou not? N'est-il pas ? Is he not! Y est-elle pas ? Is she not? sommes-nous Are we not?

tes-vous pas ? Are you not? sont-ils pas? m., Are they not? sont-elles pas? f., Are they not?

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ami a-t-il des parents? 17. Oui, Monsieur, il en a. 18. Ce Monsieur a-t-il une bonne plume d'acier ou une belle plume d'or? 19. Il en a une d'acier et nous en avons une d'or. 20. Le général n'a-t-il pas de bons soldats ? 21. Il en a de très braves. 22. Les Américains n'ont-ils pas de bonne terre ? 23. Ils en ont d'excellente. 24. Le marchand a-t-il des couteaux anglais ou français ? 25. Les couteaux du marchand ne sont ni anglais ni français, ils sont belges.

EXERCISE 24.

1. Has your brother Arabian horses? 2. Yes, Sir, he has some. 3. Has he handsome ones? 4. Yes, Sir, he has handsome ones. 5. Are the good Americans wrong? 6. No, Miss, they are not wrong, they are right. 7. Have you a French shawl? 8. Yes, Sir, I have one, I have a handsome French shawl. 9. Has your innkeeper your silver knife or mine? 10. He has neither yours nor mine, he has his sister's handsome steel knife. 11. Has the Belgian a good guitar? 12. He has an excellent French guitar. 13. He has an excellent one. 14.

5. 3rd. Almost all adjectives ending in al, able, ible, ique, Has the gentleman amusing books? 15. Yes, Sir, he has two. and if.

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6. Some adjectives have a different meaning, according to 22. Has your friend's sister a good steel pen? 23. My friend's their position before or after the noun [§ 86]. In brave homme, a worthy man.

Un homme brave, a brave man. 7. En is used for the English words some or any, expressed or understood, but not followed by a noun; en has also the sense of it, of them, thereof, generally understood in English sentences, particularly in answers to questions [§ 39 (17), § 104, § 110 (2) (3)).

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16. Has the general French or Arabian horses? 17. He has
neither French nor Arabian horses, he has English horses. 18.
Who has Arabian horses ? 19. The Arabian has some. 20.
Has the Englishman any? 21. The Englishman has some.
sister has one, but my relations have none. 24. Are you not
wrong, Sir? 25. Yes, Madam, I am wrong. 26. Are those
knives English? 27. No, Sir, they are Belgian. 28. Have
you relations ?
29. I have two, and they are here (ici). 30.
Has the English butcher meat? 31. Yes, Sir, he has much.
33. He has but little. 34. Has the
32. Has he much money?
35. Yes, Sir, he has good
Belgian general brave soldiers ?

ones.

HISTORIC SKETCHES.-III.

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SIR RICHARD GRENVILLE, WHEN HE CRIED NO SURRENDER!" DURING the time Queen Elizabeth was on the throne of England (1558 to 1603), there was a public feeling of a kind and intensity unequalled by any that has existed either before or since. It was a feeling in which political and religions hatred were closely combined, and which was fanned from a spark to a flame by repeated provocations. There are those yet living who can freshly remember the rancorous animosity which existed in this country towards the French, when the great French war was at its height. That animosity, bitter as it was, and tersely expressed in the summary of advice which Nelson is said to have given his midshipmen-"Fear God; honour the king; and hate a Frenchman as you do the devil -was not, if we may judge from the circumstances attending it, so bitter, or so uncompromising as the hatred Elizabeth's Englishmen had for the Spaniard and the Pope.

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In that day, the kingdom of Spain, which now has sunk so low, was only being weighed in the balance. She had been found wanting in many things which, as the event proved, were necessary to her life as a nation; but she had not been found wanting in strength. Her power was enormous, and the ambition of her princes aimed at universal dominion. Spain, the Netherlands, Naples, and Sicily were her European possessions, and in Germany her influence was all-powerful. In the East Indies the sovereignty of the King of Spain was acknowledged in many a place, while the whole of the Western hemisphere was under his sway. By succession, by marriage, by purchase, or by conquest, the territory of the Spanish king was so great that it was well said the sun never set in his dominions. The wealth of the mines of Mexico and Peru was his; the most splendid troops that Europe could produce did his bidding; diplomatists the most subtle and the most accomplished were his servants, and among his naval and military commanders were men of names the most renowned and illustrious. No other power in Europe, whether allied or single

1. Avez-vous une bonne guitare ? 2. Oui, Monsieur, j'ai une guitare excellente. 3. Avez-vous de bons habits? 4. Oui Madame, j'ai de bons habits noirs et de belles robes blanches. 5. Votre mère n'a-t-elle pas une châle de soie ? 6. Oui, Made-handed, was willing to measure itself with Spain; the odds moiselle, elle en a un de soie et un de laine. 7. L'aubergiste a-t-il de bons chevaux anglais ? 8. L'aubergiste a des chevaux anglais, français, et arabes. 9. Il en a de superbes. 10. L'ami de votre frère a-t-il des bijoux d'or? 11. Oui, Monsieur, il en a. 12. A-t-il aussi des bijoux d'argent. 13. Il en a aussi. 14. En a-t-il beancoup? 15. Non, Monsieur, il n'en a guère. 16. Votre

were so great, the issues so momentous, that lesser nations preferred to put up almost with anything rather than bring down upon their people the wrath of the cruel and haughty Spaniards. It was only when desperation made men blind to the consequences that resistance was offered to the dominant and domineering power-and then, as in the Netherlands, where

the people were goaded into insurrection, the fight was long and bloody, and the victory dearly won.

over. Protestants and freedom-loving Catholics learned in the Low Countries, from the Duke of Alva, Requesens, and other Spanish rulers, how that the tender mercies of the cruel are cruel also. In the newly-discovered regions of America, which the enterprise of Columbus had opened to Spain, the religious system of the Spaniards was so unlike the religion of Him whom "the common people heard gladly," that

The strength of Spain was tremendous, crushing; but there was a canker in it, which, eating through, eventually proved fatal to the life of the tall tree. The King of Spain, Philip II., arbiter as he was of the fate of millions, mighty and feared as he was, was the abject slave of another power. The priests of the Roman Church were his masters, the Pope of Rome was his lord, and the mind of the man was in perfect subjection to the rule of his spiritual guides. So the interests, or supposed interests fled in horror from it, preferring death to conversion. Champ

"the poor Indian, whose untutor'd mind Sees God in clouds, or hears him in the wind,"

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lain, the navigator, after whom the American lake of that name is called, and who visited the West Indies in 1599-1602, thus wrote of the Spanish priests and the Indians :-"At the commencement of his conquests, he (the King of Spain) had established the Inquisition among them, and made slaves of, or caused them to die cruelly in such great numbers, that the solo recital would cause pity. This evil treatment was the reason that the poor Indians, for very apprehension, fled to the mountains in desporation, and as many Spaniards as they caught they eat them; and on that account the said Spaniards woro constrained to take away the Inquisition, and allow them personal liberty, granting them a more mild and tolerable rule

of life, to bring them to the knowledge of God and the belief of the holy Church; for if they had continued still to chastise them according to the rigour of the said Inquisition, they would have caused them all to die by fire."

Such then were the causes of the deep hatred already spoken of as existing among Englishmen during the reign of Elizabeth. The Spanish political power and the Spanish ecclesiastical power, each lusted after dominion, and allowed no considerations nor soruples to stand in their way. Each helped the other; the priests taught the "right divine" of the Spanish king "to govern wrong," and the Spanish king in return upheld, with brutal obstinacy, the priests' Inquisition-an institution of which more will be said in another paper; but of which it will be enough here to say that it was a spiritual tribunal, irresponsible and acting in secret, which punished men and women with all punishments, including death, for not acting in strict accordance with the rules of the Roman-Catholic Church.

Englishmen, after the Reformation especially, hated both these powers. The one cramped their action and their enterprise, forbidding them under pain of being treated as pirates to trade to places where the Spaniards claimed to have a monopoly, as in America; the other oppressed their souls with burdens too heavy to be borne, and then killed them for stumbling. Generous sympathy also for those who suf

ENGLISH SHIP OF WAR.

fered wrong at the oppressor's hands, and were unable to help themselves, glowed in the English breast; and that sympathy, in an age of adventure and of chivalrous feeling, was not slow to express itself in action. It had received a fillip, too, in a point which nearly concerned the best interests of the nation. An attempt had been made after the death of Edward VI., in 1553, to introduce both the detested powers into England. Philip II. of Spain, was actually married to Queen Mary of England, and though the nation was, to a man, hostile to the introduction of the Inquisition, and swore it would not have it at any price, the energy and watchfulness of the best men were required to prevent the planting of the Spanish political power. In 1558 Elizabeth came to the throne, and not only roused the wrath of disappointment and jealousy by her prompt rejection of Spanish advances, but directly and indirectly she challenged the Spaniards by the uncompromising Protestantism of her policy.

SPANISH THREE-DECKER.

Her subjects were imbued with the same spirit as the Queen. The Spaniards were looked upon as public enemies, whom to destroy was to do God service; and many was the private adventure made by persons of good name and reputation, to make war upon them. In a time when the two governments were at peace, cruisers were fitted out in Englandnotably in West-country ports-to prey upon the enemy's commerce on the Spanish Main and in the West Indies. Such men as Sir John Haw- | kins, Sir Martin Frobisher, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Francis Drake, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and Sir Richard Grenville, sailed on their own account upon expeditions which, directed against any other power than Spain, would have been called piratical, or at least, buccaneering; and they won honour and no small profit in the course of them. After the Spanish Armada, sent in 1588 for the avowed purpose of conquering England and establishing despotism and priestcraft therein, had shown the depth of the Spanish ill-will, the Government acted pretty much as its subjects had done, and made war whenever it chose. There was no declaration of war. After the Armada there

could be nothing but perpetual war between the nations, and a fresh declaration of an old fact would have beon useless as well as tiresome. So whenever a Spanish treasure fleet was coming home, or a Spanish squadron of merchantmen was known to be on the seas, the English royal vessels slipped out of port, and smote the Philistines wherever they found them.

One of the most courageous and indomitable of the English rovers was Sir Richard Grenville, of Stowe, in Cornwall, a gentleman of ancient family and large fortune, an enthusiastic admirer of all that was generous and manly. He hated the Spaniards with an exceeding bitter hatred, and again and again left his pleasant home in Cornwall to roam the seas after the enemies of God and man, as he considered them to be. He had been eminently successful, both in distant expeditions and in repelling the attack of the Armada on the English coast itself; and his name was a terror to many a Spanish sailor. It happened, in the year 1591, that a Government expedition of the kind above-mentioned was about to sail under orders of Lord Thomas Howard, to intercept the Spanish treasure ships on their way from the West Indies. Sir Richard was appointed second in command, and hoisted his flag on board the Revenge; the rest of the squadron including eight fighting ships, with tenders and victuallers. The account of the action in which the Revenge fought single-handed for England is given here as best showing the kind of spirit it was which animated Englishmen at the time when their enemies were the detested upholders of Absolutism in Church and State.

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TIME OF ELIZABETH.

Lord Thomas Howard sailed with his ships in August, 1591. and after cruising about for some time, put into the Western Islands, to recruit his men, ill with scurvy, and to wait there for the treasure ships. On the 31st of August, 1591, the lookout men reported a fleet in sight, and great was the joy and greedy, perhaps, the expectation of the English warriors. But a nearer view disclosed, not the Spanish treasure ships, but a fleet of fifty-three ships of war, which had been equipped and sent out for the very pur pose of pouncing on the pouncers. Half the English crews were on shore, ill, and the rest were busy watering and victualling the ships. Lord Thomas looked at his vessels and sickly crews, and then at the enemy's ships, concerning which the cry was still, "They 'come." Eight against fifty-three-the disproportion was too great. He determined not to try conclusions with them, and having recalled his crews by signal, stood out of the Bay of Flores, and succeeded in getting away.

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TIME OF ELIZABETH.

There was one ship, however, which did not follow. Sir Richard Grenville felt it to be almost an immoral act to retreat before a Spaniard, and though he was too good an officer wilfully to disobey the orders of his superior, he was not loth to take advantage of some unavoidable delay which occurred in getting his men from the shore, to stay behind. The other English ships gained the offing, and thither, too, was sent the master of one of the victuallers, who, seeing Sir Richard's danger, offered to stay and share it with him.

On came the Spanish fleet, on the weather bow of the Revenge. Some of the officers remonstrated with the admiral, and advised him to crowd all sail and try to outsail the enemy; but Sir Richard declared "he would much rather die than leave such a mark of dishonour on himself, his country, and t' Queen."

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ad when after two ad it was proposed to mon to trust to God's and to blow up the on board the Spaniard Richard being too ill

yg man had every attenwe dressed, and the Spanish to admire him. Feeling the that all might understand: with a joyful and quiet mind, for to soldier ought to do, fighting , and honour, leaving behind the 3. Jelas every valiant soldier is in I did, and the Revenge, the first Itallon huto Spanish hands, refused to Comhch arose shortly after the action, mae la on board, “so that it may be said name, and forced the Spaniards

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and bon AND REIGN OF ELIZABETH. the daughter of Henry VIII. by his second was the twenty-third Sovereign of *amen f'unquest, and the fifth and last of

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LESSONS IN MUSIC.-II.

Ir is important that the learner should become thoroughly and practically familiar with the structure of that musical "scale of all nations and of all time" which was partially described in the last lesson. The following account, by General T. Perronet Thompson, who is no less distinguished for his philosophical and learned disquisitions on the science of music than for the other great services which, by pen and speech, he has rendered to his countrymen-the following account by him, of the first attempts of philosophy to measure this scale, will interest the student :-

"The dispute upon this point (the application of science to music), is at least as old as the contest between Aristoxenus and the Pythagoreans, which dates as early as 300 years before the Christian era. * * * The opposition of Aristoxenus was, in reality, nothing but a good car declaring itself against a faulty division. The musical mathematicians of antiquity took as many as three successive steps into the truth, but their next was a marvellous blunder.

The story

"The histories of all nations refer to very early periods the discovery that certain successions or combinations of sounds have the effect upon the ear which is implied by music; and it may be assumed that in all countries a considerable degree of practical acquaintance has been acquired with the sounds before any person has thought of investigating the cause. of Pythagoras listening to blacksmiths' hammers, and discovering that the different sounds had some relation to the weights, has been sufficient to secure to that philosopher the renown of being the first who sought for the explanation of musical relations in the properties of matter. The account given by Nicomachus is, that Pythagoras 'heard some iron hammers striking on an anvil, and giving out sounds that made most harmonious combinations with one another, all except one pair,' which led him to inquire what were the peculiarities of the hammers which produced these different effects. Whether this is an exact account or not, some observation of this kind appears to have speedily led to the discovery, that of strings of the same thickness and composition, and stretched by the same weight, those gave the same musical sound (or were what is called in unison) which were of equal lengths;--that if of two strings in unison, as above, one was shortened by a half, it produced a sound which, though very far from being in unison with the sound of the other, might be heard contemporaneously with it, with a strong sensation of satisfaction and consciousness of agreement, and that the two sounds in fact bore that particular relation to each other by which two voices, of very different Tyrone's r.bellion in Ireland 1599 kinds, like those of a man and a child, can sing the same tune or air as really as if they sang in unison, being what musicians have since distinguished by the title of octaves;-that if, instead of a half, the string were shortened by a third part, there wnз produced a note which, heard either in combination with or succession to the first, created one of those marked effects which all who had attained to any degree of musical execution by the guidance of the ear had treasured up as one of the most efficient weapons in the armoury of sweet sounds, being what modern musicians name the fifth;-and that if, instead of a third part, it was shortened by a fourth, there was produced another note very distinct from the last, but which, like it, was immediately 1559 recognisable as one of the relations which experimental musicians had agreed in placing among their sources of delight, being the same which in modern times is called the fourth.

$ Massacre of St. Bartholomew
(France).. Aug. 23 1572
Trial of Mary for treason at
Fotberingay Castle. 1538
Execution of Mary. Feb. 8 1587
Destruction of the "Invin-
cible Armada"

1533

Cadiz burnt by the English 1397

1570 Died at Richmond. Mar. 21 1603 TO CONFIMPORARY WITH ELIZABETH.

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So far, Pythagoras and his followers appear to have run well. Instead, however, of pursuing the clue of which they already had hold, and examining the effects of shortening the original string by a fifth part and by a sixth, they strayed into

- Innocent IV,

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