Εικόνες σελίδας
PDF
Ηλεκτρ. έκδοση
[merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][subsumed][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors]

As church, in silks and satin new, with hoop of monstrous size; who never slumbered in her pew-but when she shut her eyes.

If love was sought, I do aver, by twenty beaux, and more; the kung homself has followed her when she has walked before.

But now her wealth and finery fled, her hangers-on cut short all; her doctors found, when she was dead-her last disorder mortal. Let us Isment, in sorrow sore; for Kent Street well may say, that had she lived a twelvemonth more-she had not died to-day.

The dash is sometimes used with other pauses to lengthen

[ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small]

When sufaring the morumementos of the maler parts of the year, we may be tempted to water why the retamen is neccssary;-why we could not be instantly del wil vernal bloom and fragrance, or mimmer bearty and or fian

Then a spirit passed before my face the hair of my flesh stood up: stood still, but I could mit Here the form thereof: an image was before me eres -There was silence, and I heard a voice-Shall mortal man be more, at the Gd!

58. The dash is sometimes to be read as a note of interrogation.

[ocr errors]

Is it not enough to see our friends he, and part with them for the remainder of car days-tɔ rede:t that we shall hear their voices no mire, and that they will never lock on us again-to see that turning to corruption, which was lat just now alre, and eloquent, and beautiful with all the sensations of the scal?

He hears the ravens cry; and shall be not hear, and will he not avenge, the wrings that his nobler animals suffer-wrongs that cry out against min from youth to age, in the city and in the field, by the way and by the freside?

Can we view their Moody edicts against us-their hanging, heading, houn ling, and hunting down an ancient and honourable name28 deserving better treatment than that which enemies give to enemies?

Are these the pompous tilings ye proclaim, lights of the world, and demi-gods of fame? Is this your triumph-this your proud applause, children of truth, and champions of her cause?

Was there ever a bolder captain of a more valiant band? Was there ever-but I scorn to boast.

And what if thou shalt fall unnoticed by the living-and no friend take note of thy departure?

Seest thou yon lonely cottage in the grove-with little garden neatly planned before-its roof deep-shaded by the elms above, mossgrown, and decked with velvet verdure o'er?

What shall we call them?-piles of crystal light-a glorious company of golden streams-lamps of celestial ether burning bright-suns lighting systems with their joyous beams.

59. The dash is sometimes to be read like a note of exclamation.

Examples.

What dreadful pleasure! there to stand sublime, like shipwrecked mariner on desert coast, and see the enormous waste of vapour, tossed in billows lengthening to the horizon round, now scooped in gulfs, with mountains now embossed-and hear the voice of mirth and song rebound, flocks, herds, and waterfalls, along the hoar profound!

The chain of being is complete in me; in me is matter's last gradation lost, and the next step is spirit-Deity! I can command the lightning, and am dust!

Above me are the Alps, the palaces of Nature, whose vast walls have

pinnacled in clouds their snowy scalps, and throned Eternity in icy Lails of cold sublimity, where forms and falls the avalanche-the thunderbolt of snow!

How has expectation darkened into anxiety-anxiety into dreadand dread into despair! Alas! not one memento shall ever return for leve to cherish. All that shall ever be known is, that she sailed from her port, and was never heard of more.

A measure of corn would hardly suffice me fine flour enough for a month's provisions, and this arises to above six score bushels: and many hogsheads of wine and other liquids have passed through this body of mine-this wretched strainer of meat and drink! And what have I done all this time for God and man? What a vast profusion of good things upon a useless life and a worthless liver!

[blocks in formation]

Extraneous, sea-water, semi-circle, demi-gods, plane-trees, bed-side, over-canopied, toil-hardened, grey-haired, to-morrow, Sabbath-day, Sardanapalus, ill-requited, thunder-cloud, European, Epicurean, pinecovered, clay-cold, snow-clad, parish-clerk, night-steed, moon-eyed, azure, all-wise, edict, fellow-creatures, icy, well-founded, omega, fellow feeling, uniform, prophesy, earth-born, far-wandering, storm-clouds, hymenal, chamber, either, fairy, lēver, apiary, culinary.

XI. THE ELLIPSIS.

64. Ellipsis means an omission of some word or words. Sometimes a sentence is unfinished, or some parts of it are purposely omitted; and the mark which indicates an ellipsis is put in the place of that which is left out.

65. An ellipsis is sometimes indicated by a long straight line, thus, which resembles a lengthened dash.

66. Sometimes the ellipsis is denoted by asterisks, or stars, thus,

67. Sometimes the ellipsis is marked by small dots, or periods, thus,

68. Sometimes the ellipsis is indicated by hyphens, thus,

69. The ellipsis sometimes so closely resembles a dash in its effects, that it is scarcely distinguishable from it.

70. The voice is generally suspended at an ellipsis; but the falling inflection is frequently used when the ellipsis follows a question or exclamation. In some of the following examples the dash and ellipsis are both used.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small]

I would not wound thee, Douglas, well thou knowest; but thus to hazard on a desperate cast thy golden fortunes Still must I wonder; for so dark a cloudthou think'st I've read thy heart.

[ocr errors]

Oh, deeper than

Say no more, my

Your grace will pardon me for obeying child; you are yet too raw to make proper distinctions. Let them or suppose I address myself to some particular sufferer-there is something more confidential in that manner of communicating one's ideas-as Moore says, Heart speaks to heart-I say, then, take especial care to write by candle-light. That spares manual labour-this would relieve from mental drudgery, and thousands yet unborn But hold! I am not so sure that the female sex in general may quite enter into my views on the subject.

LESSONS IN GEOMETRY.-VI.

into two equal parts. PROBLEM VI.-To bisect a rectilineal angle, that is, to divide it

Let A B C (Fig. 11), be the rectilineal angle to be bisected. From в as centre,

with any convenient radius B A, describe the arc A C, and from the points A, C, as centres, describe arcs intersecting each other in D; then join B D, and it will bisect the angle A B C, that is, it will divide it into the two equal angles A B D, C B D, as required.

B

A

[ocr errors]

D

Fig. 11.

By this method of construction an angle may be divided into any number of equal parts denoted by the series 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, etc. PROBLEM VII.-To draw an angle equal to a given rectilineal angle, at a point in a given straight line.

B

A

Let A B C (Fig. 12) be the given rectilineal angle, D F the given straight line, and D the point in it. From the point в as a centre, with any convenient radius B A, describe the arc A c; from the point D, in the straight line D F, draw the indefinite arc F E, with the same radius; and from the point F as a centre, with radius equal to the distance A c, describe an arc intersecting the arc E F, in the point E; then, through the points D, E, draw the straight line D E; the angle EDF will be equal to the given angle

E

Fig. 12.

C

D

A B C.

If any of our students should not see the preceding construction clearly, we add the following one. Let L KI (Fig. 13), be the given angle, A B the given straight line, and ▲ the point in it. From the point K as a centre, with any radius K L, describe the arc LI; from the point A as a centre, with the same radius, describe the indefinite arc B D; draw the chord L I, and with the point B as a centre, with radius equal to the chord L I, describe an arc intersecting the arc B D in the point c; then join A C, and the angle B A C is the angle required; that is, it is equal to the given angle L K I.

L

C

Indeed he is very ill, sir,

are very distressed,

children, too,

Can't help it. Can't help it.

Can't help that, neither.

[blocks in formation]

Now, if he had married a woman with money, you know, why,

then fainted.

[blocks in formation]
[blocks in formation]

If the chord B c be drawn, then the two triangles L K I, CAB are two equal isosceles triangles. Hence, if an isosceles triangle LKI be given, this construction shows how to make an isosceles

through the counties which lie along the eastern side of the Blue triangle D A B equal to the given one.

[blocks in formation]

CA, the sides of the given triangle A B C. Draw a straight line DE equal to A B, and from the points D, E, as centres, with radii respectively equal to the straight lines A C, B C, describe arcs intersecting each other in the point F; then join F E, F D; and the triangle D E F is the triangle required; that is, it has its three sides equal to the three sides A B, B C, C A of the given triangle A B C; or it is equal to the triangle A B C.

[blocks in formation]

The mode of construction is the same if it be required to draw a triangle having its sides equal to three given straight lines such as the straight lines A, B, C, in Fig. 14.

PROBLEM IX.-To draw a straight line through a given point, that shall be parallel to a given straight line.

E

C

Fig. 15.

F

3

Let B C (Fig. 15), be the given straight line, and a the given point, through which a straight line parallel to BC is to be drawn. Take any point E in the straight line B C, join E A; and from the point B, as centre, with the radius E A, draw the arc ▲ F, cutting B C in F. Then from the point A, as a centre with radius A E, draw the indefinite arc EO; and from the point E as centre, with radius E D equal to the distance A F, describe an arc cutting the arc E O, in the point D; then join A D, and it will be parallel to B C, as required. Another way. Another mode of constructing this problem may be inserted here. Let A B (Fig. 16) be the given straight line, and c the given point through which a straight line parallel to A B is to be drawn. Take any point o, at a convenient distance from the straight line A B, but nearer to it than to the point c; join o c, and from o as centre, with radius o c, describe the circle C D E G, intersecting the straight line A B, in the points D, E; join C D, and then from E as a centre, with radius or distance equal to D C, describe an arc cutting the circle CDEG in the point F; and through the points C, F draw the straight line C F. The straight line C F is parallel to the given straight line A B, and it is drawn through the given point c, as required.

A

Fig. 16.

B

Another way. From any two points D E, in the straight line A B, draw the straight lines DG, EL, perpendicular to A B; then from the same points as centres, with a radius equal to the given distance c, draw the arcs F G H, KLM, cutting the perpendiculars DG, EL in the points G and L. Join GL, and produce it as far as may be required at either end. The straight line G L is parallel to A B.

PROBLEM XI.-To trisect a right angle, or to divide a right angle into three equal parts.

Let B A C be the right angle that is to be divided into three equal parts. Take any point D in A B,

I and from the centre A at the distance A D, describe the arc D E, cutting A C in E. Then from the points D, E as centres, with the radius DA or E A, draw arcs, cutting the arc D E in the

points F G. Join A F, A G. The right angle B A C is divided into three equal parts by the straight lines A F, A G.

C

D

If the angles BA F, FAG, GAE be bisected by Problem VI., the right angle B A C will be divided into six equal parts, and by continued bisection it may be divided into any number of equal parts denoted by the series 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, etc.

Fig. 18.

[blocks in formation]

C

There are various other ways of drawing a straight line parallel to a given straight line, by means of the single ruler and compasses; but these are about the easiest. But parallel straight lines are most easily drawn by means of the parallel rulers described in a former lesson. Such instruments, however, are not always at hand; hence the utility of knowing how to work the preceding problem.

The only exercises or questions that could be given on the preceding problems, would be simply to desire the student to draw all the figures above described according to the rules of construction laid down in the different problems, which we earnestly advise our self-educating students to do accordingly, by means of the single ruler and compasses.

PROBLEM X.-To draw a straight line parallel to a given straight line at a given distance from it.

[blocks in formation]

Let A B be the given straight line, and c the given distance at which it is required to draw a straight line parallel to A B. Take any two points, D and E, in the straight line A B, and from these points as centres, Fig. 17. with a radius equal to the given distance c, describe the arcs FGH, KL M. Draw GL touching these arcs, but not cutting them. The straight line G L is paralel to the given straight line A B.

Fig. 19.

be divided into six equal parts, set off five equal parts, AE, EF, FG, GH, HK along the straight line A c, and the same number of equal parts, B L, L M, M N, NO, O P, along the straight line B D. Join the straight lines P E, OF, NG, MH, L K, cutting the straight line A B in the points 9, B, S, T, U. The parts A Q, Q R, R S, 8 T, T U, U B, into which the straight line A B is thus divided, are equal to one another, and

the straight line A B is divided into the number of equal parts

required.

PROBLEM XIII.-To find a mean proportional between two given straight lines.

Let A and B be the two given straight lines to which it is required to find a mean proportional-that is to say, if a be the

shorter of the two lines, a line to which A bears the same proportion as the line required bears to B. Draw the straight line c x, and on cx set off C D equal to A, and D E equal to B; B bisect CE in o, and from the centre G at the distance G C or GE describe the semicircle C F E. From D draw the straight line D F perpen. dicular to c E, and cutting the semicircle CFE in F, the straight line D F is a mean proportional to A and B—that is, A is to D F as D F is to B.

[blocks in formation]
[blocks in formation]

FRANCE, desirous of taking her share in the progress of maritime discovery, fitted out, in 1786, a new expedition under the command of La Perouse, an able and intrepid officer. The principal theatre of the explorations of this little French squadron was the north-west coast of America, and the shores of Tartary and Japan. Their vessels, La Boussole and L'Astrolabe, visited Easter Island, then the Sandwich Isles, and reached latitude 59° N. on the north-west coast of America. The expedition explored with great care a large extent of this line of coast. During their hydrographical operations, a sad accident befell them, which cost twenty-one persons their lives, while making an attempt to land. These operations being finished, they traversed the Pacific, determined on their way the position of the Ladrone Islands, and arrived at Macao on the 2nd of January, 1787. At the outset of his second expedition, La

so disastrously, he purposed to explore the Tonga Isles, the south part of New Caledonia, the Louisiade Archipelago, New Guinea and other islands, the Gulf of Carpentaria, and the coast of Australia from this gulf to Van Diemen's Land. He left the shores of New Holland full of hope and enterprise; but his task, so courageously self-imposed, was left unfinished; his career came to a close. From that moment he was never more heard of; for two years, expectation was kept on the stretch, looking for news of the squadron. La Perouse and his companions were lost to their country. The cruel uncertainty which remained in France regarding the fate of the expedition, caused the National Assembly to pass a decree in February, 1791, by which it entreated the king, Louis XVI., to solicit the assistance of the other sovereigns of Europe in the search for La Perouse. This decree also directed the organisation of an expedition, which had the double object of endeavouring to find some trace of the unfortunate navigator, and of completing the discoveries which had been left unachieved. This expedition took place under the command of Admiral D'Entrecasteaux, but without

[graphic][merged small]

Perouse went along the coast of Corea, and discovered Cape Nota on the coast of Japan. The officers of the expedition applied themselves particularly to the determination of the latitades and longitudes of the places which they visited. In latitude 45°, they discovered a harbour which they called the Bay of Ternay. They next discovered the strait which separates the island of Jesso from Tchoka or Saghalien, and which is called the Strait of La Perouse. The expedition then sailed for Kamtschatka, where it was hospitably received. At this point M. Lesseps, who had accompanied La Perouse as interpreter of the Russian languages, was sent overland to France. This intrepid young man, to whom had been entrusted the journals and charts of the voyage, traversed the old continent through its whole extent from east to west, and happily arrived at Paris with the valuable observations which had been made during the expedition. La Perouse returned to Oceania, to meet severe trials. At Maouna, one of the Navigators' Islands, his companion, De Langle, the captain of L'Astrolabe, and twenty of his attendants, were cruelly murdered by the natives. Lamanon, the naturalist of the expedition, perished in this attack. After a short stay at Botany Bay, on the east coast of New Holland, now called Australia, La Perouse prepared for his third and last expedition. In this new voyage of discovery, which ended

VOL. I.

success. It was almost as unfortunate as that of La Perouse, although it was useful in making those coasts better known which had been carefully explored in search of him. The place of his shipwreck, in fact, was not discovered till 1827, by Captain Dillon, who ascertained that he and his unfortunate companions were lost on the rocks of one of the Feejee Islands, and found the remains of the vessel and part of the articles that belonged to him. The singular voyage of Captain Bligh, who, owing to the mutiny of his crew, was obliged to traverse an immense extent of ocean in an open boat, led to the discovery, in 1789, of some of the southern islands of the Feejee Archipelago. The surprising explorations, also, of Captain Flinders and Surgeon Bass, who attempted to effect the circumnavigation of New Holland, in a sorry boat, ended in the discovery of the strait which separates that continent from Tasmania, then called Van Diemen's Land, and which still retains the name of Bass; and, at the same time, in the delineation of an immense line of coast on the same continent. Flinders especially has a right to the remembrance of geographers, for the steadiness with which he pursued, during many years, his difficult and dangerous labours, almost always in an open boat or frail skiff which the smallest storm would have foundered in a moment. To him we owe the discovery of Kangaroo Island, the hydrography of Van

13

Diemen's Land, the exploration ents of New Holland, ari prints in Torres Strait and pedition to the same erastam was productive of little niity after the labours of Find r

The voyage of Veneer above mentioned, and ad Ov continent. He discovered a western extremity of N of Cook at New Zean L Broughton, commar i and the expedition pred the north-western ecast with a Spanish exnodiy

of Captain Quadra, discores of th was called Vancores in a 1its discoverers, and who is now Island, and is the most important of coast of North America.

as far as the expedi on cold ase wi the Sandwich Islands, and now ep coa iti detained Vancouver ti" e *** turned to the same archy » da to, t graphied expedition, explored New World, including Cooks Ip hand laden with geographical ★ few di coveries,

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

Thoso region & Wore selvyy th voyage of Kotzebne, which took p'sa wap_{\" 1: Tan Havi ator discovered to the novely between latitudes 67% and 68° N, and more Aerost bay or sound to which he gave his mac was to Bud apie to the At'am

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

A to the northern passage betwaon the Atlantis - the As it somed to elule all the skal vi

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

སྐྱོང་ནའི་བཞི Cupdam Phuppi, in 1773, ha breach-Patit 2 88 37 N. in the Atlanticaído, Capts Cook, as we have so n. att motel From the Purillo sido; Pickersgill and Young suce elei no bez oting throuch Baffin's Bay; and Lowenorn, Egede, in 1780 1787, attempted, but without success, to They in fern choro of Greenland, which is said to be xéb cân în com equence of the accumulation of ice since car part of the fifteenth century. At the beginning of northern expeditions were revived; and d with more or less ardour till the present peditions were fitted out for the north. 4dr the command of Captain Ross, who 1.4 towards the end of April of that year, yonant Parry, who commanded under his Atender, Between latitudes 76° and 77° 4 and which they called the Arctic Highpid pace of 120 miles in the northOn the 30th of August they reached * Sound, and as it was fifty miles broad and as the soundings were 750 fathoms,

h

[ocr errors][ocr errors]
[merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors]

4 dbcovered the north-west passage; but matake by observing land in their the thirty mios from the entrance of the your mod latit.de 702 N., the expedition returned scute as far as Cape Wal-ingham, in Cumtee it wuled for England. The other expewar was unrtaken by Captain Buchan and 5 but it was productive of no new discovery, d to return when they had reached Spitzsage, the alarming dangers of sailing in the *****us, Captain Parry continued the exvy Caya'n Row, In a new expedition, he 4 Prince Regent Inlet, south of LanInlet, farther north in the same sound, Griffith, Bathurst, Byam Martin, uded under the name of the North so discovered Banks Land, south of a Somerset, which forms the northut Inlet, and wintered, in 1819-1820,

Mille Bay, where, during the long months from the 4th of N. ember till the 3rd of February following, they lived in d darkness, and in an atmosphere whose temperature bow the freezing point. In a second voyage executed in 21-1812. Captain Parry discovered Melville Peninsula, north Senthampton Island, in the northern part of Hudson Bay. 7d through the strait which he named after his two the Fry and Heela, and which separates Melville Penina from Cockburn Island, on the north. Captain Scoresby, at the same period, explored a part of the east coast of GreenFury made a third voyage, in 1823, to the same regions and formerly visited; but the Fury was shipwrecked, and don failed. During the period from 1823 to 1826, Bechy sought for the passage between the two Bering Strait, and reached latitude 71° 23′ N., and 15. 3 W. The indefatigable Parry attempted a media to the north in search of the same passage; y failed, because he disregarded the experience of · , as well as his own in preceding voyages. tra that accompanies this lesson affords an excelrepresentation of the entrance to Port Jackson, harter about nine miles to the north of Botany 1st of New South Wales, where the ill-fated La for short three weeks with the vessels under his he said on the expedition which terminated in the shore of which there was erected, in 1825, A viam to the memory of this unfortunate French navigator. Rotary Barl be remembered, was so called by Captain ber of plants and herbs that were found on bunt, via be frst visited it in 1770. In January, 1778, 1st belle La Fe reached this spot, the first batch of conTuts sent for Erland to Australia had arrived there, under Captan Amar Philip, the first governor of the colony of New Was Betiny Bar, however, was not found to be a zabe spot for the settliment which was subsequently transfummod to Fort Jackson, and is now known as Sydney, the metropes of Aus

LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-VII.

DERIVATION-PREFIXES.

THE Saxon may be called the native English stock. The Latin portion of our language is of fur growth, it is an exotic. As being of foreign growth its el mes are not easily understood, and must therefore receive the rester attention. In entering on the norestry course of instant I am met by a distinction already spoken of, namely, the ion of simple and compound words. Compound words are made up of parts. Those parts are either simple words cr parties, that is, fragments of simple words. Country-house is a ecpound term consisting of two simple words, namely, contre and house. Departure is a compound word which comprises those three particles, namely, de-part-ure- that is

[blocks in formation]

In the second word the substitution of bent for part has entirely changed the meaning. The reason is that part and bent are the roots of the two words. Every word has a root. Sometimes the word, especially in Saxon terms, is its own root, at least in the actual state of the language, as heart, think, wise. The root is not always the middle portion as it is in departure and debenture. In contradict, the root (dictum) is at the end, and in mental the root is at the beginning. It is, however, clear that in compound words three things have to be considered-namely, 1, the root; 2, that which is put before the root; 3, that which comes after the root. That which is put before the root is in grammar called a prefix (from the Latin præ, before; and figo, I fir), and that which is put after the root is called a suffix (from the Latin sub, under; and figo, I fir). Here, then, are three subjects to be considered-namely, roots,

« ΠροηγούμενηΣυνέχεια »