As church, in mike and matin new, with hoop of monstrous size; wise never slumbered in her pow-but when she shut her eyes.

Her love was sought, I do aver, by twenty beaux, and more; the kung himself has followed her when she has walked before. But now her wealth and finery fiel, her hangers-on cut short all; her doctors found, when she was dead-her last disorder mortal. Let us lament, in sorrow sore; for Kent Street well may say, that had she lived a twelvemonth more-she had not died to-day.

The dash is sometimes used with other pauses to lengthen

Tur way ther are bags n-3 ache s' Tes;-of whom ?-Of the poor tracking mand, 2: knew that refusal would be vain; and f an easy, by seeming to yield with grup, wins they knew they had not the power to retain. In a nut the Buess mass of matter, be will then feel, that he is 4IMILAZZ—ss the mrity make of Exernal Wisdom: the work

ga, a viem everything lives, and moves, and has its When sufimage de comments of the mer parts of the year, we may be wasted to nder why this rotamin is nec.ssary;-why we could not be runsTALTAT pande l with vernal bloom and fragrance, or rimmer beauty and po fix a

Then a spirit passed befire my face the hair of my flesh stood up: it stood still, but I malingt how the form thereof: an image was before mine eres -There was silence, and I heard a voice-Shall mortal man be mure, ast than God:

58. The dash is sometimes to be read as a note of inter

Is it not enough to see our frem is he, and part with them for the remain ber of our days to redelt this we shall hear their voices no mre, and that they will never lick on us -to see that turning to corruption, which was lat just now ahre, and eloquent, and beauti

fil with all the sensations of the soni?

He hears the ravens cry; and shall he not hear, and will he not avenge, the wrongs that his nobler animals suffer-wrongs that cry out agast min from youth to age, in the city and in the field, by the way and by the freat be?

Can we view their Floody elicts against us-their hanging, heading, hoan ling, and hunting down an ancient and honourable nameas deserving better treatment than that which enemies give to !enemies?

1

|

Are these the pompous tilings ye proclaim, lights of the world, and demi-gods of fame ? Is this your triumph-this your proud applause, children of truth, and champions of her cause?

Was there ever a bolder captain of a more valiant band? Was there ever-but I scorn to boast.

And what if thou shalt fall unnoticed by the living-and no friend take note of thy departure ?

Seest thou yon lonely cottage in the grove-with little garden neatly planned before-its roof deep-shaded by the elms above, moss grown, and decked with velvet verdure o'er?

What shall we call them?-piles of crystal light-a glorious company lighting systems with their joyous beams. of golden streams-lamps of celestial ether burning bright-suns

59. The dash is sometimes to be read like a note of exclamation.

Examples.

What dreadful pleasure! there to stand sublime, like shipwrecked mariner on desert coast, and see the enormous waste of vapour, tossed in billows lengthening to the horizon round, now scooped in gulfs, with mountains now embossed-and hear the voice of mirth and song rebound, flocks, herds, and waterfalls, along the hoar profound!

The chain of being is complete in me; in me is matter's last gradalightning, and am dust! tion lost, and the next step is spirit-Deity! I can command the

Above me are the Alps, the palaces of Nature, whose vast walls have

pinnacled in clouds their snowy scalps, and throned Eternity in icy Eails of cold sublimity, where forms and falls the avalanche--the thunderbolt of snow!

How has expectation darkened into anxiety-anxiety into dreadand dread into despair! Alas! not one memento shall ever return for leve to cherish. All that shall ever be kirown is, that she sailed from her port, and was never heard of more.

A measure of corn would hardly suffice me fine flour enough for a month's provisions, and this arises to above six score bushels and many hogsheads of wine and other liquids have passed through this body of mine-this wretched strainer of meat and drink! And what have I done all this time for God and man? What a vast profusion of good things upon a useless life and a worthless liver!

Extraneous, sea-water, semi-circle, demi-gods, plane-trees, bed-side, over-canopied, toil-hardened, groy-haired, to-morrow, Sabbath-day, Sardanapalus, ill-requited, thunder-cloud, European, Epicurean, pinecovered, clay-cold, snow-clad, parish-clerk, night-steed, moon-eyed, azure, all-wise, edict, fellow-creatures, icy, well-founded, omega, fellowfeeling, uniform, prophesy, earth-born, far-wandering, storm-clouds, hymenéal, chamber, either, fairy, lēver, apiary, culinary.

XI. THE ELLIPSIS.

64. Ellipsis means an omission of some word or words. Sometimes a sentence is unfinished, or some parts of it are purposely omitted; and the mark which indicates an ellipsis is put in the place of that which is left out.

65. An ellipsis is sometimes indicated by a long straight line, thus, which resembles a lengthened dash.

66. Sometimes the ellipsis is denoted by asterisks, or stars, thus, *

67. Sometimes the ellipsis is marked by small dots, or periods, thus,

68. Sometimes the ellipsis is indicated by hyphens, thus,

69. The ellipsis sometimes so closely resembles a dash in its effects, that it is scarcely distinguishable from it.

70. The voice is generally suspended at an ellipsis; but the falling inflection is frequently used when the ellipsis follows a question or exclamation. In some of the following examples the dash and ellipsis are both used.

Now, if he had married a woman with money, you know, why, The suppliant turned pale, and would have

then

fainted.

I have been, my dear S.

on an excursion

Say no more, my

Your grace will pardon me for obeying child; you are yet too raw to make proper distinctions. Let them or suppose I address myself to some particular sufferer-there is something more confidential in that manner of communicating one's ideas-as Moore says, Heart speaks to heart-I say, then, take especial care to write by candle-light. That spares manual labour-this would relieve from mental drudgery, and thousands yet unborn But hold! I am not so sure that the female sex in general may quite enter into my views on the subject.

LESSONS IN GEOMETRY.—VI.

PROBLEM VI.-To bisect a rectilineal angle, that is, to divide it into two equal parts.

Let A B C (Fig. 11), be the rectilineal angle to be bisected. From в as centre, with any convenient radius B A, describe the arc A C, and from the points A, C, as centres, describe arcs intersecting each other in D; then join B D, and it will bisect the angle A B C, that is, it will divide it into the two equal angles A B D, CB D, as required.

B

*

D

Fig. 11.

By this method of construction an angle may be divided into any number of equal parts denoted by the series 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, etc. PROBLEM VII.-To draw an angle equal to a given rectilineal angle, at a point in a given straight line.

B

F

Let A B C (Fig. 12) be the given rectilineal angle, D F the given straight line, and D the point in it. From the point в as a centre, with any convenient radius B A, describe the arc A c; from the point D, in the straight line D F, draw the indefinite arc F E, with the same radius; and from the point F as a centre, with radius equal to the distance a c, describe an arc intersecting the arc E F, in the point E; then, through the points D, E, draw the straight line D E; the angle EDF will be equal to the given angle

E

Fig. 12.

D

А В С.

If any of our students should not see the preceding construction clearly, we add the following one. Let L KI (Fig. 13), be the given angle, A B the given straight line, and a the point in it. From the point K as a centre, with any radius K L, describe the arc LI; from the point A as a centre, with the same radius, describe the indefinite arc B D; draw the chord L I, and with the point B as a centre, with radius equal to the chord L I, describe an arc intersecting the arc B D in the point c; then join a c, and the angle B A C is the angle required; that is, it is equal to the given angle L K I.

ДД

Fig. 13.

CA, the sides of the given triangle A B C. Draw a straight line DE equal to A B, and from the points D, E, as centres, with radii respectively equal to the straight lines A C, B C, describe arcs intersecting each other in the point F; then join F E, F D; and the triangle D E F is the triangle required; that is, it has its three sides equal to the three sides A B, B C, C A of the given triangle A B C; or it is equal to the triangle A B C.

The mode of construction is the same if it be required to draw a triangle having its sides equal to three given straight lines such as the straight lines A, B, C, in Fig. 14.

PROBLEM IX.-To draw a straight line through a given point, that shall be parallel to a given straight line.

E

Fig. 15.

F

B

Let B C (Fig. 15), be the given straight line, and A the given point, through which a straight line parallel to B C is to be drawn. Take any point E in the straight line B C, join E A; and from the point B, as centre, with the radius E A, draw the arc ▲ F, cutting B C in F. Then from the point A, as a centre with radius A E, draw the indefinite arc E O; and from the point E as centre, with radius E D equal to the distance ▲ F, describe an arc cutting the arc E O, in the point D; then join A D, and it will be parallel to в C, as required. Another way.-Another mode of constructing this problem may be inserted here. Let A B (Fig. 16) be the given straight line, and c the given point through which a straight line parallel to A B is to be drawn. Take any point o, at a convenient distance from the straight line A B, but nearer to it than to the point c; join o c, and from o as centre, with radius o c, describe the circle C D E G, intersecting the straight line A B, in the points D, E; join C D, and then from E as a centre, with radius or distance equal to D C, describe an arc cutting the circle CDEG in the point F; and through the points C, F draw the straight line C F. The straight line C F is parallel to the given straight line A B, and it is drawn through the given point c, as required.

A

Fig. 16.

B

Another way. From any two points D E, in the straight line A B, draw the straight lines D G, E L, perpendicular to A B; then from the same points as centres, with a radius equal to the given distance c, draw the arcs F G H, KLM, cutting the perpendiculars DG, EL in the points G and L. Join GL, and produce it as far as may be required at either end. The straight line G L is parallel to A B.

PROBLEM XI.-To trisect a right angle, or to divide a right angle into three equal parts.

с

Let B A C be the right angle that is to be divided into three equal parts. Take any point D in A B, and from the centre A at the distance A D, describe the arc D E, cutting A C in E. Then from the points D, E as centres, with the radius DA or E A, draw arcs, cutting the arc D E in the points F G. Join AF, A G. The right angle B A C is divided into three equal parts by the straight lines A F, A G.

B

If the angles BA F, FAG, GAE be bisected by Problem VI., the right angle B A C will be divided into six equal parts, and by continued bisection it may be divided into any number of equal parts denoted by the series 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, etc.

Fig. 18.

is to say, if A B is to

C

There are various other ways of drawing a straight line parallel to a given straight line, by means of the single ruler and compasses; but these are about the easiest. But parallel straight lines are most easily drawn by means of the parallel rulers described in a former lesson. Such instruments, however, are not always at hand; hence the utility of knowing how to work the preceding problem.

The only exercises or questions that could be given on the preceding problems, would be simply to desire the student to draw all the figures above described according to the rules of construction laid down in the different problems, which we earnestly advise our self-educating students to do accordingly, by means of the single ruler and compasses.

PROBLEM X.-To draw a straight line parallel to a given straight line at a given distance from it.

H

Let A B be the given straight line, and c the given distance at which it is required to draw a straight line parallel to A B. Take any two points, D and E, in the straight line A B, and from these points as centres, Fig. 17. with a radius equal to the given distance c, describe the arcs F G H, KL M. Draw G L touching these arcs, but not cutting them. The straight line G L is paralel to the given straight line A B.

E

Fig. 19.

L

be divided into six equal parts, set off five equal parts, AE, EF, FG, GH, HK along the straight line A c, and the same number of equal parts, B L, L M, M N, NO, O P, along the straight line B D. Join the straight lines P E, OF, NG, MH, L K, cutting the straight line A B in the points Q, E, S, T, U. The parts A Q, Q R, R S, 8 T, T U, U B, into which the straight line A B is thus divided, are equal to one another, and

the straight line A B is divided into the number of equal parts

required.

PROBLEM XIII.-To find a mean proportional between two given straight lines.

Let A and B be the two given straight lines to which it is required to find a mean proportional-that is to say, if a be the shorter of the two lines, a line to which A bears the same proportion as the line required bears to B. Draw the straight line c x, and on cx set off C D equal to A, and D E equal to E; B bisect CE in G, and from the centre G at the distance G C or GE describe the semicircle C F E. From D draw the straight line DF perpen. dicular to c E, and cutting the semicircle CFE in F, the straight line D F is a mean proportional to A and B—that is, A is to D F as D F is to B.

D

Fig. 20.

If we know the length of A and B we can find the mean proportional to them by multiplying the numbers representing the length of the lines together and extracting the square root of the product. Thus, if A measure three feet, and в measure twelve feet, the mean proportional to A and B measures six feet, for 3 × 12 = 36; and the square root of 36, or the number which when multiplied by itself gives 36, is 6.

FRANCE, desirous of taking her share in the progress of maritime discovery, fitted out, in 1786, a new expedition under the command of La Perouse, an able and intrepid officer. The principal theatre of the explorations of this little French squadron was the north-west coast of America, and the shores of Tartary and Japan. Their vessels, La Boussole and L'Astrolabe, visited Easter Island, then the Sandwich Isles, and reached latitude 59° N. on the north-west coast of America. The expedition explored with great care a large extent of this line of coast. During their hydrographical operations, a sad accident befell them, which cost twenty-one persons their lives, while making an attempt to land. These operations being finished, they traversed the Pacific, determined on their way the position of the Ladrone Islands, and arrived at Macao on the 2nd of January, 1787. At the outset of his second expedition, La

so disastrously, he purposed to explore the Tonga Isles, the south part of New Caledonia, the Louisiade Archipelago, New Guinea and other islands, the Gulf of Carpentaria, and the coast of Australia from this gulf to Van Diemen's Land. He left the shores of New Holland full of hope and enterprise; but his task, so courageously self-imposed, was left unfinished; his career came to a close. From that moment he was never more heard of; for two years, expectation was kept on the stretch, looking for news of the squadron. La Perouse and his companions were lost to their country. The cruel uncertainty which remained in France regarding the fate of the expedition, caused the National Assembly to pass a decree in February, 1791, by which it entreated the king, Louis XVI., to solicit the assistance of the other sovereigns of Europe in the search for La Perouse. This decree also directed the organisation of an expedition, which had the double object of endeavouring to find some trace of the unfortunate navigator, and of completing the discoveries which had been left unachieved. This expedition took place under the command of Admiral D'Entrecasteaux, but without

Perouse went along the coast of Corea, and discovered Cape Nota on the coast of Japan. The officers of the expedition applied themselves particularly to the determination of the latitudes and longitudes of the places which they visited. In latitude 45°, they discovered a harbour which they called the Bay of Ternay. They next discovered the strait which separates the island of Jesso from Tchoka or Saghalien, and which is called the Strait of La Perouse. The expedition then sailed for Kamtschatka, where it was hospitably received. At this point M. Lesseps, who had accompanied La Perouse as interpreter of the Russian languages, was sent overland to France. This intrepid young man, to whom had been entrusted the journals and charts of the voyage, traversed the old continent through its whole extent from east to west, and happily arrived at Paris with the valuable observations which had been made during the expedition. La Perouse returned to Oceania, to meet severe trials. At Maouna, one of the Navigators' Islands, his companion, De Langle, the captain of L'Astrolabe, and twenty of his attendants, were cruelly murdered by the natives. Lamanon, the naturalist of the expedition, perished in this attack. After a short stay at Botany Bay, on the east coast of New Holland, now called Australia, La Perouse prepared for his third and last expedition. In this new voyage of discovery, which ended

VOL. I.

success. It was almost as unfortunate as that of La Perouse, although it was useful in making those coasts better known which had been carefully explored in search of him. The place of his shipwreck, in fact, was not discovered till 1827, by Captain Dillon, who ascertained that he and his unfortunate companions were lost on the rocks of one of the Feejee Islands, and found the remains of the vessel and part of the articles that belonged to him. The singular voyage of Captain Bligh, who, owing to the mutiny of his crew, was obliged to traverse an immense extent of ocean in an open boat, led to the discovery, in 1789, of some of the southern islands of the Feejee Archipelago. The surprising explorations, also, of Captain Flinders and Surgeon Bass, who attempted to effect the circumnavigation of New Holland, in a sorry boat, ended in the discovery of the strait which separates that continent from Tasmania, then called Van Diemen's Land, and which still retains the name of Bass; and, at the same time, in the delineation of an immense line of coast on the same continent. Flinders especially has a right to the remembrance of geographers, for the steadiness with which he pursued, during many years, his difficult and dangerous labours, almost always in an open boat or frail skiff which the smallest storm would have foundered in a moment. To him we owe the discovery of Kangaroo Island, the hydrography of Van

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