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the plural, three cases are alike in nouns ending in um. These three cases are the nominative, the accusative, and the vocative, which in the singular end in um, and in the plural in a.

I subjoin an instance of each of the four terminations, thus:hortus, a garden, has the first termination; puer, a boy, the second; vir, a man, the third; bellum, war, the fourth.

C'ses.

EXAMPLES IN THE SECOND DECLENSION.

Singalar.

bellum, war.

N.
G.
D.
Ac.

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belli, of ver. bello, to war. bellum, war, bellam, O car! bello, by war.

V.

Ab.

Cu.cs.

horti, gardens.
hortorum, of car.

D.

dens.
hort's, to gardens.

Ac.

hortos, gardens,

horti, O gizde..s!

V.

Ab.

Le Fue hm, and through g the line hn; from f, with the , draw the are i; from 3, with the radius ga, draw the k; and from h, with the ralias i, draw the arc ik; siwal be the arch required. It will be noticed that the radation of the joints of the stones composing these various arts, is to the centres from which the orcs themselves are drawn., We give these few instances of the principles upon which arches are constructed, in order to assist the pepil when drawing a building from the object, or from a copy where these facts are not indicated by additional lines, to understand at once how he is to proceed in free-hand drawing, when placing his points of rection or arrangement. We shall have frequent occasion to sook for help in Geometri al Problems, as they so materially assist us in our explanations, and we hope the pupil also in compre, nding them; we de-ire, therefore, that the pupil will practically go through the few problems given, in order to fix N. the principles of construction permanently in his mind. To G. draw an arch in perspective-that is, in a retiring position—the | points of the arch and the points which help us in the construetion must all be used, as they are when the arch (like Figs. 51 to 55) is in a parallel position. We will first give an example of a single retiring arch (Fig. 56), and then a group of them under different arrangements. Draw the horizontal line H L, and the line ab; from a draw a line to the VP; this will determine the length of the line ed; these are the perpendicular heights from which the arch springs. To find the centre, e, draw cb and ad, draw eg, and mark f, the height of the arch. The diffenity will b. to find the point p in the curve fa, this curve not being so straight as fe; throughf draw the line mk from the vani hing point; continue dc to m, and ba to k; draw the curve fe, ob rving its distance from the line (or chord) cf; draw mi, cutting the curve fc in r, draw ik; through r from the VP draw the line on, cutting ki in p; jp a will be then the course of the curve to form the remainder of the arch; the outer edge of the arch, tmg kl, can be understood from the drawing; all the joints of the arch will radiate, as in Fig. 51, those from a to g in c, and those from e to g in e; the horizontal lines of the wall will vanish, as previously explained, at the point v P. If the arch had been a semi-circular one, the joints of the arch would then have radiated in the perspective centre i. So the Ac. pupil will see that to accomplish the difficulties of a retiring V. arch, he must first dot in that which may be termed the scaffolding or perspective, and build his arch upon it.

Fig. 57 represents the interior of a tower having recesses crowned by pointed arches. After the instructions given for the single arches, it will not be difficult to understand the principles of drawing these.

LESSONS IN LATIN.-VII.

NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION, ETC. THE second declension is known by the ending of the genitive singular in i. The terminations of the nominative are us, er, ir, and um; of these terminations us, er, ir, are masculine, and um is neuter; that is, nouns ending in us, er, ir, are of the masculine gender, and nouns ending in um are of the neuter gender.

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Plural.
puer, los.
paerora, of

bo s.
pueris, to boys.
pueris, bo s.
pueri, () bo ja!

pueris, by bos.

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hortis, by gardens. In ager, a fiel, and some other nouns, the e is rejected in all the cases except the nominative and vocative singular. Thus, ager makes in the genitive singalar agri :

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1. Boni viri bonos pueros amant. 2. Boni pueri amantur a bonis viris. 3. Bonus puer scholam amat. 4. Boni magistri bonorum puerorum amantur. 5. Estne tibi bonus magister P 6. Funestum est bellum. 7. Est mihi bona amica. 8. Pueri sunt in schola. 9. Nonne sunt pueri in schola ? 10. Peregrini multi in Britanniam navigant. 11. Aper amici mei est magnus. 12. Est ludus in ripi 13. Discipuli epistolas amant. (subject) 14. Ranæ sunt in ripis. 15. Caper est magnus. 16. Bella funesta sunt in insulà.

ENGLISH.

ENGLISH.

N. üs, ěr, ir, um,

(subject)

LATIN.
Cases. Plural.
N. i,

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of

D.

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to or for.

Ac.

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(object)
O!

V. č, ěr, ir, üm,
Ab.

is by, with or from.

A few remarks will make the meaning of the above table clear. First, let us speak of the singular. In the nomin.tive there are four terminations. The arrangement is meant to show that of all these four i is the genitive-ending, and othe dative-ending. In the nominative plural, there are two terminations. The arrangement is meant to show that of both these oram is the genitive-ending, and is the dative-ending. T., dative-ending and the ablative-ending is the same, being in Angular o, and in the plural is. In both the singular and,

EXERCISE 22.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. I love good scholars. 2. Good scholars are loved by good men. 3. Dost thou love a friend? 4. I have a boar. 5. Thou hast a gcat. 6. The goats are on the river's bank. 7. A great and deadly war is in the island. 8. Many fields are in Britain. 9. Boars are often deadly. 10. O men, do you love the boys? 11. My friends do Lot love strangers. 12. Boys love play. 13. Do boys love play? 14 Have you a female friend? 15. I have not a large boar. 16. The letter of my female friend is in the garden.

We are now in a condition to decline and study adjectives of what are called three terminations; as, amplas, ampla, amplum, large or spacious. Amplus, you see, is like hortus: ampla is like mensa; and amplum is like bellum. In fact, amplus is of

Ab. diis.

the masculine gender, and is declined like a noun masculine it is thus declined: N. dii, G. deorum, D. diis, Ac. deos, V. dii, of the second declension; ampla is of the feminine gender, and is declined like a noun feminine of the first declension; and amplum is of the neuter gender, and is declined like a noun neuter of the second declension. I subjoin the full deelension of amplus, a, um. Like it are declined all adjectives ending in us, a, um; which are said to have three terminations from the fact that such three terminations, us, a, um, etc., they really have.

ADJECTIVES OF THREE TERMINATIONS OF THE FIRST AND

SECOND DECLENSION.

EXAMPLE.-Amplus, m.; ampla, f.; amplum, n.; large.

N. amplus ampla

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amplum

3. ampli ample

ampli

D. amplɔ

ample

amplo

Ac. ample

amplam

amplum

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ampli ample ampla amplorum amplirum amplerum amplis amplis amplis amplos amplas ampla ampli ample ampla amplis amplis amplis This form and other similar forms I advise you to learn by heart in three ways; first, vertically, that is, from top to bottom; you will thus see the identity in form of the adjective with the corresponding noun. Then learn it from the left hand to the right; thus, amplus, ampla, amplum; learning the singular first, and then the plural. Finally, learn the caseendings in the same two ways; thus:-.

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43, i, 0, um, e, 0, You cannot bestow too much pains in making yourself perfectly familiar with each declension, each example, each form, as you go forward. There is a good Latin maxim which says, "festina lente," literally, hasten slowly, or as the English proverb says, "slow, but sure." In grammatical studies the observance of the proverb is very serviceable.

The adjective liber, free, is declined like the noun puer. The adjective pulcher, fair or beautiful, is declined like the noun ager. Liber in the feminine gender is libera, and libera is declined like mensa. In the neuter gender, it is liberum, and liberum is declined like bellum. I will give you the forms in full of both liber, libera, liberum, and pulcher, pulchra, palchrum.

ADJECTIVES OF THREE TERMINATIONS.

EXAMPLE.-Liber, free.

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1. Equus hinuit. 2. Juba equi est pulchra. 3. Musca molesta. 4. Sunt ne muscæ molestæ ? 5. Boni discipuli non sunt molesti. 6. Longa bella sunt molesta. 7. Equi celeriter currant. 8. Vir regit equum. 9. Equus regitur a viro. 10. Equo pulchro delector. 11. Agri sunt fecundi. 12. Herbæ agrorum sunt varie. 13. Agricola committit agris grana frumenti. 14. Agricola colit agros. 15. Quam pulchre virentur agri ? 16. In agris florent varia herbæ.

EXERCISE 24.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. The field is fruitful. 2. Are the fields fruitful? 3. Wars are not fruitful. 4. Fields are cultivated. 5. You honour (worship) the gods. 6. The gods are honoured by Tully (Tullius). 7. The horse and the mare are guided by the man. 8. Boars run swiftly. 9. Do goats run swiftly? 10. Flies are (there are flies) in the beautiful garden. 11. Thou intrustest the horse to the field. 12. Good scholars are honoured. 13. O my son, temples are intrusted to the gods and goddesses. 14. O Antony, the gods and goddesses are worshipped in temples. 15. O good God! thou art worshipped in the fruitful fields. 16. Good men are honoured by their sons and their daughters.

KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN LATIN.-VI.
EXERCISE 15.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. The frog croaks. 2. The frog is often (sæpe) the prey of the stork. 3. A stork injures a frog; or, the stork injures the frog. 4. The stork devours the frog. 5. O frog, thou croakest. 6. The water is disturbed by the frog. 7. Plants (or the plants) flourish. 8. The earth is clothed with an abundance of plants. 9. Storms injure (nocent) plants. 10. The earth produces plants. 11. O plants, how beautifully you adorn the earth! 12. The earth is clothed with plants.

EXERCISE 16.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. Plantæ florent. 2. Procella nocet plantæ. 3. Plante nocentur procella. 4. Rauæ devorantur a ciconià. 5. Terra gignit plantas. 6. Plantæ gignuntur terrâ. 7. O plantæ, quam pulchre gignimini terra! 8. Copiam aquæ laudo. 9. Procella movet aquas. 10. Aquæ procellâ moventur.

EXERCISE 17.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. I have a beautiful lark. 2. Hast thou (estne tibi) a beautiful lark ? 3. My lark is beautiful. 4. Is my lark beautiful ? 5. Is not thy lark beautiful? 6. Thy pigeon is very beautiful. 7. I have a good maid-servant. 8. My maid-servant is beautiful. 9. Julia is sacred (augusta). 10. Sacred Julia is beautiful. 11. Is not sacred Julia beautiful ? 12. The lark of my maid-servant is beautiful. 13. Thy table is not square. 14. The island is great.

EXERCISE 18.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

1. Est mihi columba. 2. Est tibi bona puella. 3. Estne tibi bona puella ? 4. Non est mihi bona puella. 5. Alauda tua est pulchra.

OES.-The ch is pronounced like k, thus, pulker, pulkra, 6. Nonne magna est insula? 7. Magna non est insula. 8. Est ne

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Filius, a son, makes in the vocative singular fili, and meus in the vocative singular makes mi, as, O mi fili! O my son ! but filia, a daughter, makes in the vocative singular filia, and me in the neuter makes meum, as, O mea filia! O my daughter! O meum officium! O my duty!

Proper names ending in ius have i in the vocative singular, as. Tullies, O Tulli; Virgilius, O Virgili; Mercurius, O Mercuri; Antonius, O Antoni.

Deus, God, has in the vocative singular deus; in the plural

tibi bona ancilla ? 9. Non est mihi bona ancilla. 10. Puella alauda est pulchra.

EXERCISE 19.-LATIN-ENGLISH.

1. I have a deserter of Jugurtha. 2. Thou hast a bad deserter. 3. I praise a good poet. 4. A good poet is praised. 5. The mare is praised by the charioteer. 6. The sailors sail to the island. 7. Good sailors praise their country. 8. The eagle is often praised by poets. 9. Husbandmen greatly delight in plants. 10. Thou errest, O sailor! 11. Do you not err, O charioteers? 12. I have the sadness of good poets. 13. I greatly love the shades of the groves. 14. The husbandmen ride through the wood.

EXERCISE 20.-ENGLISH-LATIN.

laudantur.
1. Estne tibi perfuga? 2. Malus estne perfuga?
3. Boni poetæ
4. Poetas bonos laudo. 5. Boni agricolæ patriam laudant.
6. Bonorum poetarum patria laudatur. 7. Per sylvam equitat pirata.
8. Ad insulam navigat nauta. 9. Bona est equa aurige boni.

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| So much has been conjectured, and so little is really known, about the organ of hearing in the invertebrate classes, that it is scarcely advisable to enter upon the subject in a popular publication. The great diversity of sounds produced by insects, some of which, like the cicada (which makes the Italian coppices ring perpetually with its loud, grating cry), have very elaborate contrivances for the production of noises, makes it almost certain that this large order of the jointed animals have the sense of hearing. On the other hand, the almost universal muteness of the mollusca might have led us to suppose that the organ of

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